Propagermanium as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.

Propagermanium (PG) has immune modulating activity and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aimed to study the therapeutic efficacy of PG on endothelial and perivascular dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes. Non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were divided into four groups: (1) the control group; (2) the group treated with 50 mg/kg PG; (3) the group fed a high-fat diet (GKHFD); and (4) the group of GKHFD treated with 50 mg/kg PG. PG was given orally for 3 months. Several in vivo parameters and endothelial function were studied in aortas with perivascular adipose tissue PVAT (+) or without PVAT (-). We also determined the vascular inflammation and levels of CD36 in PVAT. In diabetic GK rats, PG did not affect the lipid profile or the results of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Instead, it improved the fasting glucose levels (18%, p < 0.01), insulin resistance (32%, p < 0.05), endothelial function (33 and 25% in aortas mounted with (+) or without PVAT (-), p < 0.05), and restored the anticontractile effect of the perivascular adipose tissue by reducing its inflammation (56%, p < 0.05) and oxidative stress profile (55%, p < 0.05). Due to its anti-inflammatory characteristics, PG likely improved endothelial dysfunction and restored the perivascular adipose tissue's anticontractile properties.

Effects of Germanium embedded fabric on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical state which is identified by the degeneration of articular cartilage. OA is a common condition (>500 millions of people affected worldwide), whose frequency is anticipated to continue to rise (> 110 % increase worldwide since 2019). The treatment for early-stage OA is based on a combination of therapeutic approaches, which can include regenerative medicine based on Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs). Germanium embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric has been shown to have positive effects on OA clinically and is envisaged to give encouraging effects also on tissue regeneration. Still, the biological mechanisms underlying this therapeutic modality have not yet been fully defined. We tested the hypothesis that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric could enhance chondrogenic differentiation. To this purpose, we applied Incrediwear® to human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) induced to chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9, RUNX2, COL2A1, COL10A1) were quantified following 21 days of treatment. We also assessed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (specifically Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) using Alcian Blue and Sirius Red staining. Here, we provide pilot data to demonstrate that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric can enhance hADSCs chondrogenic differentiation and maturity and potentially induce events of cartilage regeneration.

Effects of antioxidant Bis-carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide added to bovine semen cryopreservation medium on in vitro assessed morphofunctional sperm parameters.

This study investigated the impact of various Ge132 (Bis-carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide) concentrations on frozen bovine semen. Ejaculates from three bulls were pooled and divided into six groups, each one with different Ge132 concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) and each group was incubated in different conditions (33°C for 30 min (D: D0, D500, and D1000), and the other was immediately cooled to 4°C (R: R0-control; R500 and R1000)). Thawed semen was evaluated for sperm characteristics by CASA and flow cytometer. Results showed better motility in the immediate cooling group without Ge132 compared with high Ge132 concentrations. Values for total motility dropped after 5 and 60 min in groups with high Ge132 levels and some control groups. Linearity increased with 1000 µg/mL Ge132, while straightness differed between moments in multiple groups. Membrane integrity was higher in a control group and certain Ge132 groups. Lower O2 - generation occurred without Ge132. After oxidative stress induction, lipid peroxidation intensity increased with arachidonic acid, but D1000 had lower peroxidation than R0. Overall, Ge132 appears to have provided protection against PLM when subjected to oxidative stress, since even at high concentrations it maintained sperm metabolism.

Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Organogermanium(IV) Catecholate Complexes.

A series of novel organogermanium(IV) catecholates 1-9 of the general formula R'2Ge(Cat), where R' = Ph, Et, have been synthesized. Compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 1-3, 6, and 8 in crystal state were established using single-crystal X-ray analysis. The complexes are tetracoordinate germanium(IV) compounds containing a dioxolene ligand in a dianion (catecholato) form. Electrochemical transformations of target germanium(IV) complexes have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation mechanism of complexes 1-5, 7, and 10 (the related complex Ph2Ge(3,5-Cat) where 3,5-Cat is 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate) involves the consecutive formation of mono- and dicationic derivatives containing the oxidized forms of redox-active ligands. The stability of the generated monocations depends both on the hydrocarbon groups at the germanium atom and on the substituents in the catecholate ring. Compounds 6, 8, and 9 are oxidized irreversibly under the electrochemical conditions with the formation of unstable complexes. The radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties of new complexes were estimated in the reaction with DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, and CUPRACTEAC assay. It has been found that compounds 8 and 9 with benzothiazole or phenol fragments are more active in DPPH test. The presence of electron-rich moieties in the catecholate ligand makes complexes 5 and 7-9 more reactive to ABTS radical cation. The value of CUPRACTEAC for organogermanium(IV) catecholates varies from 0.23 to 1.45. The effect of compounds 1-9 in the process of lipid peroxidation of rat liver (Wistar) homogenate was determined in vitro. It was found that most compounds are characterized by pronounced antioxidant activity. A feature of complexes 1, 3, and 5-9 is the intensification of the antioxidant action with the incubation time. In the presence of additives of complexes 3, 5, 6, and 8, an induction period was observed during the process of lipid peroxidation.

Optical, vibrational, and photoluminescence properties of holmium-doped boro-bismuth-germanate glasses.

Holmium (Ho3+)-doped boro-bismuth-germanate glasses having the chemical composition (30-x)B2O3 + 20GeO2 + 20Bi2O3 + 20Na2O + 10Y2O3 + xHo2O3, where x = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mol% were prepared by melt-quenching technique. The prepared glasses were examined for thermal, optical, vibrational, and photoluminescent properties. The prepared glasses were found to be thermally very stable. The optical bandgap and Urbach energies of 0.1 mol% Ho2O3-doped boro-bismuth-germanate glass were calculated to be 3.3 eV and 377 MeV, respectively, using the absorption spectrum. The Judd-Ofelt analysis was performed on the 0.1 mol% Ho2O3-doped glass and compared the obtained parameters with literature. The branching ratio (ß) and emission cross-section (σem) of the green band were determined to be 0.7 and 0.24 × 10-20 cm2, respectively. Under 450 nm excitation, a strong green emission around 550 nm was observed and assigned to the (5S2 + 5F4) → 5I8 (Ho3+) transition. Upon an increase of Ho2O3 content from 0.1 to 2.0 mol%, the intensities of all observed emission bands as well as decay time of the (5S2 + 5F4) → 5I8 transition have been decreased gradually. The reasons behind the decrease in emission intensity and decay time were discussed. The strong green emission suggests that these glasses may be a better option for display devices and green emission applications.

Absolute Method for Measuring Environmental Radioactive Materials Using Imaging Plates.

ABSTRACT: We had previously developed a measurement method using an imaging plate (IP) to evaluate and address surface contamination caused by the release of radioactive materials during the Fukushima nuclear accident. The measurement units for the surface contamination density were in relative values [described as relative luminescence levels measured in luminescence arbitrary units (LAU)], but the evaluation was required in absolute values, such as Bq cm -2 , to enable appropriate control of exposure doses. This study establishes a method for converting the IP measurements of surface contamination density due to environmental radioactivity into absolute values. Soil contaminated with radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear accident was collected to create a working reference material (WRM). The conversion coefficient for surface contamination density was calculated using the WRM values measured with an IP and high-purity germanium detectors. The IP measurement values were converted into the surface contamination density using the conversion coefficient. The WRM values measured with the IP and high-purity germanium detectors were 324.1 LAU and 32.22 ± 2.27 Bq cm -2 , respectively. The surface contamination density conversion factor was calculated as 0.0994. The surface contamination density on the roof of the Tsukuba City facility was re-evaluated using the conversion factor. The average value of 29,972 Bq m -2 matched the amount of radioactive material fallen in Tsukuba City. By standardizing the measurement conditions for surface contamination when using IPs, we successfully quantified the surface contamination density with an accuracy comparable to that of conventional methods. This method is expected to make a significant contribution to efficient radiation safety management.

Preparation and evaluation of germanium concentrate by ultrasonic purification of tannin germanium residue.

Germanium (Ge) is a dispersed metal primarily recovered from secondary Ge-containing resources. The traditional treatment method is hindered by incomplete impurity removal, resulting in a low grade of tannin germanium residue (TGR) and Ge concentrate, high production costs, and significant hazardous waste. This study proposes a new technology involving ultrasonic pre-purification of TGR to enhance the quality of Ge concentrate prepared by roasting. Under optimal conditions (ultrasonic power 225 W, liquid-solid ratio 7:1, H2SO4 concentration 20 g/L, reaction time 30 min, and reaction temperature 40 °C), the removal efficiencies of impurities Zn, Mg, Fe, As, and S from purified tannin germanium residue (PTGR) increased by 4.2%, 4.2%, 17.4%, 8.7%, and 2.9% respectively. Moreover, the Ge content in PTGR increased from 2.9% to 4.1%. The mechanism of ultrasonic action indicated the ultrasonic energy reduced the particle size of the reactants from 67.698 µm to 31.768 µm, thereby accelerating impurity removal. Roasting ultrasonic-purified tannin germanium residue (U-PTGR) at 650 °C with 40 L/h air flow for 120 min produced Ge concentrate with a Ge grade of 33.26%, which is 6.11% higher than the regular method. Analysis using XRD and HRTEM, combined with crystallite size calculation, revealed that the Ge concentrate prepared by U-PTGR exhibited low sintering degree, good crystal properties, and high crystallinity. Implementing this technology could save enterprises approximately $57,412 annually in production costs. Additionally, it holds significant practical importance in reducing hazardous waste emissions and promoting the high-quality development of the Ge industry.

Leaching of liquation-feeding furnace dross as a first step for germanium recovery.

OBJECTIVE: Germanium, an important component of electronics, is considered by many global economies as a critical raw material. Therefore, investigating its potential new sources is crucial for prospective technology development. This paper presents the investigation results on the leaching of liquation-feeding furnace dross using sulfuric and oxalic acid solutions. RESULTS: The dross contained mostly zinc (68.0% wt.) but also elevated germanium concentration (0.68% wt.). The influence of temperature, time, initial acid concentration, and liquid-to-solid phase ratio (L:S) was examined. It was found that germanium availability via leaching is limited-maximum leaching yields using aqueous solutions of sulfuric and oxalic acids were 60% (80 °C, 2 h, 15% wt. H2SO4, L:S 25:1) and 57% (80 °C, 3 h, 12.5% wt. H2C2O4, L:S 10:1), respectively.

Sensitivity analysis of bi-metal stacked-gate-oxide hetero-juncture tunnel fet with Si0.6Ge0.4 source biosensor considering non-ideal factors.

This article provides insights in designing a dielectrically modulated biosensor by adopting high-k stacked gate oxide proposition in a bi-metal hetero-juncture Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (BM-SO-HTFET) with Si0.6Ge0.4 source. The integrated effect of heterojunction and stacked gate oxide leads to enhanced electrical performance of the proposed device in terms of carrier mobility and suppressed leakage current. Nano-cavity engraved beneath the bi-metal gate structure across the source/channel end acts the binding site of the biomolecules to be detected. This Configuration leads to improved control of biomolecules over source/channel tunnelling rate and the same is reflected in the sensing ability of the device while extracting the ON current sensitivity (SON) of the sensor. The reported biosensor is simulated using Silvaco ATLAS calibrated simulation framework. The analysis of the device sensitivity is carried out varying dielectric constants (k) of various biomolecules, both neutral as well as charged. Our study reveals that BM-SO-HTFET with Ge mole fraction composition x = 0.4 exhibits sensitivity as high as 4.1 × 1010 for neutral biomolecules and 3.2 × 1011 for positively charged biomolecules with k = 12. Furthermore, a transient response profile for the drain current with various biomolecules is explored to determine the varying settling time. From the simulation results, it is noted that BM-SO-HTFET exhibits ON current sensitivity of 4.1 × 1010 and 3.2 × 1011 for neutral and charged biomolecules respectively. In addition to this, for highly sensitive and real time detection of biomolecules, the impact of temperature and certain non-ideal factors drifting from ideal case of fully filled cavity have also been considered to analyze its optimum sensing performance.

Estimation of 241Am and 239Pu activity embedded in the tissue using portable planar HPGe detector.

This paper describes a procedure for the estimation of 241Am and 239Pu activity present in the human tissue by measuring the depth of contaminant using a portable Planar High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe). The ratios of photopeak counts of X-rays or gammas obtained with the detector coupled to collimator are calculated for the estimation of depth of the contaminant and the optimum one is determined. Since Minimum Detectable Activities (MDA) for the detector coupled to a collimator are higher than that of bare detector, activity must be estimated using bare detector, after locating the contaminant. Two methods are described for the estimation of plutonium coexisting with 241Am: (i) Abundance and isotopic correction for 239Pu (ii) and 239Pu:241Am ratio. The procedure to estimate 239Pu when plutonium isotopes alone are present is also established. An optimum monitoring period to detect the minimum value of intake for both radionuclides corresponding to chelation therapy and excision is also derived.

Protocol for nanoscale thermal mapping of electronic devices using atomic force microscopy with phase change material.

In this protocol, we present a facile nanoscale thermal mapping technique for electronic devices by use of atomic force microscopy and a phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5. We describe steps for Ge2Sb2Te5 thin film coating, Ge2Sb2Te5 temperature calibration, thermal mapping by varying heater power, and thermal mapping by varying heating time. The protocol can be applied for resolving surface temperatures of various operational microelectronic devices with a nanoscale precision. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cheng et al.1.

Michaelis-Menten kinetics during dry etching processes.

The chemical etching of germanium in Br2 environment at elevated temperatures is described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The validity limit of Michaelis-Menten kinetics is subjected to the detailed analysis. The steady-state etching rate requires synergy of two different process parameters. High purity gas should be directed to the substrate on which intermediate reaction product does not accumulate. Theoretical calculations indicate that maximum etching rate is maintained when 99.89% of the germanium surface is covered by the reaction product, and 99.9999967% of the incident Br2 molecules are reflected from the substrate surface. Under these conditions, single GeBr2 molecule is formed after 30 million collisions of Br2 molecules with the germanium surface.

Functional Green-Emitting Mn2+-doped Zinc Germanate Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles for Dual-Mode Immunochromatographic Detection.

Immunochromatography is a commonly used immediate detection technique, using signal labels to generate detection signals for rapid medical diagnosis. However, its detection sensitivity is affected by background fluorescence caused by the excitation light source. We have developed an immunochromatographic test strip using Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ (ZGM) persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) for immediate fluorescence detection and highly sensitive persistent luminescence (PersL) detection without background fluorescence interference. ZGM emits a strong green light when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) excitation, and its green PersL can persist for over 30 min after the excitation light is turned off. We modified the surface of ZGM with heparin-binding protein (HBP) antibodies to create immunochromatographic test strips for the detection of HBP as the target analyte. Under UV excitation, the chromatography test paper can be visually observed at concentrations as low as 25 ng/mL. After the excitation light source is switched off, PersL can achieve a detection limit of 4.7 ng/mL without background interference. This dual-mode immunochromatographic detection, based on ZGM, shows great potential for in vitro diagnostic applications.

Laser-Synthesized Germanium Nanoparticles as Biodegradable Material for Near-Infrared Photoacoustic Imaging and Cancer Phototherapy.

Biodegradable nanomaterials can significantly improve the safety profile of nanomedicine. Germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs) with a safe biodegradation pathway are developed as efficient photothermal converters for biomedical applications. Ge NPs synthesized by femtosecond-laser ablation in liquids rapidly dissolve in physiological-like environment through the oxidation mechanism. The biodegradation of Ge nanoparticles is preserved in tumor cells in vitro and in normal tissues in mice with a half-life as short as 3.5 days. Biocompatibility of Ge NPs is confirmed in vivo by hematological, biochemical, and histological analyses. Strong optical absorption of Ge in the near-infrared spectral range enables photothermal treatment of engrafted tumors in vivo, following intravenous injection of Ge NPs. The photothermal therapy results in a 3.9-fold reduction of the EMT6/P adenocarcinoma tumor growth with significant prolongation of the mice survival. Excellent mass-extinction of Ge NPs (7.9 L g-1 cm-1 at 808 nm) enables photoacoustic imaging of bones and tumors, following intravenous and intratumoral administrations of the nanomaterial. As such, strongly absorbing near-infrared-light biodegradable Ge nanomaterial holds promise for advanced theranostics.

Elemental distributions of solid waste collected from the germanium extraction process.

The solid waste produced from the germanium extraction process has attached much attention to its potential germanium sources. However, the elemental distribution of solid waste is still unclear. Therefore, the solid waste was studied using a sequential extraction procedure and characterizations including XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and XAFS. It has been found that Ca, S, Fe, and Si could present crystal occurrence forms such as calcium sulfate, iron oxide hydroxide, or quartz. Furthermore, Si and Al can form a certain amount of amorphous substance. Accordingly, the sequential leaching results tell that Ca and S can be mostly leached out in pure water or weak acid solution, and more than 50% of Fe, Al, and Si were leached out in the reducible or oxidizable environment. Additionally, a part of S could be associated with Pb, generating a mostly Pb-bearing sulfate structure. Most of Zn was leached out from the reducible step, and only a very small part of Zn presented in the residual state, indicating that the majority of Zn might exist in an oxidation state and a small amount of Zn is associated in the amorphous phase. In terms of Ge, As, and Cr, almost all of them existed in the residual state. Ge should be in the occurrence of Si/Al amorphous structure. Similarly, Cr should be most likely to associate with silicates. Furthermore, As is mainly associated with iron mineral through the formation of the binuclear bidentate corner-sharing complex.

An extended bore length solid-state digital-BGO PET/CT system: design, preliminary experience, and performance characteristics.

PURPOSE: A solid-state PET/CT system uses bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) scintillating crystals coupled to silicon photomultipliers over an extended 32 cm axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide high spatial resolution and very high sensitivity. Performance characteristics were determined for this digital-BGO system, including NEMA and EARL standards. METHODS: Spatial resolution, scatter fraction (SF), noise equivalent count rate (NECR), sensitivity, count rate accuracy, and image quality (IQ) were evaluated for the digital-BGO system as per NEMA NU 2-2018, at 2 sites of first clinical install. System energy resolution was measured. Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction (BPL) was used for IQ. EARL Standards 2 studies were reconstructed by BPL combined with a contrast-enhancing deep learning algorithm. An Esser PET phantom was evaluated. Three patient examples were obtained with low-dose radiotracer activity: 2 MBq/kg of [18F]FDG ([18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose), 2.3 MBq/kg [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE ([dodecane tetra-acetic acid,Tyr3]-octreotate), and 14.5 MBq/kg [82Rb]RbCl ([82Rb]-rubidium-chloride). Total scan times were ≤ 8 min. RESULTS: NEMA sensitivity was 47.6 cps/kBq at the axial center. Spatial resolution at 1 cm from the center axis was ≤4.5 mm (filtered back projection) and ≤3.8 mm (ordered subset expectation maximization). SF was 35.6%, count rate accuracy was 2.16%, and peak NECR was 485.2 kcps at 16.9 kBq/mL. Contrast for IQ was 61.1 to 90.7% (smallest to largest sphere) with background variations from 7.6 to 2.1%, and a "lung" error of 4.7%. The average detector energy resolution was 9.67%. Image quality for patient scans was good. EARL Standards 2 criteria were robustly met and Esser phantom features ≥4.8 mm were resolved at 2 min per bed position. CONCLUSION: A solid-state 32 cm axial FOV digital-BGO PET/CT system provides good spatial and energy resolution, high count rates, and superior NEMA sensitivity in its class, enabling fast clinical acquisitions with low-dose radiotracer activity.

Stabilization of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles: From the Study to the Prospects of the Application in Thin-Film Technology.

We present the stabilization of halide-terminated Ge nanoparticles prepared via a disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I)X solutions with well-defined size distribution. Further tailoring of the stability of the Ge nanoparticles was achieved using variations in the substituent. Ge nanoparticles obtained in this way are readily dispersed in organic solvents, long-term colloidally stable, and are perfect prerequisites for thin-film preparation. This gives these nanomaterials a future in surface-dependent optical applications, as shown for the halide-terminated nanoparticles.

The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects.

With the development of organic germanium and nanotechnology, germanium serves multiple biological functions, and its potential value in biochemistry and medicine has increasingly captured the attention of researchers. In recent years, germanium has gradually gained significance as a material in the field of biomedicine and shows promising application prospects. However, there has been a limited amount of research conducted on the biological effects and mechanisms of germanium, and a systematic evaluation is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically examine the application of germanium in the field of biomedicine and contribute new insights for future research on the functions and mechanisms of germanium in disease treatment. By conducting a comprehensive search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, we systematically reviewed the relevant literature on the relationship between germanium and biomedicine. In this review, we will describe the biological activities of germanium in inflammation, immunity, and antioxidation. Furthermore, we will discuss its role in the treatment of neuroscience and oncology-related conditions. This comprehensive exploration of germanium provides a valuable foundation for the future application of this element in disease intervention, diagnosis, and prevention.

Development of a new integrated IN-VIVO counting system at the QST.

A new in-vivo counting system that functions as both a whole-body counter (WBC) and a lung counter (LC) was developed at the QST to enhance its dose assessment capability. This paper presents an overview of this system and the results of its performance tests. For use of the system as a WBC, three high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors installed in a 20-cm-thick iron shielding chamber are linearly arrayed over a subject lying on the bed, whereas two of the three HPGe detectors are placed over the subject's chest from side to side when using the system as an LC. The new in-vivo system was calibrated using three de-facto phantoms owned by the QST: an adult-male BOttle Manikin ABsorption (BOMAB) phantom, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) phantom and a Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) phantom. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to determine an optimum location for the three detector array in the WBC mode and revealed that the peak efficiency for the BOMAB phantom (662 keV) was little varied as long as the middle detector was placed above the thorax and abdomen parts of the phantom. The calculated peak efficiencies agreed well with the observed peak efficiencies for photons with energies over 100 keV. For lung counting, a tentative Minimum Detectable Activity of 241Am was evaluated as 9.5 Bq for a counting time of 30 minutes, and a Japanese male subject with an average chest wall thinness (2.27 cm). The developed system is now ready for use.

Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) - A review.

Advanced high-tech applications for communication, renewable energy, and display, heavily rely on technology critical elements (TCEs) such as indium, gallium, and germanium. Ensuring their sustainable supply is a pressing concern due to their high economic value and supply risks in the European Union. Recovering these elements from end-of-life (EoL) products (electronic waste: e-waste) offers a potential solution to address TCEs shortages. The review highlights recent advances in pre-treatment and hydrometallurgical and biohydrometallurgical methods for indium, gallium, and germanium recovery from EoL products, including spent liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), photovoltaics (PVs), and optical fibers (OFs). Leaching methods, including strong mineral and organic acids, and bioleaching, achieve over 95% indium recovery from spent LCDs. Recovery methods emphasize solvent extraction, chemical precipitation, and cementation. However, challenges persist in separating indium from other non-target elements like Al, Fe, Zn, and Sn. Promising purification involves solid-phase extraction, electrochemical separation, and supercritical fluid extraction. Gallium recovery from spent GaN and GaAs LEDs achieves 99% yield via leaching with HCl after annealing and HNO3, respectively. Sustainable gallium purification techniques include solvent extraction, ionic liquid extraction, and nanofiltration. Indium and gallium recovery from spent CIGS PVs achieves over 90% extraction yields via H2SO4 with citric acid-H2O2 and alkali. Although bioleaching is slower than chemical leaching (several days versus several hours), indirect bioleaching shows potential, achieving 70% gallium extraction yield. Solvent extraction and electrolysis exhibit promise for pure gallium recovery. HF or alkali roasting leaches germanium with a high yield of 98% from spent OFs. Solvent extraction achieves over 90% germanium recovery with minimal silicon co-extraction. Solid-phase extraction offers selective germanium recovery. Advancements in optimizing and implementing these e-waste recovery protocols will enhance the circularity of these TCEs.