Evaluation of the Incidence of Low Testosterone Levels in Young Male Adults with Moderate to Severe Obesity-Single-Centre Study from India.

PURPOSE: With the increase in obesity epidemic among Asians, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of obesity on this population. Low testosterone levels are known to be associated with obesity. This is the 1st study from Asia to evaluate incidence and magnitude of hypotestosteronemia in young adults with BMI more than 32.5 kg/m2 defined as moderate to severe obesity in Asians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-four male patients with BMI more than 32.5 kg/m2, between 18 and 30 years old who visited a single bariatric facility between 2017 and 2020, were evaluated with BMI, total and free testosterone levels and clinical features of gynecomastia, hypogonadism, and thinning of pubic and armpit hair. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and ANOVA test. RESULTS: 60.4% of patients (84/134) had low testosterone levels (< 300 ng/dl) and 23.9% (32/134) had levels between 300 and 400 ng/dl. 89.6% patients (120/134 had gynecomastia, 60.4% (81/134) had thinning of pubic and arm pit hair, and 62.7% (84/134) had hypogonadism. Testosterone levels showed a decreasing trend with increasing BMI, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Obesity is one of the important etiologies of hypotestosteronemia and its manifestations in young adults. The actual incidence may be significantly higher than what is reported in the literature. High-quality research is required to address questions of diagnosis and best treatment options.

[Gynaecomastia and adipomastia on black skin: Clinical and surgical particularity]. / Gynécomastie et adipomastie sur peau noire : particularités clinique et chirurgicale.

AIM: Analyze the management of gynecomastia and adipomastia; and identify the peculiarities in black people in a general surgery department of the CHU Sylvanus Olympio in Lomé (Togo). PATIENT AND METHOD: Descriptive retrospective study included 43 cases of gynecomastia and 5 cases of adipomastia (January 2014 to December 2020). The data taken into account were: epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and the treatment (surgery and medical). The administration of hydrocortisone (solumedrol 120mg/day) for 3days immediately after surgery and the application of shea butter on the scar were performed. RESULT: Patients consult for aesthetic discomfort, especially with bilateral lesions and fear of breast cancer for unilateral lesions. Morpho-types 3 and 4 are therefore the most frequent in 75% of cases. Age was over 30years in 87% of patients. We noted retro-areolar fibrosis. The etiology was dominated by idiopathic causes. The surgery was performed in 85% of the cases. The morbidities were 5 cases of hypertrophic scars without keloid. CONCLUSION: Surgical difficulties on black skin are not only technical, but also scarring: hypertrophy and keloids. A delay in surgical management after 30years, and the prevention of unsightly scars would be a track for improving the aesthetic result.

Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review.

This study was performed to describe a rare case of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) that was successfully treated with bromocriptine in a male patient with gynecomastia and hyperprolactinemia. A 20-year-old man presented with a 1-year history of breast enlargement and galactorrhea. Physical examination revealed bilateral breast enlargement, porous discharge, and a 3-cm left breast lump in the 10-o'clock quadrant. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a 1.2-mm pituitary tumor. Laboratory analysis revealed hyperprolactinemia with low serum testosterone and elevated prolactin and estradiol levels. The lump in the left breast was examined by ultrasonography and mammography, and a core needle biopsy revealed chronic inflammation. The patient's galactorrhea and breast lump disappeared after 3 months of treatment with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg once a day. His serum prolactin level also normalized. Following a review of this case, the patient was diagnosed with gynecomastia with hyperprolactinemia complicated by rare GLM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concurrent gynecomastia and GLM.

Aromatase Deficiency in Two Siblings with 46,XX Karyotype Raised as Different Genders: A Novel Mutation (p.R115X) in the CYP19A1 Gene

Aromatase deficiency rarely causes a 46,XX sexual differentiation disorder. The CYP19A1 gene encodes the aromatase enzyme which catalyses the conversion of androgens to oestrogens. In cases with 46,XX karyotype, mutations in the CYP19A1 gene can lead to disorders of sex development. Clinical findings in aromatase deficiency vary depending on the degree of deficiency. The effect of increased androgens, including acne, cliteromegaly and hirsutism, can be observed in mothers with placental aromatase deficiency. A decrease in maternal virilisation symptoms is observable in the postpartum period. It is rarely reported that there is no virilization in pregnancy. In this study, two 46,XX sibling having the p.R115X (c.343 C>T) novel pathogenic variant in the CYP19A1 gene and raised as different genders, with no maternal virilisation during pregnancy, are presented. In conclusion, 46,XX virilised females should be examined in terms of aromatase deficiency once congenital adrenal hyperplasia has been excluded, even if there is no history of maternal virilisation during pregnancy.

Male Tuberous Breast: A Rare Variant of Gynecomastia. Clinical Considerations and Personal Experience: Tips and Tricks to Maximize Surgical Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberous breast deformity, even rarely, might be observed in the gynecomastia population. It can clinically appear very similar to tuberous breast in females, including a footprint resembling a feminine inframammary fold (IMF). Because of its anatomical characteristics, its correction could benefit from particular surgical measures and therefore it should be careful diagnosed. A clear footprint defining a very feminine inframammary fold is very difficult to correct and renders very difficult the management of the extra skin. Transection of the fibrous constrictions at the level of inframammary fold is not sufficient to obtain a satisfactory result, and adjunctive surgical measurements are required. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2015, twenty-one patients, affected by gynecomastia with tuberous breast deformity, underwent surgical correction consisting of parenchyma debulking and transection of the stenotic fibrous ring of the footprint. The recontouring of the chest profile was optimized using parenchymal flaps which helped to maximize the surgical correction with minimal scarring. RESULT: The mean age at surgery was 28.8 years. The average follow-up period was 32 months. The average hospitalization stay was 1.28 days. Routine laboratory tests and histological examinations did not demonstrate any anomalies. No major complications and no recurrences of the disorders have not been observed. No major complications were reported: one seroma, one skin depression, two scar revisions and three cases of bilateral minimal crescent ptotic skin appearance were observed. CONCLUSION: Although tuberous breast in the gynecomastia population is a rare clinical entity, it should be taken into consideration because it could benefit from some specific surgical measures. The use of glandular flaps showed a satisfactory reshaping of the pectoral area. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Clinical and Etiological Aspects of Gynecomastia in Adult Males: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the characteristics of presentation, biochemical profile, and etiology of gynecomastia in adults. METHODS: Medical records of 237 men aged 18-85 years with gynecomastia were evaluated. RESULTS: Highest prevalence of gynecomastia was observed between 21 and 30 years (n = 74; 31.2%). The most common presenting complaints were aesthetic concerns (62.8%) and breast pain (51.2%). 25.3% of the subjects had a history of pubertal gynecomastia. 56.5% had bilateral gynecomastia. 39.9% were overweight and 22.8% were obese. The etiology could not be identified in 45.1% of the cases; the most frequent identified causes were anabolic steroids consumption (13.9%), hypogonadism (11.1%), and use of pharmaceutical drugs (7.8%). Patients with bilateral gynecomastia had a longer history of disease, higher BMI, and lower testosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with gynecomastia presented more often with aesthetic concerns and secondarily with breast pain. The most frequent final diagnosis was idiopathic gynecomastia, whereas the most frequent identified etiologies were anabolic steroids consumption, hypogonadism, and use of pharmaceutical drugs. Despite the low frequency of etiologies such as thyroid dysfunction or adrenal carcinoma, we emphasize the importance of a thorough assessment of the patient, as gynecomastia may be the tip of the iceberg for the diagnosis of treatable diseases.

Hypomelanosis of Ito with gynaecomastia and dental anomaly.

Hypomelanosis of Ito is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome. Cutaneous involvement is characterised by streaks and swirls of hypopigmentation arranged in a Blaschkoid pattern. Neural involvement along with other systemic features are seen. We report a case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with the characteristic skin involvement of hypomelanosis of Ito, mental retardation, teeth abnormalities and gynaecomastia along with psoriasis.

Does Prophylactic Radiation Therapy to Avoid Gynecomastia in Patients With Prostate Cancer Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer?

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer (PC) patients who undergo antiandrogen monotherapy are offered prophylactic radiation therapy (PRT) to the breast buds to avoid gynecomastia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the risk of breast cancer (BC) in men with PC as their first cancer diagnosis was influenced by PRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From the Norwegian Cancer Registry, we collected data from all patients with PC as their first cancer diagnosis from 1997 to 2014. We registered all RT given to the patients in the same period and the occurrence of BC diagnosed ≥3 months after the PC diagnosis. The histopathologic diagnoses of all BC cases were collected. Subdistribution hazard ratios for the risk of BC in the PRT and non-PRT groups were estimated. A standardized incidence ratio for BC was calculated by comparing our cohort to the standard male population. RESULTS: We analyzed 59,169 patients with PC, of whom 7864 (13.3%) had received PRT. The median follow-up time was 4 years. Of the 12 men with a diagnosis of BC, 3 had received PRT, and 2 of the 3 were phyllodes tumors. The risk of BC was not significantly different statistically for the patients given PRT compared with the non-PRT group (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 0.41-5.62, adjusted for age and time of diagnosis). The standardized incidence ratio was 0.996 (95% confidence interval 0.57-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: In this registry-based study, we did not find an increased risk of BC in PC patients who received PRT. The number of BC cases in our study was low, and the risk of secondary BC after PRT seems to be negligible. The incidence of BC could, however, increase with additional follow-up. Also, 2 patients who had received PRT developed a malignant phyllodes tumor, an extremely rare type of BC associated with gynecomastia.

[Primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma: A case report and literature review].

Primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in male is not a very common disease, with nonspecific clinical manifestations. Gynecomastia and testicular atrophy are present in some cases. The levels of serum human chorionic gonadotropin are often significantly increased. Giant lump in the mediastinum and bilateral lungs multiple metastases can be seen on the computed tomography for lung. The diagnosis for it depends on pathological biopsy. Current treatment method is a comprehensive, consisting of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. This paper reported a case of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in male, who were diagnosed and treated in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. He was admitted for cough and hemoptysis, and finally diagnosed by biopsy. The prognosis is very poor. Therefore, it is important to take physical examination regularly because it can be detected and diagnosed early.

Lesiones hiperpigmentadas y asintomáticas en aréolas de un paciente pediátrico / Asymptomatic Hyperpigmented Lesions on the Areolas of a Pediatric Patient

No disponible

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis and gynecomastia: A case report and relative literature review.

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis is a rare disease characterized by a symmetrical accumulation of massive adipose tissue on the neck, the superior part of the trunk, and limbs. Here, we reported an extremely rare case of multiple symmetric lipomatosis in a 46-year-old Chinese man, who has a history of heavy drinking and smoking and presented with diffuse lipomatosis and bilateral breast enlargement. Hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance test were all found in this patient. A brief review of the literature was also made in this article.

Estrías generalizadas secundarias a tratamiento tópico con clobetasol y minoxidil en un paciente con psoriasis / Generalized striae rubra due to cronic abuse of clobetasol and minoxidil formule in a patient with psoriasis

No disponible

Who Gets Severe Gynecomastia Among HIV-infected Children in the United Kingdom and Ireland?

There are few data on gynecomastia in HIV-infected children. Within the UK/Ireland's national cohort, 56 of 1873 (3%) HIV-infected children had gynecomastia, of which 10 (0.5%) were severe. All 10 had received antiretroviral therapy for a median of 27.5 (21, 42) months; 4 of 10 had received efavirenz, 7 of 10 and 6 of 10 had received stavudine and/or didanosine respectively. Five were nonreversible, despite changing antiretroviral therapy, and required breast reduction surgery.

Response to Anastrozole Treatment in a Case with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and a Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait characterized by multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and an increased risk of neoplasm. Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor (LCCSCT) is a kind of sex cord-stromal tumor which may co-exist with PJS and which is characterized radiologically by calcification foci within the testes. Surgical treatment options for this tumor range from testis-preserving surgery to radical orchiectomy. Not with standing this invasive approach, recently, there are some case reports demonstrating the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in avoiding orchiectomy and its associated complications. In this paper, we have presented a LCCSCT case diagnosed in a boy with PJS and his response to anastrozole treatment.

CT measurement of breast glandular tissue and its association with testicular cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between breast glandular tissues diameters as determined by CT and b-hCG levels, histological types, tumour spread and prognosis in patients with testicular germ cell tumour. METHODS: Ninety-four patients with pre-treatment CT scan and markers (b-hCG, AFP, LDH) were retrospectively collected. A radiologist measured diameters in all CT examinations and correlation between diameters and log (b-hCG) was assessed (Pearson's coefficient). The ability of measured diameters to predict lymphatic and distant haematogenous metastatic spread was evaluated (ROC curves). The associations between measured diameter cut-off values of 20 and 25 mm and International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification, lymphatic and distant haematogenous metastatic spread and histological subtypes were evaluated (chi squared test). RESULTS: Breast glandular diameters correlated to log(b-hCG) (r = 0.579) and predicted distant haematogenous metastatic spread (AUC = 0.78). Worse prognosis (intermediate or poor IGCCCG) was shown for 20 mm (27.3 vs. 4.2 %, p = 0.005) and 25 mm (33.3 vs. 6.1 %, p = 0.014). A diameter of 25 mm was associated with non-seminoma (91.7 vs. 48.8 %, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Breast glandular tissue diameters correlated with log(b-hCG) and predicted distant haematogenous metastases. Twenty and 25 mm were associated with worse prognosis and 25 mm was able to distinguish between seminoma and non-seminoma. KEY POINTS: • CT breast glandular tissue diameter correlates with log(b-HCG) • Gynaecomastia in CT is associated with worse prognosis • Gynaecomastia in CT is associated with non-seminoma histological subtype.

Radiation therapy for primary breast lymphoma in male gynecomastia: a rare case report and review of the literature.

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and usually affects women, although a few cases have been reported in men. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy, or a combination of both, are frequently administered for treatment of primary breast lymphoma, as local control by surgical resection is poor. No standard therapy has been established, and the optimal radiation dose and irradiation field for male patients are unknown. The present report describes a 75-year-old man with bilateral cirrhosis-induced gynecomastia who was diagnosed with primary breast lymphoma; specifically, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Because of his hepatic dysfunction, he was treated with radiation therapy alone. Radiation therapy was followed by eight cycles of rituximab monotherapy. Clinical response was good, with no signs of relapse. Clinicians may benefit from knowledge regarding effective treatment of primary breast lymphoma in male patients, which has been rarely reported owing to the low incidence of this condition. The outcome in the present case may help to establish effective treatment guidelines in similar cases.