Análise crítica da indicação da lavagem gástrica em intoxicações atendidas em um hospital de ensino / Critical analysis of gastric lavage indication for poisoning cases attended in a university hospital

Objetivo: Avaliar a indicação da lavagem gástrica no tratamento de intoxicações causadas por ingestão. Métodos: Todos os casos de intoxicação causada por ingestão que foram atendidos em dois hospitais do interior de São Paulo e submetidos à lavagem gástrica no período de 1° de janeiro de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2015 foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto à indicação do procedimento, considerando o tempo entre ingestão e atendimento, a toxicidade da substância e as contraindicações para o procedimento. Resultados: Dos 587 casos atendidos, 338 (57,6%) foram submetidos à lavagem gástrica. Dentre esses casos, constatou-se a realização equivocada do procedimento em 95,8% casos. Conclusão: O número de pacientes submetidos à lavagem gástrica neste trabalho foi considerado elevado, mesmo quando orientado pelo centro de atendimento. Apesar da falta de evidências de que a lavagem gástrica traga benefícios nos casos de intoxicação, ela é largamente utilizada em virtude do desconhecimento das indicações e contraindicações desse procedimento por parte dos profissionais de saúde

Objective: To evaluate the indication of gastric lavage in the treatment of poisoning caused by ingestion. Methods: All cases of poisoning caused by ingestion that were treated in two hospitals in inland cities of São Paulo and subjected to gastric lavage from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015 were retrospectively assessed as for the indication of the procedure, considering the time between ingestion and care, substance toxicity, and procedure contraindications. Results: Of the 587 cases treated, 338 (57.6%) underwent gastric lavage. The procedure was considered incorrect in 95.8% of cases. Conclusion: The number of patients undergoing gastric lavage in this study was considered high, even when instructed by the center of attendance. Despite the lack of evidence that gastric lavage brings benefits in cases of poisoning, it is widely used due to the lack of knowledge by health professionals of the indications and contraindications of this procedure.

Management of exogenous intoxication by carbamates and organophosphates at an emergency unit.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate and indicate the procedure to be followed in the health unit, both for diagnosis and the treatment of acute exogenous intoxications by carbamates or organophosphates. METHODS: a descriptive study based on retrospective analysis of the clinical history of patients diagnosed with intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates admitted at the emergency unit of the Hospital de Urgências de Sergipe Governador João Alves (HUSE) between January and December of 2012. Some criteria were evaluated, such as: intoxicating agent; patient's age and gender; place of event, cause, circumstances and severity of the intoxication; as well as signs and symptoms of the muscarinic, nicotinic and neurological effects. RESULTS: seventy patients (average age: 25 ± 19.97) formed the study's population. It was observed that 77.14% of them suffered carbamate intoxication. However, organophosphate intoxications were more severe, with 68.75% of patients presenting moderate to severe forms. Suicide attempt was the leading cause of poisoning, with 62 cases (88.57% of total). Atropine administration was an effective therapeutic approach for treating signs and symptoms, which included sialorrhea (p = 0.0006), nausea (p = 0. 0029) and emesis (p < 0.0001). The use of activated charcoal was shown effective, both in combating the signs and symptoms presented by both patient groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: it is concluded that the use of atropine and activated charcoal is highly effective to treat the signs and symptoms developed by patients presenting acute exogenous intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning.

INTRODUCTION: Paracetamol directly causes around 150 deaths per year in UK. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic overview, aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for acute paracetamol poisoning? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2014 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview). RESULTS: At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved 127 studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, 64 records were screened for inclusion in the overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 46 studies and the further review of 18 full publications. Of the 18 full articles evaluated, one systematic review was updated and one RCT was added at this update. In addition, two systematic reviews and three RCTs not meeting our inclusion criteria were added to the Comment sections. We performed a GRADE evaluation for three PICO combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic overview we categorised the efficacy for six interventions, based on information about the effectiveness and safety of activated charcoal (single or multiple dose), gastric lavage, haemodialysis, liver transplant, methionine, and acetylcysteine.

Management of exogenous intoxication by carbamates and organophosphates at an emergency unit / Manejo de intoxicação exógena por carbamatos e organofosforados em uma unidade de emergência

Summary Objectives: to evaluate and indicate the procedure to be followed in the health unit, both for diagnosis and the treatment of acute exogenous intoxications by carbamates or organophosphates. Methods: a descriptive study based on retrospective analysis of the clinical history of patients diagnosed with intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates admitted at the emergency unit of the Hospital de Urgências de Sergipe Governador João Alves (HUSE) between January and December of 2012. Some criteria were evaluated, such as: intoxicating agent; patient's age and gender; place of event, cause, circumstances and severity of the intoxication; as well as signs and symptoms of the muscarinic, nicotinic and neurological effects. Results: seventy patients (average age: 25±19.97) formed the study's population. It was observed that 77.14% of them suffered carbamate intoxication. However, organophosphate intoxications were more severe, with 68.75% of patients presenting moderate to severe forms. Suicide attempt was the leading cause of poisoning, with 62 cases (88.57% of total). Atropine administration was an effective therapeutic approach for treating signs and symptoms, which included sialorrhea (p=0.0006), nausea (p=0. 0029) and emesis (p lt0.0001). The use of activated charcoal was shown effective, both in combating the signs and symptoms presented by both patient groups (p <0.0001). Conclusion: it is concluded that the use of atropine and activated charcoal is highly effective to treat the signs and symptoms developed by patients presenting acute exogenous intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar e indicar os procedimentos a serem seguidos na unidade de saúde tanto para o diagnóstico como para o tratamento de intoxicações agudas exógenas por carbamatos ou organofosforados. Métodos: estudo descritivo baseado na análise retrospectiva da história clínica de pacientes diagnosticados com intoxicação por carbamatos ou organofosforados admitidos em uma unidade de emergência, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012. Foram avaliados alguns critérios, como: agente intoxicador; idade do paciente e gênero; causa de envolvimento, circunstâncias e gravidade da intoxicação; sinais e sintomas dos efeitos neurológicos muscarínicos e nicotínicos. Resultados: setenta pacientes (idade média: 25±19,97 anos) formaram a população de estudo. Foi observado que 77,14% deles sofreram intoxicação por carbamatos. Os casos mais graves foram intoxicados por organofosforados, com 68,75% dos pacientes apresentando formas moderadas a graves. Tentativa de suicídio foi a causa principal de envenenamento, com 62 casos (88,57% do total). A administração de atropina foi uma medida terapêutica efetiva para tratamento de sinais e sintomas, como sialorreia (p=0,0006), náusea (p=0,0029) e êmese (p<0,0001). O uso do carvão ativado mostrou efetividade para o combate dos sinais e sintomas apresentados por pacientes em geral (p<0,0001). Conclusão: o uso de atropina e de carvão ativado é uma medida terapêutica altamente efetiva para combater os sinais e sintomas apresentados por pacientes vítimas de intoxicação aguda exógena por carbamatos ou organofosforados.

[Gastric lavage after peroral intoxication--controversial views]. / Výplach zaludku pri perorální intoxikaci--sporné pohledy na problematiku.

Gastric lavage after ingestion of excessive amounts of a drug/poison--yes or no? If yes, at what time intervals from ingestion? On one side stand some authors who emphasize the complications, contraindications, and low yield of this procedure. These authors recommended that gastric lavage should be performed only within 30-60 minutes after ingestion of toxic doses of a drug/poison. Later lavage usually has no clinical benefit. On the other side stand some other authors who recommend gastric lavage in patients as late as 6 hours after intoxication. In some cases, when the ingested substance slows gastric emptying, they even recommend lavage until 24 hours after intoxication. Based on our experience, it is necessary to support strongly the second group of the authors and recommend the extension of the time interval when to perform gastric lavage in intoxication.

Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination.

CONTEXT: The first update of the 1997 gastric lavage position paper was published by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists in 2004. This second update summarizes the 2004 content and reviews new data. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from January 2003 to March 2011 yielded few studies directly addressing the utility of gastric lavage in the treatment of poisoned patients. RESULTS: Sixty-nine new papers were reviewed. Recent publications continue to show that gastric lavage may be associated with serious complications. A few clinical studies have recently been published showing beneficial outcomes, however, all have significant methodological flaws. CONCLUSIONS: At present there is no evidence showing that gastric lavage should be used routinely in the management of poisonings. Further, the evidence supporting gastric lavage as a beneficial treatment in special situations is weak, as is the evidence to exclude benefit in all cases. Gastric lavage should not be performed routinely, if at all, for the treatment of poisoned patients. In the rare instances in which gastric lavage is indicated, it should only be performed by individuals with proper training and expertise.

Coleta de lavado gástrico para diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar infantil: revisão sistemática / Colecta de lavado gástrico para diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar infantil: revisión sistemática / Gastric lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Analisar a padronização da coleta do lavado gástrico para diagnóstico de tuberculose em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo de revisão sistemática referente aos anos de 1968 a 2008. O levantamento de artigos científicos foi feito nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO e Medline, utilizando-se a estratégia de busca ("gastric lavage and tuberculosis" ou "gastric washing and tuberculosis", com o limite "crianças com idade até 15 anos"; e "gastric lavage and tuberculosis and childhood" ou "gastric washing and tuberculosis and childhood"). A análise dos 80 artigos recuperados baseou-se nas informações sobre o protocolo de coleta de lavado gástrico para diagnóstico da tuberculose em crianças: preparo da criança e horas de jejum, horário da coleta, aspiração do resíduo gástrico, volume total aspirado, solução usada para aspiração do conteúdo gástrico, solução descontaminante, solução tampão, e tempo de encaminhamento das amostras para o laboratório. Desses, foram selecionados 14 artigos após análise criteriosa...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze standardization of gastric lavage protocols in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted for the period between 1968 and 2008 in the following databases: LILACS, SCIELO and MEDLINE. The search strategy included the following terms: "gastric lavage and tuberculosis" or "gastric washing and tuberculosis" with the restriction of "children aged up to 15 years;" "gastric lavage and tuberculosis and childhood" or "gastric washing and tuberculosis and childhood." There were retrieved 80 articles and their analysis was based on information on the gastric lavage protocol for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: preparation of children and fasting; time of gastric aspiration; aspiration of gastric residues; total volume of aspirate; solution used for aspiration of gastric contents; decontaminant solution; buffer solution; and time for forwarding samples to the laboratory. After a thorough analysis, 14 articles were selected...

OBJETIVO: Analizar la estandarización de la colecta del lavado gástrico para diagnóstico de tuberculosis en niños. MÉTODOS: Estudio de revisión sistemático referente a los años de 1968 a 2008. El levantamiento de artículos científicos fue hecho en las bases de datos Lilacs, SciELO y Medline, utilizándose la estrategia de búsqueda ("gastric lavage and tuberculosis" o "gastric washing and tuberculosis", con el límite "niños con edad hasta 15 años"; y "gastric lavage and tuberculosis and childhood" o "gastric washing and tuberculosis and childhood"). El análisis de los 80 artículos recuperados se basó en las informaciones sobre el protocolo de colecta de lavado gástrico para diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en niños: preparo del niño y horas de ayuno, horario de la colecta, aspiración del residuo gástrico, volumen total aspirado, solución usada para aspiración del contenido gástrico, solución descontaminante, solución tampón, y tiempo de envío de las muestras al laboratorio Posterior al análisis con los criterios, de estos, fueron seleccionados 14 artículos...

Gastric lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze standardization of gastric lavage protocols in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted for the period between 1968 and 2008 in the following databases: LILACS, SCIELO and MEDLINE. The search strategy included the following terms: "gastric lavage and tuberculosis" or "gastric washing and tuberculosis" with the restriction of "children aged up to 15 years;" "gastric lavage and tuberculosis and childhood" or "gastric washing and tuberculosis and childhood." There were retrieved 80 articles and their analysis was based on information on the gastric lavage protocol for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: preparation of children and fasting; time of gastric aspiration; aspiration of gastric residues; total volume of aspirate; solution used for aspiration of gastric contents; decontaminant solution; buffer solution; and time for forwarding samples to the laboratory. After a thorough analysis, 14 articles were selected. RESULTS: No article detailed the whole procedure. Some articles had missing information on: amount of gastric aspirate; aspiration before or after solution injection; solution used for gastric aspiration; buffer solution used; and waiting time between specimen collection and laboratory processing. These results showed inconsistencies of gastric lavage protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Although gastric lavage is a secondary diagnostic approach used only in special cases that did not reach the diagnostic scoring as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, there is a need to standardize gastric lavage protocols for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children.

[Accuracy of inpatient and outpatient gastric lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children]. / Acurácia do lavado gástrico realizado em ambiente hospitalar e ambulatorial no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To compare gastric lavage (GL) performed in inpatients with GL performed in outpatients in terms of its accuracy in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 1999 to 2003. A total of 230 children suspected of having TB (103 inpatients and 127 outpatients) were selected to undergo GL. Those thus diagnosed with TB (n = 53) were divided into two groups: inpatient GL (n = 30) and outpatient GL (n = 23). All 53 children were monitored for 6 months in order to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis. Accuracy was determined based on any change in diagnosis, cure rate, and the percentage of positive cultures in the two groups studied. RESULTS: The cure rate was 100% in both groups, and there was no change in diagnosis in the 53 children studied. No significant difference was found between the two groups studied in terms of detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR = 1.47; 95% CI: 0.95-2.27; p = 0.095), although the outpatient group presented a greater rate of positive cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the accuracy of GL performed in an inpatient setting is similar to that of GL performed in an outpatient setting. This indicates that hospitalization is required only in more severe cases in which GL cannot be performed as an outpatient procedure.

Acurácia do lavado gástrico realizado em ambiente hospitalar e ambulatorial no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar em crianças / Accuracy of inpatient and outpatient gastric lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children

OBJETIVO: Comparar a acurácia do lavado gástrico (LG) realizado em ambiente hospitalar e ambulatorial no diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) pulmonar em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, de 1999 a 2003. Um total de 230 crianças com suspeita de TB foi selecionado para realizar exame de LG em ambiente hospitalar (n = 103) ou em ambiente ambulatorial (n = 127). Desse total, 53 foram diagnosticadas como casos de TB e divididas em dois grupos: LG hospitalar (n = 30) e LG ambulatorial (n = 23). Todas as 53 crianças foram monitoradas por 6 meses para avaliação da acurácia do diagnóstico. A acurácia foi determinada com base na mudança do diagnóstico, na taxa de cura e no percentual de culturas positivas nos dois grupos estudados. RESULTADOS: A taxa de cura foi de 100 por cento nos dois grupos, e não houve mudança de diagnóstico nas 53 crianças estudadas. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os dois grupos estudados em relação ao achado do Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR = 1,47; IC95 por cento: 0,95-2,27; p = 0,095), apesar de o grupo LG ambulatorial ter apresentado o maior índice de cultura positivas. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados mostram que a acurácia do LG realizado em ambiente hospitalar é semelhante à do realizado em ambiente ambulatorial, o que indica que a internação é necessária apenas em casos mais graves nos quais não se pode realizar o procedimento em ambiente ambulatorial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare gastric lavage (GL) performed in inpatients with GL performed in outpatients in terms of its accuracy in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 1999 to 2003. A total of 230 children suspected of having TB (103 inpatients and 127 outpatients) were selected to undergo GL. Those thus diagnosed with TB (n = 53) were divided into two groups: inpatient GL (n = 30) and outpatient GL (n = 23). All 53 children were monitored for 6 months in order to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis. Accuracy was determined based on any change in diagnosis, cure rate, and the percentage of positive cultures in the two groups studied. RESULTS: The cure rate was 100 percent in both groups, and there was no change in diagnosis in the 53 children studied. No significant difference was found between the two groups studied in terms of detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR = 1.47; 95 percent CI: 0.95-2.27; p = 0.095), although the outpatient group presented a greater rate of positive cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the accuracy of GL performed in an inpatient setting is similar to that of GL performed in an outpatient setting. This indicates that hospitalization is required only in more severe cases in which GL cannot be performed as an outpatient procedure.