RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with poor prognoses in newborns with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis in eight hospitals in Bogota, Colombia, from 2011 to 2022. METHODS: A multi-center retrospective case-control study was conducted on newborns with gastroschisis in eight hospitals in Bogota, Colombia. Poor prognosis was defined as the presence of sepsis, intestinal complications, or death. RESULTS: The study included 101 patients. Preterm newborns under 32 weeks had a poor neonatal prognosis (OR 6.78 95â¯% CI 0.75-319). Oligohydramnios (OR 4.95 95â¯% CI 1.15-21.32) and staged closure with silo (OR 3.48; 95â¯% CI 1.10-10.96) were risk factors for neonatal death, and intra-abdominal bowel dilation of 20-25â¯mm was a factor for the development of intestinal complications (OR 3.22 95â¯% CI 1.26-8.23). CONCLUSIONS: Intra-abdominal bowel dilation between 20 and 25â¯mm was associated with intestinal complications, while oligohydramnios was associated with the risk of perinatal death, requiring increased antenatal surveillance of fetal wellbeing. Management with primary reduction when technically feasible is recommended in these infants, considering that the use of silos was associated with higher mortality.
Asunto(s)
Gastrosquisis , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Colombia/epidemiología , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Gastrosquisis/epidemiología , Gastrosquisis/mortalidad , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Embarazo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Pronóstico , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Oligohidramnios/epidemiología , Oligohidramnios/diagnóstico , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Adulto , Recien Nacido PrematuroRESUMEN
Gastroschisis is the most common congenital defect of the abdominal wall, typically located to the right of the umbilical cord, through which the intestinal loops and viscera exit without being covered by the amniotic membrane. Despite the known risk factors for gastroschisis, there is no consensus on the cause of this malformation. Prenatal ultrasound is useful for diagnosis, prognostic prediction (ultrasonographic markers) and appropriate monitoring of fetal vitality. Survival rate of children with gastroschisis is more than 95% in developed countries; however, complex gastroschisis requires multiple neonatal interventions and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. In this article, we conducted a narrative review including embryology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and ultrasonographic markers for adverse neonatal outcomes in fetuses with gastroschisis. Prenatal risk stratification of gastroschisis helps to better counsel parents, predict complications, and prepare the multidisciplinary team to intervene appropriately and improve postnatal outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Gastrosquisis , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Humanos , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores de Riesgo , Pronóstico , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , FemeninoRESUMEN
We report the long-term outcomes of a case of prenatal gastroschisis repair using a fully percutaneous fetoscopic approach with partial carbon dioxide insufflation. Surgery was performed as an experimental procedure before the scheduled elective birth. The fetal intestines were successfully returned to the abdominal cavity without any fetal or maternal complications. Ultrasonography performed 24 hours later revealed bowel peristalsis and no signs of fetal distress. After 48 hours, partial extrusion of the small bowel was observed, and the fetus was delivered. Gastroschisis repair was immediately performed upon delivery using the EXIT-like procedure as per our institutional protocol. The newborn did not require assisted mechanical ventilation, was discharged at 14 days of age and was then exclusively breastfed. At 3-year follow-up, the patient had no associated gastroschisis-related complications. This is the first case of prenatal repair of gastroschisis, which provides baseline knowledge for future researchers on the potential hurdles and management of prenatal repair.
Asunto(s)
Gastrosquisis , Insuflación , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Humanos , Fetoscopía/métodos , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Gastrosquisis/cirugía , Dióxido de Carbono , FetoRESUMEN
Objetivo: Describir los resultados maternos y perinatales de pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis atendidos en un centro de referencia obstétrica de Medellín. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana en fetos con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta el 31 de julio de 2021. Resultados: Se identificaron 54 gestantes con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis. En el 63% era su primer embarazo y el 27,8% eran adolescentes. La duración promedio de la gestación fue de 35 semanas y 6 días. La cesárea fue la vía más común (98,1%) y la indicación más frecuente fue sufrimiento de asa 66,7%. El 55,6% de los neonatos requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica para el cierre de la pared abdominal. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron anemia (66,7%) e íleo posoperatorio (72,2%). La mortalidad fue del 13%. Conclusiones: Se evidencian algunas características similares a las reportadas en otras series. La mayor presentación fue en primer embarazo, la causa de finalización de la gestación fue sufrimiento de asas (demostrando la importancia del seguimiento ecográfico), y las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron anemia e íleo posoperatorio presentados por la prematuridad. La mortalidad comparada con la de otras instituciones locales fue menor.
Objective: To describe the outcomes of maternal and perinatal in patients diagnosed with prenatal gastroschisis that received medical care at an obstetric reference center in Medellin. Method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study in fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis performed in the Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana between January 1st 2010 and July 31st 2021. Results: Were included 54 pregnant women with prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis. The 63% were their first pregnancy and 27,8% were adolescents. The average duration of gestation was 35 weeks and 6 days. Cesarean section was the most common way of delivery (98,1%) and the most frequent indication was suffering from loop (66,7%). The 55,6% of neonates required more than one surgical intervention for closure of the abdominal wall. The most frequent complications were anemia (66,7%) and postoperative ileus (72,2%). A mortality of 13% was presented. Conclusions: Some characteristics like reported in other series are evident. The greatest presentation was in the first pregnancy, the cause of termination of pregnancy was suffering from loops (demonstrating the importance of ultrasound monitoring) and the most frequent complications were anemia and postoperative ileus presented by prematurity. Mortality, compared to other local institutions, was lower.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Diagnóstico Prenatal , Gastrosquisis/cirugía , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico , Resultado del Embarazo , Cesárea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Atención Perinatal , Gastrosquisis/complicaciones , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ultrasound (US) markers predictive of complex gastroschisis (CG), mortality, and morbidity in fetuses with gastroschisis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 186 pregnancies with isolated fetal gastroschisis. Eight US markers were analyzed. The predictions and associations of US markers with CG, mortality, and morbidity were assessed. Combinations of US markers predictive of CG were investigated. RESULTS: Extra-abdominal bowel dilatation (EABD), intra-abdominal bowel dilatation (IABD), and polyhydramnios were predictive of CG. EABD between 25 and 28 weeks had a sensitivity of 64%, a specificity of 89%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 56.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.8%. The predictions of IABD were sensitivity = 26.7%, specificity = 96.7%, PPV = 61.5%, and NPV = 86.8%. The odds ratios for CG in the presence of 1 and 2 US markers, compared with the absence of a US marker, were 18.3 (95% CI, 3.83-87.64) and 73.3 (95% CI, 6.14-876), respectively. CONCLUSION: US markers predictive of CG were established. The combination of these markers increases the probability of CG.
Asunto(s)
Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Intestinos/diagnóstico por imagen , Estómago/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Doppler , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Adolescente , Dilatación Patológica , Femenino , Muerte Fetal , Gastrosquisis/mortalidad , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Intestinos/anomalías , Necrosis , Oportunidad Relativa , Mortalidad Perinatal , Polihidramnios/diagnóstico por imagen , Polihidramnios/mortalidad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Embarazo , Pronóstico , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estómago/anomalías , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe our initial experience with a novel approach to follow-up and treat gastroschisis in "zero minute" using the EXITlike procedure. Methods: Eleven fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis were evaluated. The Svetliza Reductibility Index was used to prospectively evaluate five cases, and six cases were used as historical controls. The Svetliza Reductibility Index consisted in dividing the real abdominal wall defect diameter by the larger intestinal loop to be fitted in such space. The EXIT-like procedure consists in planned cesarean section, fetal analgesia and return of the herniated viscera to the abdominal cavity before the baby can fill the intestines with air. No general anesthesia or uterine relaxation is needed. Exteriorized viscera reduction is performed while umbilical cord circulation is maintained. Results: Four of the five cases were performed with the EXIT-like procedure. Successful complete closure was achieved in three infants. The other cases were planned deliveries at term and treated by construction of a Silo. The average time to return the viscera in EXIT-like Group was 5.0 minutes, and, in all cases, oximetry was maintained within normal ranges. In the perinatal period, there were significant statistical differences in ventilation days required (p = 0.0169), duration of parenteral nutrition (p=0.0104) and duration of enteral feed (p=0.0294). Conclusion: The Svetliza Reductibility Index and EXIT-like procedure could be new options to follow and treat gastroschisis, with significantly improved neonatal outcome in our unit. Further randomized studies are needed to evaluate this novel approach.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a experiência inicial com a nova técnica cirúrgica EXIT-like para acompanhamento e correção de gastrosquise no "minuto zero". Métodos: Foram avaliados onze fetos com diagnóstico pré-natal de gastrosquise. O Svetliza Reducibility Index foi usado prospectivamente para avaliar cinco casos, e seis foram utilizados como controles. O índice foi calculado dividindo-se o diâmetro do defeito da parede abdominal pela maior alça intestinal que coubesse neste espaço. O procedimento EXIT-like compreendeu cesárea programada, analgesia fetal e redução da víscera herniada para a cavidade abdominal, antes da deglutição de ar pelo recém- nascido. Não são necessários anestesia geral e nem relaxamento uterino. A redução da víscera exteriorizada é realizada enquanto se mantém a circulação do cordão umbilical. Resultados: Quatro casos, dos cinco, foram submetidos ao EXIT-like. A correção foi completa em três casos. Os demais casos foram partos a termo planejados, e a correção do defeito foi feita com Silo. O tempo médio de redução da víscera foi de 5,0 minutos no grupo submetido ao procedimento EXITlike, e a oximetria foi mantida dentro dos valores de variação normal em todos os casos. No período perinatal, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no tempo de ventilação mecânica (p=0,0169), duração da nutrição parenteral (p = 0,0104) e da nutrição enteral (p=0,0294). Conclusão: O Svetliza Reducibility Index e o procedimento EXIT-like podem ser novas opções para acompanhar e tratar gastroquise, com desfecho neonatal significativamente melhor em nossa unidade. Novos estudos randomizados são necessários para avaliar esta nova abordagem.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Cesárea/métodos , Gastrosquisis/cirugía , Terapias Fetales/métodos , Enfermedades Fetales/cirugía , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Edad Gestacional , Edad Materna , Resultado del Tratamiento , Cuidados Posteriores , Gastrosquisis/embriología , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Dilatación Patológica , Feto/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To describe the antenatal fetal heart rate (FHR) parameters analyzed by computerizedcardiotocography (cCTG) in fetuses with gastroschisis and compare the FHR parameters with ultrasound gastrointestinal markers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of antepartum cCTG records were conducted in 87 pregnant cases with fetal gastroschisis between 28and 36 weeks (plus 6 days). A comparative analysis of the median distribution of the following FHR parameters was performed: basal FHR, short-term variation (STV), FHR accelerations and decelerations, episodes of high and low variations, and variations in low and high episodes. FHR parameters and ultrasound gastrointestinal markers were also compared. RESULTS: The majority of FHR parameters did not present significant changes throughout gestation. An increased number of records with episodes of low variation (p = 0.019) and an increased number of accelerations >15 bpm (p = 0.001) were the only observed changes throughout gestation. Stomach herniation was significantly associated with a lower STV (p = 0.018) and a higher frequency of records with low episodes (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: The cCTG analysis indicated that the FHR parameters in fetuses with gastroschisis presented different patterns from those observed in normal fetuses. Stomach herniation was associated with altered FHR patterns.
Asunto(s)
Cardiotocografía/métodos , Gastrosquisis/fisiopatología , Frecuencia Cardíaca Fetal , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Femenino , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe our initial experience with a novel approach to follow-up and treat gastroschisis in "zero minute" using the EXITlike procedure. METHODS: Eleven fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis were evaluated. The Svetliza Reductibility Index was used to prospectively evaluate five cases, and six cases were used as historical controls. The Svetliza Reductibility Index consisted in dividing the real abdominal wall defect diameter by the larger intestinal loop to be fitted in such space. The EXIT-like procedure consists in planned cesarean section, fetal analgesia and return of the herniated viscera to the abdominal cavity before the baby can fill the intestines with air. No general anesthesia or uterine relaxation is needed. Exteriorized viscera reduction is performed while umbilical cord circulation is maintained. RESULTS: Four of the five cases were performed with the EXIT-like procedure. Successful complete closure was achieved in three infants. The other cases were planned deliveries at term and treated by construction of a Silo. The average time to return the viscera in EXIT-like Group was 5.0 minutes, and, in all cases, oximetry was maintained within normal ranges. In the perinatal period, there were significant statistical differences in ventilation days required (p = 0.0169), duration of parenteral nutrition (p=0.0104) and duration of enteral feed (p=0.0294). CONCLUSION: The Svetliza Reductibility Index and EXIT-like procedure could be new options to follow and treat gastroschisis, with significantly improved neonatal outcome in our unit. Further randomized studies are needed to evaluate this novel approach.
Asunto(s)
Cesárea/métodos , Enfermedades Fetales/cirugía , Terapias Fetales/métodos , Gastrosquisis/cirugía , Cuidados Posteriores , Dilatación Patológica , Femenino , Feto/patología , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Gastrosquisis/embriología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Masculino , Edad Materna , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía PrenatalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To examine growth patterns and predictions of low birth weight in gastroschisis fetuses. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of isolated fetal gastroschisis before week 24. Ultrasound fetal biometric parameters - head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length, HC/AC ratio and estimated fetal weight (EFW)--were plotted against normal growth charts. The percentage difference in mean values between normal and gastroschisis fetuses was determined. The growth deficit for each ultrasound parameter was calculated for the fetuses with 1 examination in each designated period (period I: weeks 20-25(+6); period II: weeks 26-31(+6); period III: from week 32 until term). For low birth weight prediction, measurements below the 10th percentile in periods I and II were tested. RESULTS: Seventy pregnancies were examined. For all fetal parameters, the mean measurements were lower in fetuses with gastroschisis (p < 0.005). The EFW revealed an increased growth deficit between the periods (p = 0.030). HC was predictive of low birth weight in period II (OR = 6.07; sensitivity = 70.8%; specificity = 71.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Fetuses with gastroschisis present a reduced growth pattern, and it appears that no growth recovery occurs after the growth restriction has been established. Between week 26 and week 31(+6), an HC measurement below the 10th percentile is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Fetal , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagen , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/epidemiología , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Gastrosquisis/epidemiología , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Desarrollo Fetal/fisiología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ultrasonografía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Gastroschisis (GS) is usually described as an abdominal wall defect, to the right of a normally inserted umbilical cord, without membraneous covering of the extruded organs. However, precise anatomical descriptions are lacking in the literature. Our aims were to provide evidence that allows reconsideration of its current definition, as well as an explanation for prenatal death, based on detailed observation of stillborn fetuses with GS and a review of the literature. METHODS: Prenatal studies, clinical examinations, and histological findings of five stillborn fetuses with isolated GS are described and photographic evidence is provided. RESULTS: In all five cases, the umbilical cord was only attached to the left side of the umbilical ring, while the right side remained uncovered, allowing evisceration of abdominal organs. Histological evidence of mucoid-like tissue at the free border of the ring suggests that at that site the cord was initially inserted and later detached. Characteristics of the umbilical ring, bowel dilatation, and autopsy findings of acute asphyxia strongly support compression of umbilical vessels as the cause of fetal death. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, on the lack of evidence in the literature demonstrating full-thickness abdominal wall separating the defect from the umbilical cord, and on a critical review of the proposed mechanisms favoring the hypothesis of a defect separate from the umbilical ring, we propose that GS represents a failure in the normal attachment between umbilical cord and umbilical ring. The consistent clinical course of fetuses with prenatal demise suggests careful targeted monitoring during late gestation.
Asunto(s)
Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Mortinato , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Pared Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Pared Abdominal/patología , Femenino , Feto/patología , Gastrosquisis/patología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Cordón Umbilical/diagnóstico por imagen , Cordón Umbilical/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Omphaloceles and gastroschisis are the most common defects of the fetal anterior abdominal wall. The association of an omphalocele with an anterior thoracic wall defect could result from a variety of congenital syndromes of which Cantrell's pentalogy is the most common. For proper surgical scheduling of the neonate, early diagnosis of each of the components of this syndrome is important. The presence of a congenital intracardiac anomaly is the best predictor of neonatal mortality. We present a case of Cantrell's pentalogy diagnosed prenatally with conventional and three-dimensional sonographic imaging, and confirmed at birth. We discuss this case and the reports in the world literature.
Asunto(s)
Pared Abdominal/anomalías , Diafragma/anomalías , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatías Congénitas/diagnóstico por imagen , Pared Torácica/anomalías , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Pared Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Diafragma/diagnóstico por imagen , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Hernia Umbilical/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Embarazo , Síndrome , Pared Torácica/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The authors report their experience with the use of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bag for blood-derivative transfer as a prosthesis for the creation of a silo for surgical treatment of gastroschisis (GS) in seven newborn infants. The bag is sterile, impermeable to micro-organisms, transparent, flexible, resistant, internally smooth, does not adhere to the bowel loops, readily available, and inexpensive, properties that make it an excellent alternative as a prosthesis for staged surgical treatment of congenital anomalies of the abdominal wall such as GS and omphalocele. The importance of a multidisciplinary team for the care of newborns with GS is also emphasized for a good postoperative outcome.
Asunto(s)
Transfusión Sanguínea/instrumentación , Gastrosquisis/cirugía , Cuidados Posoperatorios/instrumentación , Femenino , Gastrosquisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Masculino , Cloruro de Polivinilo , Presión , Técnicas de Sutura , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía PrenatalRESUMEN
From 1983 to 1993, 30 cases of gastroschisis were managed at the Mayaguez Medical Center. Ninety percent of these patients underwent primary closure of their abdominal wall defect. Three of 30 patients (10%) required silastic or goretex silos with final closure in an average of 8 days. There was no sex predilection, the average birth weight was 2.4 kg and the mean gestational age was 36 weeks. Thirty percent had associated anomalies, the majority were intestinal atresia, and/or undescended testicles. Twenty one (70%) of infants were delivered vaginally. Nine children (30%) were delivered via cesarean section. Four cesarean sections were done solely after prenatal ultrasonic identification of gastroschisis. There was no improvement in hospital stay, complications, or days until enteral feeds were tolerated when vaginally delivered patients were compared to those born by c-sections. In seven patients mesh sheeting (Marlex) was used for closure of late hernia defects. The mean hospital stay was 50 days and the mean time to enteral feedings 20 days. All patients required postoperative mechanical ventilation for an average of 4 days. There was no mortality. Our data and review of the literature do not support gastroschisis prenatal diagnosis as a sole indication for cesarean section. Our data showed favorable prognosis for most babies. Primary fascial closure can be accomplished safely in the majority of patients. No single operative strategy is ideal for all patients, and treatment of individual defects should be tailored to the degree of visceroabdominal disproportion.