Differential gene expression profile of multinodular goiter.

INTRODUCTION: The goiter, a neglected heterogeneous molecular disease, remains a major indication for thyroidectomies in its endemic regions. OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed differential gene expression in surgical specimens diagnosed with multi nodular and compared the data to that of thyroid tissue without multinodular goiter from patients undergoing thyroidectomy in Manaus-AM, Brazil using RNA-seq technology. METHODOLOGY: The transcriptome information of the surgical specimen fragments with and without multinodular goiter was accessed by Illumina HiSeq 2000 New Generation Sequencing (NGS) using the RNA-seq NEBNext® Ultra™ RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina®-#E7530L protocol and differential gene expression analysis. RESULTS: Differences were found between the gene expression profiles of the diseased tissues and those of the healthy control tissues; at least 70 genes were differentially expressed. The HOTS gene was expressed only in multinodular goiter tissues (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the gene expression profile of multinodular goiter is pro-tumoral and that HOTS can play a central role in multinodular goiter development.

Bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter: case report and literature review

Resumen El tiroides ectópico es una alteración congénita infrecuente que presenta una prevalencia entre 1/100.000-1/300.000. En el 90% de los casos se encuentra en la línea media cervical, siendo los casos de tiroides ectópico cervical lateral muy infrecuentes. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 44 años que consultó por presentar una tumoración submandibular izquierda de más de seis meses de evolución. Las pruebas de imagen (ecografía, tomografía computarizada y gammagrafía) sugirieron un bocio ectópico multinodular; la punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) informó de tejido tiroideo sin atipias (Bethesda II) y el estudio sanguíneo de hormonas tiroideas fue normal, orientando finalmente el caso como un bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular eutiroideo. Ante la ausencia de síntomas y signos sugerentes de malignidad, en conjunto con una PAAF con características de benignidad, se decidió realizar seguimiento. En el momento que presentó clínica por efecto masa se decidió realizar la exéresis de la lesión, que confirmó el diagnóstico de bocio multinodular ectópico. Los casos descritos en la literatura de bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular como único tejido tiroideo funcionante son excepcionales. El tiroides ectópico se debe considerar en el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa submandibular. Aunque actualmente no existe un consenso en relación con el manejo de dicha patología, el crecimiento de la masa puede contribuir a la decisión de una exéresis completa del tiroides ectópico, aun tratándose del único tejido tiroideo funcionante.

Abstract Ectopic thyroid is an uncommon congenital disorder with a prevalence between 1/100,000-1/300,000. In 90% of cases, it is placed in cervical midline, being the cases of lateral cervical ectopic thyroid very infrequent. We present the case of a 44-year-old female patient who had a left submandibular mass during more than six months. Imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography and scintigraphy) suggested a multinodular ectopic goiter; fine needle aspiration (FNA) reported thyroid tissue without atypia (Bethesda II) and the thyroid hormone blood tests were normal, finally orienting the case as a euthyroid submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter. In the absence of symptoms and signs suggestive of malignancy, together with an FNA with benign characteristics, it was decided to follow up. When the patient presented clinical symptoms due to mass effect, it was decided to perform excision of the lesion, which confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic multinodular goiter. There are very few cases described in the literature of submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter as the only functioning thyroid tissue. Ectopic thyroid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a submandibular mass. Although there is currently no consensus on the management of this pathology, the growth of the mass may contribute to the decision of a complete excision of the ectopic thyroid, even if it is the only functioning thyroid tissue.

Bocio Intratorácico / Intrathoracic goiter

El bocio intratorácico se define como aquel bocio que se encuentra parcial o totalmente en el mediastino; su incidencia está en relación con el bocio multinodular. Es asintomático entre el 20­30%. Su diagnóstico se hace por pruebas de imagen; su Gold estándar es la tomografía axial computarizada. El tratamiento más efectivo y recomendado es la cirugía, sobre todo para pacientes con síntomas opresivos o con sospecha de malignidad y bocios hiperfuncionantes en quienes el tratamiento farmacológico no fue exitoso. Se detalla el caso de una paciente de 59 años de edad, quien, con síntomas opresivos esternales, a quien se le diagnostica masa mediastínica, la cual se resuelve con indicación quirúrgica, siendo resolutiva para la paciente, con mejoras en la sintomatología y diagnostico de benignidad. (AU)

Intrathoracic goiter is defined as partially or totally in the mediastinum; its incidence is related to multinodular goiter. It is asymptomatic in 20-30%. Its diagnosis is made by imaging tests; the gold standard is computerized axial tomography. Treatment can be pharmacological with risk of recurrence; the most effective and recommended is surgery, especially for patients with oppressive symptoms or with suspected malignancy. We present the case of a 59-year-old patient with sternal oppressive symptoms, who is diagnosed with a mediastinal mass, which resolved by surgery, with improvements in symptoms and a diagnosis of benignity. (AU)

Cirugía mayor ambulatoria de la glándula tiroides y paratiroides: resultados tras 6 años de experiencia / Major outpatient surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands: results after 6 years experience

Objetivo: La cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) y con estancia inferior a 24 horas (overnight stay) se ha consolidado en muchas patologías aunque en cirugía tiroidea y paratiroidea resulta controvertido. El objetivo es valorar nuestros resultados en cirugía del tiroides y paratiroides en régimen de CMA durante un periodo de 6 años. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de pacientes con indicación de hemitiroidectomía o paratiroidectomía enfocada en régimen CMA entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2016. Los pacientes cumplían criterios de CMA. En los primeros años se excluyeron los nodulos tiroideos mayores de 3 cm y los pacientes ASA III. Los pacientes ingresaron la mañana de la intervención, tras el acto quirúrgico pasaron a la Unidad de Recuperación Posquirúrgica y posteriormente a sala de hospitalización. Tras 8 h, si cumplían criterios, fueron dados de alta. Resultados: Se intervinieron 270 pacientes, la tasa de aplicabilidad global fue del 59%, la tasa de aceptabilidad global del 83,6% y el índice de sustitución del 49,2%. El índice de ingresos no deseados fue del 10,4% para la paratiroidectomía y del 17,6% en la cirugía del tiroides. Ningún paciente presentó complicaciones mayores en su domicilio. El grado de satisfacción fue alto o muy alto en el 94% de los pacientes. Conclusiones: La paratiroidectomía enfocada y la hemitiroidectomía realizada por cirujanos expertos en pacientes seleccionados, es segura y efectiva en régimen ambulatorio. Es posible mejorar el índice de sustitución ambulatorio aumentando la tasa de aplicabilidad y aceptabilidad.

Objetive: Ambulatory or overnight stay surgery have been consolidated in many different procedures. However, its use in thyroid and parathyroid surgery is still controversial. The aim of this report is to present the results of 6 years of ambulatory patients undergoing surgery of the thyroid or parathyroid glands. Material and Methods: Prospective observational study of patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy or selective parathyroidectomy in the ambulatory program from January 2011 to December 2016. All patients included met the general criteria of ambulatory surgery. During the first years nodules bigger than 3 cm and patients classified as ASA III were excluded. Patients arrive at hospital the morning of surgery. After the operation, patients pass to the post-anesthesia care unit and then to the hospitalization room. 8 hours after surgery patients are discharged home if they meet the criteria. Results: 270 patients were operated, 159 of them met the inclusion criteria. The overall applicability rate was 59%. The acceptance rate was 83.6% and the substitution index was 49.2%. The unwanted hospital admission was 10.4% for the parathyroidectomy and 17.6% for the hemithyroidectomy. Any patient presented major complications at home. The satisfaction rate was high or very high for 94% of the patients. Conclusion: Selective parathyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy performed by experienced surgeons in selected patients can be safely and effectively carried out in ambulatory surgery (outpatient). It would be possible to improve the substitution index by increasing the application and acceptability ratios.

Preoperatively undiagnosed papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients thyroidectomized for benign multinodular goiter.

OBJECTIVE: Incidental thyroid cancers (ITCs) are often microcarcinomas; among them, the most frequent histotype is the papillary one. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in patients thyroidectomized for benign multinodular goiter. SUBJECT AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the histological incidence of PTC in 207 consecutive patients who, in a 1-year period, underwent thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter. All patients came from an iodine-deficient area (Orleans, France) with three nuclear power stations located in the neighboring areas of the county town. RESULTS: Overall, 25 thyroids (12.1%) harbored 37 PTC, of which 31 were microcarcinomas. In these 25 PTC patients, mean age was 55 ± 10 years (range 30-75), female:male ratio 20:5 (4:1). In 10 patients (40% of 25 and 4.8% of 207), PTCs were bilateral, and in 7 (2 with microPTCs) the thyroid capsule was infiltrated. These 7 patients underwent central and lateral cervical lymph node dissections, which revealed lymph node metastases in one and two cases, respectively. Radioiodine treatment was performed in 7 cases. Neither mortality nor transient and permanent nerve injuries were observed. Four (16%) transient hypocalcaemias occurred as early complications. At last follow-up visit (mean length of follow-up 17.2 ± 3.4 months), all patients were doing well and free of any clinical local recurrence or distant metastases. CONCLUSION: With a 12% risk that multinodular goiter harbors preoperatively unsuspected PTCs, which can have already infiltrated the capsule and that can be accompanied by PTC foci contralaterally, an adequate surgical approach has to be considered.

Preoperatively undiagnosed papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients thyroidectomized for benign multinodular goiter

ABSTRACT Objective Incidental thyroid cancers (ITCs) are often microcarcinomas; among them, the most frequent histotype is the papillary one. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in patients thyroidectomized for benign multinodular goiter. Subject and methods We retrospectively evaluated the histological incidence of PTC in 207 consecutive patients who, in a 1-year period, underwent thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter. All patients came from an iodine-deficient area (Orleans, France) with three nuclear power stations located in the neighboring areas of the county town. Results Overall, 25 thyroids (12.1%) harbored 37 PTC, of which 31 were microcarcinomas. In these 25 PTC patients, mean age was 55 ± 10 years (range 30-75), female:male ratio 20:5 (4:1). In 10 patients (40% of 25 and 4.8% of 207), PTCs were bilateral, and in 7 (2 with microPTCs) the thyroid capsule was infiltrated. These 7 patients underwent central and lateral cervical lymph node dissections, which revealed lymph node metastases in one and two cases, respectively. Radioiodine treatment was performed in 7 cases. Neither mortality nor transient and permanent nerve injuries were observed. Four (16%) transient hypocalcaemias occurred as early complications. At last follow-up visit (mean length of follow-up 17.2 ± 3.4 months), all patients were doing well and free of any clinical local recurrence or distant metastases. Conclusion With a 12% risk that multinodular goiter harbors preoperatively unsuspected PTCs, which can have already infiltrated the capsule and that can be accompanied by PTC foci contralaterally, an adequate surgical approach has to be considered.

[Minimally Invasive Video-assisted Thyroidectomy. Experience the same working group] / Tiroidectomía mini-invasiva videoasistida.

Different thyroidectomy techniques have been developed to improve the aesthetic results, postoperative pain and to reduce hospital stay. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT). Design: Retrospective Methods: Ninety six patients with thyroid nodules were selected for MIVAT if they presented nodules under 35 mm in diameter, thyroid volume below 30 ml and absence of high-risk malignant tumor, lateral cervical lymphadenopathy or prior cervical surgery. Indirect laryngoscopy was performed before and after surgery to all patients. Surgery was performed through a midline incision of 1.5 cm above the sternal notch, without carbon dioxide and with magnification endoscopy. We evaluated postoperative complications, pain after surgery, the cosmetic outcome and length of stay. Results: Ninety patients underwent total thyroidectomy or near-total thyroidectomy. The average operative time was 54 ± 9 minutes. The average diameter of the nodule was 20 ± 6 mm. The average volume was 19 ± 6 ml. We documented six (6.2%) hyperparathyroidism and one recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (0.96%), both transient and none of them permanent. The postoperative pain was minimal and all patients were discharged within 24 hours. Conclusion: In our experience the MIVAT is a safe and feasible technique for the treatment of thyroid disease, with clear advantages over conventional thyroidectomy in selected patients. Conclusion: In our experience the MIVAT is a safe and feasible technique for the treatment of thyroid disease, with clear advantages over conventional thyroidectomy in selected patients.

Distintas técnicas de tiroidectomía han sido desarrolladas con el fin de mejorar los resultados estéticos, el dolor post operatorio y reducir la estadía hospitalaria Objetivo: Mostrar nuestra experiencia realizando la tiroidectomía mini-invasiva video asistida (TMIV) en el tratamiento de nódulos tiroideos en pacientes seleccionados.Diseño: Retrospectivo Material y métodos: Noventa y seis pacientes portadores de nódulos tiroideos fueron seleccionados para TMIV según presentaran nódulos menores de 35 mm de diámetro, volumen tiroideo inferior a 30 ml, ausencia de tumor maligno de alto riesgo, adenopatías cervicales laterales y cirugía cervical previa. Realizamos una laringoscopía indirecta pre y post operatoria a todos los pacientes. La cirugía se realizó a través de una incisión central de 1,5 cm por arriba de la horquilla esternal, sin anhídrido carbónico y con magnificación endoscópica. Resultados: Resultados: A los 96 pacientes se les practicó una tiroidectomía total o casi- total. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 54 ± 9 minutos. El diámetro promedio del nódulo fue de 20 ± 6 mm. El volumen promedio fue 19 ± 6 ml. Registramos seis (6,2%) hipoparatiroidismos y una parálisis del nervio recurrente laríngeo (0,96%), ambas transitorias y ninguna definitiva. El dolor postquirúrgico fue mínimo y todos los pacientes tuvieron el alta antes de las 24 horas. Conclusión: según nuestra la TMIV es una técnica segura y factible para el tratamiento de la enfermedad tiroidea en pacientes bien seleccionados, aportando además menor dolor, alta precoz y un resultado estético satisfactorio.

Thyroid surgery performed on an overnight basis: a 17 years of experience

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the results of thyroid surgeries with hospitalization periods shorter than 18 hours performed in a surgical endocrinology service, correlating these results with type of procedure, the definitive diagnosis and complications associated with the procedure.Subjects and methods The procedures performed, complications associated, hospitalization period, and relationships among these variables were assessed in consecutive patients subjected to different types of thyroid surgeries from January 1997 to March 2014 by the same group of surgeons. Data were analyzed by frequency, and the associations between the hospitalization period and other variables were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, using a multiple comparisons test with Bonferroni correction.Results Among the 3,411 surgeries performed, 799 of them were malignant neoplasia, 2,505 were benign tumors and 107 were Graves’ disease. The following procedures were performed: total thyroidectomy (1597 patients); total thyroidectomy with neck exploration (369 patients); lobectomy plus isthmectomy (1084 patients); total thyroidectomy complementation (145 patients); total thyroidectomy with neck dissection (84 patients); modified radical total thyroidectomy (13 patients); nodulectomy (11 patients); unresectable (9 patients); central neck dissection (48 patients); lateral neck dissection (38 patients); and others (13 patients). The following surgical complications, characteristic of the procedure: hemorrhage in 41 (1.2%) patients, hypoparathyroidism in 10 (0.3%) patients and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury in 23 (0.7%) patients. Hospitalization shorter than 18 hours was observed in 97% of patients.Conclusion Thyroid surgery can be safely performed in virtually all patients on an overnight basis in specialized services.

Thyroid surgery performed on an overnight basis: a 17 years of experience.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the results of thyroid surgeries with hospitalization periods shorter than 18 hours performed in a surgical endocrinology service, correlating these results with type of procedure, the definitive diagnosis and complications associated with the procedure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The procedures performed, complications associated, hospitalization period, and relationships among these variables were assessed in consecutive patients subjected to different types of thyroid surgeries from January 1997 to March 2014 by the same group of surgeons. Data were analyzed by frequency, and the associations between the hospitalization period and other variables were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, using a multiple comparisons test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Among the 3,411 surgeries performed, 799 of them were malignant neoplasia, 2,505 were benign tumors and 107 were Graves' disease. The following procedures were performed: total thyroidectomy (1597 patients); total thyroidectomy with neck exploration (369 patients); lobectomy plus isthmectomy (1084 patients); total thyroidectomy complementation (145 patients); total thyroidectomy with neck dissection (84 patients); modified radical total thyroidectomy (13 patients); nodulectomy (11 patients); unresectable (9 patients); central neck dissection (48 patients); lateral neck dissection (38 patients); and others (13 patients). The following surgical complications, characteristic of the procedure: hemorrhage in 41 (1.2%) patients, hypoparathyroidism in 10 (0.3%) patients and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury in 23 (0.7%) patients. Hospitalization shorter than 18 hours was observed in 97% of patients. CONCLUSION: Thyroid surgery can be safely performed in virtually all patients on an overnight basis in specialized services.

[Total thyroidectomy treatment of bening multinodular goiter]. / Tiroidectomía total en el bocio multinodular benigno.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. OBJECTIVE: Determine BMNB recurrence after 10 years in 100 patients treated with TT and evaluate the technique-related complications. DESIGN: Prospective non randomized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1999 to March 2001, one hundred patients, 95 female, with an average age of 42.4 years (range 23-67) underwent TT for having a BMNB, which was confirmed by cervical ultrasound, which also served as a guide to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In all cases, laryngoscopy was performed before and after post-surgical bitstream. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 49 minutes (range 35-58). Recurrencial recorded paralysis (1%) and five hypoparathyroidism (5%), both transient and no definitive case. All patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. We did not record any recurrence BMNB a follow-up period of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The TT is the treatment choice of BMNB, being an effective, safe, with low rates of complications and to avoid or significantly reduce the recurrence of this disease.

Introducción. El tratamiento del bocio multinodular beningo (BMNB) es motivo de continuo debate en las últimas décadas pese a la evidencia de que la tiroidectomía total (TT) está relacionada a una reducción significativa en la recurrencia de la enfermedad y a una mínima morbilidad en manos entrenadas. Objetivo. Determinar la recurrencia del BMNB al cabo de 10 años en 100 pacientes tratados con TT y evaluar las complicaciones relacionadas a la técnica.Diseño. Prospectivo no randomizado.Material y métodos. Desde marzo del 1999 a marzo del 2001, cien pacientes, 95 del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 42,4 años (rango: 23-67), fueron sometidos a una TT por padecer un BMNB, el cual fue confirmado por la ecografía cervical, la que además sirvió de guía para realizar la punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF). En todos los casos se realizó un laringoscopía inderecta pre y post postquirúrgica. Resultados. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 49 minutos (rango: 35-58). Registramos una parálisis recurrencial (1%) y cinco hipoparatiroidismos (5%), ambos transitorios y ningún caso definitivo. Todos los pacientes fueron dados de alta antes de las 24 horas de la cirugía. No objetivamos ninguna recurrencia del BMNB en un período de seguimiento de más de 10 años.Conclusión. La TT es el tratamiento elección del BMNB, por ser un procedimiento eficaz, seguro, con mínimas tasas de complicaciones y por evitar o reducir significativamente la recurrencia de esta enfermedad.

Impact of thyroidectomy on the control of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with large goiters.

PURPOSE: A large goiter can cause a series of compressive symptoms such as dyspnea and dysphagia, and previous case reports have indicated the coexistence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of thyroidectomy on the control of OSAS in patients with large goiters. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with euthyroid goiters larger than 100 ml were consecutively selected. Of these, 17 (70.8%) presented OSAS and formed the research group. The protocol consisted of sleep questionnaires, physical examination, and polysomnography in baseline and after 3 months of surgery. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 58.3±9.9 years, and there were 5 (29.4%) males and 12 (70.6%) females. The significant findings in the postoperative period included a reduced neck circumference (p=0.041), reduced Epworth sleepiness score (p=0.025), decreased percentage of high-risk OSAS cases according to the Berlin questionnaire (p<0.001), and a tendency for a significant reduction in snoring (p=0.052). However, polysomnographic respiratory parameters showed no significant improvement after surgery. CONCLUSION: Despite the high prevalence of OSAS in patients with large goiters and the improvement of OSAS symptoms, thyroidectomy showed no significant impact on the polysomnographic parameters.

Tiroidectomía total en el bocio multinodular benigno / [Total thyroidectomy treatment of bening multinodular goiter].

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. OBJECTIVE: Determine BMNB recurrence after 10 years in 100 patients treated with TT and evaluate the technique-related complications. DESIGN: Prospective non randomized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1999 to March 2001, one hundred patients, 95 female, with an average age of 42.4 years (range 23-67) underwent TT for having a BMNB, which was confirmed by cervical ultrasound, which also served as a guide to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In all cases, laryngoscopy was performed before and after post-surgical bitstream. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 49 minutes (range 35-58). Recurrencial recorded paralysis (1

) and five hypoparathyroidism (5

), both transient and no definitive case. All patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. We did not record any recurrence BMNB a follow-up period of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The TT is the treatment choice of BMNB, being an effective, safe, with low rates of complications and to avoid or significantly reduce the recurrence of this disease.

Evaluation of incidental thyroid cancer in patients with thyroidectomy / Evaluación incidental del cáncer de tiroides en pacientes con tiroidectomía

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to emphasize the necessity and significance of thyroidectomy by determining the prevalence of incidental thyroid cancer in the cases that underwent surgical intervention for the treatment of benign thyroid disease. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thyroidectomy was performed in 443 cases including those with benign multinodular goitre (BMNG) or toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goitre. Diagnosis was made based on routine physical examination, laboratory analyses, imaging methods and postoperative histopathological findings of the cases. RESULTS: The mean age of the cases was 45.5 (19-68) years and 72.5% (n = 321) were female. The most common clinical diagnosis prior to the surgery was BMNG (n = 428, 96.6%). While BMNG was determined to be the most common histopathological diagnosis after thyroidectomy at a rate of 81.7% (n = 362), the rate of thyroid cancer was found to be 14% (n = 81). The prevalence ofpapillary cancer was 84% (n = 56), whereas it was 4% (n = 4), 1% (n = 1) and 0.0% (n = 0) for medullary, follicular and anaplastic cancers, respectively. Papillary cancer was also the most common type of thyroid cancer between genders. As compared to gender, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of distribution of age among general, benign and malignant types of thyroid cancer (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is appropriate to prefer thyroidectomy for the treatment of benign thyroid diseases due to the high prevalence ofincidental thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy in such cases.

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio tiene por objeto destacar la necesidad e importancia de la tiroidectomía mediante la determinación de la prevalencia del cáncer de tiroides incidental en los casos sometidos a intervención quirúrgica para el tratamiento de enfermedades tiroideas benignas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se practicó la tiroidectomía en 443 casos incluyendo aquellos con bocio multinodular benigno (BMNG) o adenoma tóxico o bocio multinodular tóxico. El diagnóstico se realizó a partir de un examen físico de rutina, análisis de laboratorio, métodos de imaginología, y resultados histopatológicos postoperatorios de los casos. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los casos fue 45.5 años (19-68) y 73% (n = 321) eran mujeres. El diagnóstico clínico más común antes de la cirugía fue BMNG (n = 428, 96,6%). Si bien se determinó que BMNG era el diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente después de la tiroidectomía con una tasa de 81.7% (n = 362), se halló que la tasa de cáncer de tiroides era 14% (n = 81). La prevalencia de cáncer papilar fue de 84% (n = 56), mientras que para el cáncer medular, folicular y anaplásico, fue de 4% (n = 4), 1% (n = 1) y 0.0% (n = 0) respectivamente. El cáncer papilar también fue el tipo más común de cáncer de tiroides entre los géneros. En comparación con el género, no hubo ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la distribución por edad entre los tipos generales, benignos y malignos de cáncer de tiroides (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Es apropiado preferir la tiroidectomía para el tratamiento de las enfermedades tiroideas benignas debido a la alta prevalencia de cáncer tiroideo incidental después de la tiroidectomía en tales casos.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma: presentation and follow-up in children and adolescents.

UNLABELLED: To review our Pediatric Endocrinology Division's experience with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) we analyzed retrospectively the records of patients with DTC that had been seen between June 1988 and June 2008. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (median age 13.7 years, 36 female) were diagnosed (papillary: 40, follicular: 5) with DTC presenting as a solitary nodule (n: 25), thyroid nodule with cervical adenopathy (n: 9) and multinodular goiter (n: 11). All underwent total thyroidectomy with resection of suspicious cervical lymph nodes (CLN). DTC was multicentric in 59% and revealed extrathyroidal extension in 44%. Initially, 44% had CLN metastases and 24% distant metastases. All patients underwent thyroid remnant ablation with 131I and suppressive treatment. Median follow-up was 5.1 years with a disease-free survival rate at 5 years of follow-up of 75%. Eleven percent presented recurrences. CONCLUSION: Pediatric DTC has an aggressive behavior at presentation. Higher preoperative TSH levels were significantly associated with a more advanced disease at diagnosis. CLT was present concomitantly in a quarter of the patients and further studies are needed to establish differences in these patients' outcome. Diagnostic approach, total thyroidectomy, 131I treatment and thyrotropin suppression allowed a good progression-free survival rate.

Função tireóidea após lobectomia total por bócio não tóxico / Thyroid function after total lobectomy for non-toxic goiter

INTRODUÇÃO: A sofisticação dos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem, em especial o ultra-som, contribuiu para que nódulos cada vez menores fossem diagnosticados com maior frequência. Nódulos tireóideos são encontrados ao exame ultra-sonográfico, em até 17% das mulheres adultas. A lobectomia total é considerada procedimento adequado para o tratamento dos nódulos benignos laterais da tireóide. O hipotireoidismo pode ocorrer em 5% a 35% dos doentes, após esse procedimento e está relacionado tanto com a quantidade de tecido glandular remanescente, quanto com a sua qualidade funcional. Neste estudo avaliou-se a ocorrência do hipotireoidismo após lobectomia total, visando identificar os indivíduos com maior risco de desenvolver essa doença. MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1996 a julho de 2005, foram selecionados 228 indivíduos eutireóideos submetidos à lobectomia total da tireóide por bócio não tóxico, do Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Instituto Brasileiro de Controle do Câncer e da clínica privada do autor. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo com 186 indivíduos passíveis de análise, considerando os níveis séricos de tireotrofina (TSH) pré e pós-operatórios e a dosagem de anticorpos antitireóideos. O volume do coto tireóideo remanescente foi determinado por exame ultrasonográfico. Os exames anatomopatológicos foram revistos e quantificaram, por meio da análise semiquantitativa, os agregados linfocitários e os folículos linfóides: graduados de 0 a IV e de 0 a III, respectivamente. O hipotireoidismo foi diagnosticado quando TSH = 5,5 mU/L em até oito semanas após a operação. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino neste estudo (88%), com a idade variando de 16 a 72 anos e com média de 45 anos...

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid nodules, recently, have their diagnosis increased because of the improvement of imaging methods, especially ultrasound. Around 17% of these nodules may be identified in adult women by ultrasound. Total lobectomy is considered an appropriate procedure for benign thyroid nodules. Hypothyroidism may occur in 5% to 35% patients after total lobectomy and it is related to the volume of the remnant thyroid tissue and its functional quality. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of postoperative hypothyroidism and to determine patients with high risk for this disease. METHODS: From March 1996 to July 2005, 228 euthyroid patients, from the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the Brazilian Institute for Cancer Control (IBCC) and from the author?s private office, had a total lobectomy due to non-toxic goiter. Out of these patients, 186 were selected for this retrospectively study. Thyrotrophin (TSH) levels, antithyroid antibodies, volume of the remnant thyroid by ultrasound and a semiquantitatively review of the histological specimens considering lymphocytic infiltration were studied. Hypothyroidism was defined for TSH = 5,5 mU/L up to eight weeks postoperative. RESULTS: Women were predominant (88%) with ages varying from 16 to 72 years old and the median age of 45 years old. The average time of follow-up was 29 months, ranging from six months to nine years. TSH ³ 5,5 mU/L occurred in 61 patients (32,8%). Adenomatous goiter was the principal diagnosis in 82% of the hypothyroids patients and 80,7% of the euthyroids...

Preoperative embolization of thyroid arteries in a patient with large multinodular goiter and papillary carcinoma.

We herein report the case of a 51-year-old woman, who presented with a large goiter (250-300 g on palpation) with extension to the mediastinum and compression of the trachea causing dyspnea and with associated lumbar pain. Although two fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the gland were negative, a biopsy of a lesion in the spine shown on computed tomography (CT) scan was positive for metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Because of the extent of the goiter and the potential of significant blood loss, total thyroidectomy was considered to be high risk. In an attempt to reduce the goiter size and try to minimize surgical risks, preoperative embolization with polyvinyl alcohol in an emulsion with histoacryl particles was performed 7 days before surgery under conventional angiography. This procedure allowed a significant reduction in blood perfusion to the gland, which resulted in a decrease on the size of the goiter facilitating surgical removal of the gland.