RESUMEN
Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and important gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) in small ruminants. Since it reduces the packed cell volume (PCV), causing anemia, early diagnosis can be used for targeted selective treatment (TST) of sheep, reducing antiparasitic drug use and anthelmintic resistance. This study aimed to predict PCV values through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to develop a classification and diagnosis model of H. contortus infection using PCV values, eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counts and mean daily weight gain (DWG). A total of 1728 spectra were collected from blood samples of 216 lambs with a portable NIR spectroscope. In parallel, other parameters indicative of infection were measured: PCV by hematocrit, FAffa MAlan CHArt (FAMACHA) scores, EPG and DWG. To evaluate the relationship between NIRS spectra and the evaluated parameters, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for an exploratory analysis, regression by the partial least squares method (PLS) for the prediction of PCV values via NIRS, and PCA linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) as a classification model for diagnosis. The absorption peaks in the NIRS region associated with the excitation of overtones of nitrogen-hydrogen (N-H) functional groups of proteins had a strong impact on the principal components (PCs), indicating that blood proteins, especially hemoglobin, can be estimated by the NIRS technique. The model for predicting PCV by PLS presented a standard error of prediction of 2.53, root-mean-square error of 2.48, and coefficient of determination of 0.84, indicating good correlation between the PCV values predicted by the model and the PCV obtained by hematocrit. The PCA-LDA model presented 93.33% sensitivity and 82.18% accuracy, both higher than those of the FAMACHA method, as was expected for resilient Morada Nova lambs. The multivariate models associated with the NIRS technique reported here can be used in the future as a quick and versatile tool for H. contortus infection diagnosis and TST application in lambs.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Nematodos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Ovinos , Animales , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/parasitología , Anemia/veterinaria , Aumento de Peso , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the resistance status of Haemonchus contortus from sheep flocks in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, through comparison between the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the larval development test (LDT). For the FECRT, 35 sheep were selected in each of five flocks and divided into groups treated with: benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin, monepantel and control. Feces were collected for EPG and fecal cultures. The LDT was performed using thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), ivermectin aglycone (IVM-A) and Zolvix (ZLV). Resistance to all drugs was detected using FECRT in 100% of the flocks, except in relation to ZLV (40% resistant and 20% suspected of resistance). LDT indicated resistance to TBZ and IVM-A in all flocks, to LEV in 80% of flocks and to ZLV in 10%. Total agreement was obtained between the two tests for TBZ and IVM (k = 1.0), while for LEV (k = 0.8) and ZLV (k = 0.9), substantial and almost perfect agreement were obtained, respectively. The concordance between the tests was significant, thus showing that it is possible to use the outcome of the LDT to predict the FECRT, and hence validating the former as a fast diagnostic test for use by sheep farmers in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Heces , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Abstract This study evaluated the resistance status of Haemonchus contortus from sheep flocks in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, through comparison between the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the larval development test (LDT). For the FECRT, 35 sheep were selected in each of five flocks and divided into groups treated with: benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin, monepantel and control. Feces were collected for EPG and fecal cultures. The LDT was performed using thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), ivermectin aglycone (IVM-A) and Zolvix (ZLV). Resistance to all drugs was detected using FECRT in 100% of the flocks, except in relation to ZLV (40% resistant and 20% suspected of resistance). LDT indicated resistance to TBZ and IVM-A in all flocks, to LEV in 80% of flocks and to ZLV in 10%. Total agreement was obtained between the two tests for TBZ and IVM (k = 1.0), while for LEV (k = 0.8) and ZLV (k = 0.9), substantial and almost perfect agreement were obtained, respectively. The concordance between the tests was significant, thus showing that it is possible to use the outcome of the LDT to predict the FECRT, and hence validating the former as a fast diagnostic test for use by sheep farmers in Brazil.
Resumo Este estudo avaliou o status de resistência de Haemonchus contortus em rebanhos ovinos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, através de um estudo comparativo entre o teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (TRCOF) e o teste de desenvolvimento larvar (TDL). Para o TRCOF, 35 ovinos foram selecionados em cada um dos cinco rebanhos e divididos em grupos tratados com: benzimidazol, levamisol, ivermectina, monepantel e controle. Fezes foram coletadas para OPG e coproculturas. O TDL foi realizado com tiabendazol-TBZ, levamisol-LEV, ivermectina aglicona-IVM-A e Zolvix-ZLV. Resistência a todos os fármacos foi detectada por meio do TRCOF em 100% dos rebanhos, exceto para ZLV (40% resistentes e 20% suspeitos de resistência). O LDT indicou resistência ao TBZ e IVM-A em todos os rebanhos; em 80% dos rebanhos ao LEV e 10% ao ZLV. Foi obtida concordância total entre os dois testes para TBZ e IVM (k = 1,0), enquanto para LEV (k = 0,8) e ZLV (k = 0,9) foram obtidas concordância substancial e quase perfeita, respectivamente. A concordância entre os testes foi significante, sendo possível usar o resultado do LDT para prever o do TRCOF, validando-se o primeiro como um teste diagnóstico rápido para criadores de ovinos no Brasil.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Ovinos , HecesRESUMEN
The aim of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA© (F©) system in Morada Nova ewes. The conjunctivae of 562 ewes were evaluated using the F© system. Packed cell volume (PCV) served as the gold standard for clinical F© evaluation. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the F© system, different criteria were adopted: animals classified as (I) F© 4 and 5 or (II) 3, 4, and 5 were considered to be anemic and animals classified as (I) F© 1, 2, and 3, or (II) 1 and 2 were considered to be non-anemic. Three standard values of PCV, namely, ≤ 19%, ≤ 18%, or ≤ 15%, were used to confirm anemia. The percentage of correct treatments was always high when the F© values 4 and 5 were used as criteria for positive tests. For all the PCV cut-off values, more animals were classified as false positives when evaluated using F© 3, 4, and 5 as criteria for a positive test and more true negative animals when evaluated using only F© 4 and 5 as criteria for a positive test. For both sets of criteria for the positive tests, few animals were classified as false negatives and true positives. Eliminating the classification of F© 3 as anemic decreased the sensitivity and increased the specificity for all the PCV cut-off values for the ewes. The F© system can be used as a reliable alternative to reduce selection pressure for anthelmintics in relation to routine non-selective blanket treatment for worm control in the Morada Nova ewes.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Anemia/etiología , Animales , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Hemoncosis/sangre , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Haemonchus , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/sangreRESUMEN
Targeted selective treatment (TST) aims to aid in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, identifying animals that require treatment with the purpose of preserving the Refugia population and delaying the buildup of anthelmintic (AH) resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of both productive and clinical indicators in the selective treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in growing lambs. Two experiments were carried out between 2015 and 2016. Experiment 1: lambs (n = 70) exclusively raised on pasture were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 180 days old. Experiment 2: lambs (n = 48) raised on pasture and fed concentrated commercial supplementation were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 150 days old. Parasitological (eggs per gram of feces - EPG), productive (average daily weight gain - DWG), and clinical (hematocrit - Ht and FAMACHA© system - F) parameters were measured every 14 days. The lambs were divided into 4 experimental groups with different criteria for AH treatment: the control group (CG), was treated with AH every 30 days; the FAMACHA© group (FG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4, and F5 were treated with AH; Daily weight gain group (DWGG), in which lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH; FAMACHA© + daily weight gain group (FDWGG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4 and F5 and/or lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH. In experiment 1, no significant differences in the general means of DWG and Ht (p > 0.05) were observed between experimental groups, although the lowest mean EPG was observed in the CG (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest mean EPG (p < 0.05) was also observed in the CG (1044.5 EPG), and the highest mean (p < 0.05) in the FG (4845.5 EPG). There were differences in the mean DWG of the CG (198.4 g) and FDWGG (200.0 g), which were both higher (p < 0.05) than that of the FG (90.5 g), and similar (p > 0.05) to the DWGG (151.8 g). In both experiments, considering the total mean number of AH treatments, FG had the lowest number of lambs treated with AH (p < 0.05), with the DWG and FDWGG being similar to each other (p > 0.05). Even when Haemonchus is the major parasite, it is not recommended to use the FAMACHA© system as an exclusive criterion for TST in growing lambs. The DWG productive criterion can be used effectively in the TST of growing lambs.
Asunto(s)
Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Heces/parasitología , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Haemonchus , Parasitosis Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Ovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Oveja Doméstica/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Abstract The occurrence and intensity of helminth infections were evaluated in sheep from pastures shared with cattle. In 2015 and 2016, young male sheep acquired in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were finished in integrated crop-livestock system. We selected the 12 sheep that showed the highest number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces to search for worms in the gastrointestinal tract. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the major parasites. H. contortus presented mean intensities of 1,159 and 257 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. T. colubriformis displayed mean intensities of 4,149 and 2,427 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 127 male specimens of Haemonchus spp. analysed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 125 were H. contortus, one Haemonchus placei and one hybrid. Other species detected were Cooperia punctata , Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta , Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger , and Trichuris ovis. Twenty lambs presented cysts of Taenia hydatigena in the liver and mesentery. One lamb presented Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, in the brain. In conclusion, sheep from pasture shared with cattle presented a high diversity of nematode species. H. contortus and H. placei co-infection occur with consequent hybridization.
Resumo A ocorrência de infecções helmínticas foi avaliada em ovinos que compartilhavam pastagem com bovinos. Em 2015 e em 2016, cordeiros machos foram adquiridos em Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, para serem terminados em sistema de lavoura - pecuária (ILP). Em cada ano, 12 cordeiros que tinham maior contagem de ovos nas fezes foram abatidos para recuperação dos vermes. Haemonchus contortus e Trichostrongylus colubriformis foram as principais espécies registradas. H. contortus apresentou intensidade média de 1159 e 257 vermes em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. T. colubriformis apresentou intensidade média de 4149 e 2427 parasitas em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. De 127 machos de Haemonchus spp. analisados por "Polymerase Chain Reaction" (PCR), 125 foram identificados como H. contortus, um como Haemonchus placei e um como híbrido. Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta , Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger e Trichuris ovis foram as outras espécies de nematódeos registradas. Vinte cordeiros apresentaram cistos de Taenia hydatigena no mesentério e no fígado. Um cordeiro apresentou no cérebro Coenurus cerebralis, o estágio larval de Taenia multiceps . Em conclusão, ovinos criados com bovinos apresentam grande diversidade de nematódeos. A co-infecção de H. contortus e H. placei favorece a produção de híbridos.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The occurrence and intensity of helminth infections were evaluated in sheep from pastures shared with cattle. In 2015 and 2016, young male sheep acquired in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were finished in integrated crop-livestock system. We selected the 12 sheep that showed the highest number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces to search for worms in the gastrointestinal tract. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the major parasites. H. contortus presented mean intensities of 1,159 and 257 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. T. colubriformis displayed mean intensities of 4,149 and 2,427 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 127 male specimens of Haemonchus spp. analysed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 125 were H. contortus, one Haemonchus placei and one hybrid. Other species detected were Cooperia punctata , Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta , Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger , and Trichuris ovis. Twenty lambs presented cysts of Taenia hydatigena in the liver and mesentery. One lamb presented Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, in the brain. In conclusion, sheep from pasture shared with cattle presented a high diversity of nematode species. H. contortus and H. placei co-infection occur with consequent hybridization.
Asunto(s)
Heces/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos/parasitología , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This study evaluated four models based on the number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) to segregate Pelibuey or Katahdin ewes during the lactation period into resistant or susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in tropical Mexico. Nine hundred and thirty EPG counts of Pelibuey ewes and 710 of Katahdin ewes were obtained during 10 weeks of lactation. Ewes were segregated into resistant, intermediate and susceptible, using their individual EPG every week. Then, data of every ewe was used to provide a reference classification, which included all the EPG values of each animal. Then, four models were evaluated against such reference. Model 1 was based on the 10-week mean EPG count ± 2 SE. Models 2, 3 and 4 were based on the mean EPG count of 10, 5 and 2 weeks of lactation. The cutoff points for the segregation of ewe in those three models were the quartiles ≤Q1 (low elimination) and ≥Q3 (high elimination). In all the models evaluated, the ewes classified as resistant had lower EPG than intermediates and susceptible (P < 0.001) while ewes classified as susceptible had higher EPG than intermediate and resistant (P < 0.001). According to J Youden test, models presented concordance with the reference group (>70 %). Model 3 tended to show higher sensitivity and specificity with the reference data, but no difference was found with other models. The present study showed that the phenotypic marker EPG might serve to identify and segregate populations of adult ewes during the lactation period. All models used served to segregate Pelibuey and Katahdin ewes into resistant, intermediate and susceptible. The model 3 (mean of 5 weeks) could be used because it required less sampling effort without losing sensitivity or specificity in the segregation of animals. However, model 2 (mean of 2 weeks) was less labour-intensive.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Lactancia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Animales , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/diagnóstico , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Haemonchus/fisiología , México , Modelos Biológicos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
With the aim of validating the FAMACHA(©) as a method for phenotypic selection of sheep resistant/resilient to gastrointestinal nematodes, 27 Suffolk ewes with known FAMACHA(©) score histories were experimentally infected with 25,000 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. From the day of infection (day 0) to 60 days post-infection, at intervals of 7-15 days, ewes were evaluated for packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC). A statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in FEC occurred between day 0 and day 60. PCV values showed a decrease (p<0.05) starting from day 21, compared to day 0. Based on the changes in FEC and PCV values from day 0 to day 60, 15 ewes (55.56%) were classified as susceptible (S) and 12 ewes (44.44%) as resistant/resilient (RR). A comparison of the average FEC after infection between susceptible (4487.6 eggs per gram-epg) and resistant/resilient (1317.9epg) ewes showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups. The difference in average PCV values after infection (24.8% and 30.3% for S and RR, respectively) was also significant (p<0.05). Data from 980 previous evaluations of FAMACHA(©) scores from the 27 ewes showed that 58.33% of the ewes classified as RR and 46.67% of the S group had a history of only F1 and F2 scores. In the RR group, only one animal (8.33%) had an F4 score, occurring one time out of the 61 evaluations of this ewe. In contrast, 40.0% of S group ewes had F4 and/or F5 scores. During the period of FAMACHA(©) score history that was evaluated, 69.56% of the total number of anthelmintic treatments in the flock were administered to ewes from group S. Since ewes with F4 and/or F5 scores during the FAMACHA(©) score time period were classified as susceptible during the experimental infection (with the exception of one ewe), we conclude that the FAMACHA(©) score history is a useful tool for the selection of ewes that are resistant/resilient, as well as for the identification of susceptible animals that should be culled.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Animales , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/diagnóstico , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Haemonchus/fisiología , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , OvinosRESUMEN
Sheep and goats are the species of farm animal with the highest growth rate in Paraná State. The main problems facing Paraná State flocks are gastrointestinal parasites and anthelmintic resistance. One of the newest resources used to slow down the development of anthelmintic resistance is the FAMACHA(©) system, a selective method useful for controlling gastrointestinal verminosis in small ruminants. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA(©) system in sheep and goats and to compare the results for both species. The conjunctivae of 83 Suffolk ewes and 60 adult crossbred Boer does were evaluated by the same trained person using the FAMACHA(©) system. The packed cell value (PCV) served as the gold standard for clinical FAMACHA(©) evaluation. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA(©) system, different criteria were adopted in turn: animals classified as FAMACHA(©) (F(©)) 4 and 5, or 3, 4 and 5, were considered to be anemic (positive test), and animals classified as F(©)1, 2 and 3, or 1 and 2 were considered to be non-anemic (negative test). Three standard values of PCV, namely ≤19%, ≤18% or ≤15%, were used to confirm anemia. At all cut-off levels, the sensitivity increased if F(©)3 animals were included as being anemic. However, changes in levels of sensitivity were associated with reciprocal changes in specificity. The sensitivity was higher for sheep than for goats, excepting when the criteria included PCV≤18 and F(©)3, F(©)4 and F(©)5 were considered positive. In contrast, the specificity was always lower in sheep for any criteria adopted. Other than in goats, using the ≤15 cut-off level for sheep, it is possible to opt not to drench the animals that were shown to be F(©)3 because the sensitivity is still high, indicating that few animals that should have been drenched were overlooked. In goats, in contrast, the low sensitivity at all cut-off levels made it too risky to leave F(©)3 animals undrenched. Even though the number of correct treatments for goats was always higher than that for sheep, the opposite was true for the kappa index for all the criteria tested. Therefore, the FAMACHA(©) system is suitable for the identification of anemic animals of both species. It is necessary that all small ruminants classified as FAMACHA(©) level 3 are also treated to increase the sensitivity of the method.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/parasitología , Animales , Conjuntiva , Color del Ojo , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Cabras , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of FAMACHA(©) method as an auxiliary strategy to use the individual identification for the selective control of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in naturally infected dairy goats. The experiment was conducted on 63 farms in the towns of Passagem, Quixabá and Cacimba de Areia, semiarid region of the Paraíba state, Brazil. Fifty animals were used on each farm, being visited tree farms per month, totaling 1800 animals, between May 2009 and April 2010. The animals received no anthelmintic treatment for at least four months prior to the farm visits. All animals were subjected to parasitological faecal collection, blood sampling for packed cell volume and the visual/selective exam of the eye colour through the FAMACHA(©) method. Larvae culture was performed in every assessment on each farm. Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent helminth (80.1%) on larval cultures. The use of this method allowed a reduction of 79.2% on anthelmintic application in dairy goats. The FAMACHA(©) method proved to be a viable auxiliary strategy to control gastrointestinal helminthiasis of dairy goats from a resource-poor area in the semiarid region of the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/aislamiento & purificación , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/parasitología , Anemia/prevención & control , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Color del Ojo , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Cabras , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/prevención & control , Haemonchus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Larva , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Famacha method in individual clinical diagnosis of haemonchosis in sheep from the south-west of Minas Gerais. Fifty crossbred Santa Inês ewes were evaluated during 5 months as for conjunctival mucous colour (Famacha method), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Faecal Egg Counts (FEC), body score and clinic alterations. The score Famacha observed was from 1 to 3, the body score from 2 to 5, the PCV from 20 to 47%, and FEC from 0 to 7,750. The correlations between the parameters evaluated, except Famacha with body score, were highly significant (P < 0.0001). The main genus identified in the coprocultures was Haemonchus (87-100% of total larvae, +/- 93.5%). We observed reduction of 87.33% in the use of anthelmintics on the property. It was concluded that the Famacha method, associated with other diagnostic methods, is a useful tool to detect hemonchosis in sheep.
Asunto(s)
Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Animales , Brasil , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Parasitología/métodos , OvinosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a eficácia do método Famacha no diagnóstico clínico individual de haemoncose em ovinos provenientes do Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Cinquenta ovelhas mestiças Santa Inês foram avaliadas durante 5 meses quanto à coloração da mucosa conjuntiva (método Famacha), volume globular (VG), ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), escore corporal e alterações clínicas. O escore Famacha observado variou de 1 a 3; o escore corporal de 2 a 5; o VG de 20 a 47 por cento; e o OPG de 0 a 7.750. As correlações entre os parâmetros avaliados, exceto Famacha com escore corporal, foram altamente significativas (P < 0,0001). O principal gênero identificado nas coproculturas foi Haemonchus (87 a 100 por cento do total de larvas, ± 93,5 por cento). Constatou-se redução de 87,33 por cento na utilização de anti-helmínticos na propriedade. Conclui-se que o método Famacha, associado a outros métodos de diagnóstico, é ferramenta útil na detecção da haemoncose em ovinos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Famacha method in individual clinical diagnosis of haemonchosis in sheep from the south-west of Minas Gerais. Fifty crossbred Santa Inês ewes were evaluated during 5 months as for conjunctival mucous colour (Famacha method), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Faecal Egg Counts (FEC), body score and clinic alterations. The score Famacha observed was from 1 to 3, the body score from 2 to 5, the PCV from 20 to 47 percent, and FEC from 0 to 7,750. The correlations between the parameters evaluated, except Famacha with body score, were highly significant (P < 0.0001). The main genus identified in the coprocultures was Haemonchus (87 - 100 percent of total larvae, ± 93.5 percent). We observed reduction of 87.33 percent in the use of anthelmintics on the property. It was concluded that the Famacha method, associated with other diagnostic methods, is a useful tool to detect hemonchosis in sheep.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Brasil , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Parasitología/métodos , OvinosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a eficácia do método Famacha no diagnóstico clínico individual de haemoncose em ovinos provenientes do Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Cinquenta ovelhas mestiças Santa Inês foram avaliadas durante 5 meses quanto à coloração da mucosa conjuntiva (método Famacha), volume globular (VG), ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), escore corporal e alterações clínicas. O escore Famacha observado variou de 1 a 3; o escore corporal de 2 a 5; o VG de 20 a 47%; e o OPG de 0 a 7.750. As correlações entre os parâmetros avaliados, exceto Famacha com escore corporal, foram altamente significativas (P < 0,0001). O principal gênero identificado nas coproculturas foi Haemonchus (87 a 100% do total de larvas, 93,5%). Constatou-se redução de 87,33% na utilização de anti-helmínticos na propriedade. Conclui-se que o método Famacha, associado a outros métodos de diagnóstico, é ferramenta útil nadetecção da haemoncose em ovinos.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Famacha method in individual clinical diagnosis of haemonchosis in sheep from the south-west of Minas Gerais. Fifty crossbred Santa Inês ewes were evaluated during 5 months as for conjunctival mucous colour (Famacha method), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Faecal Egg Counts (FEC), body score and clinic alterations. The score Famacha observed was from 1 to 3, the body score from 2 to 5, the PCV from 20 to 47%, and FEC from 0 to 7,750. The correlations between the parameters evaluated, except Famacha with body score, werehighly significant (P < 0.0001). The main genus identified in the coprocultures was Haemonchus (87 - 100% of total larvae, 93.5%). We observed reduction of 87.33% in the use of anthelmintics on the property. It was concluded that the Famacha method, associated with other diagnostic methods, is a useful tool to detect hemonchosis in sheep.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Clínico , Diagnóstico Clínico/veterinaria , Ovinos/parasitología , HaemonchusRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a eficácia do método Famacha no diagnóstico clínico individual de haemoncose em ovinos provenientes do Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Cinquenta ovelhas mestiças Santa Inês foram avaliadas durante 5 meses quanto à coloração da mucosa conjuntiva (método Famacha), volume globular (VG), ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), escore corporal e alterações clínicas. O escore Famacha observado variou de 1 a 3; o escore corporal de 2 a 5; o VG de 20 a 47%; e o OPG de 0 a 7.750. As correlações entre os parâmetros avaliados, exceto Famacha com escore corporal, foram altamente significativas (P < 0,0001). O principal gênero identificado nas coproculturas foi Haemonchus (87 a 100% do total de larvas, 93,5%). Constatou-se redução de 87,33% na utilização de anti-helmínticos na propriedade. Conclui-se que o método Famacha, associado a outros métodos de diagnóstico, é ferramenta útil nadetecção da haemoncose em ovinos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Famacha method in individual clinical diagnosis of haemonchosis in sheep from the south-west of Minas Gerais. Fifty crossbred Santa Inês ewes were evaluated during 5 months as for conjunctival mucous colour (Famacha method), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Faecal Egg Counts (FEC), body score and clinic alterations. The score Famacha observed was from 1 to 3, the body score from 2 to 5, the PCV from 20 to 47%, and FEC from 0 to 7,750. The correlations between the parameters evaluated, except Famacha with body score, werehighly significant (P < 0.0001). The main genus identified in the coprocultures was Haemonchus (87 - 100% of total larvae, 93.5%). We observed reduction of 87.33% in the use of anthelmintics on the property. It was concluded that the Famacha method, associated with other diagnostic methods, is a useful tool to detect hemonchosis in sheep.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Diagnóstico Clínico , Diagnóstico Clínico/veterinaria , Haemonchus , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Ovinos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The gastrintestinal helmintiases occupy prominence place among factors that limit the farming goat in entire world, especially on tropical regions, where economical losses are more accentuated. The objective of this work was to evaluate FAMACHA© method utilization as an auxiliary strategy on the control of parasites of goats in semiarid paraibano. Moreover the clinical assistance, values of hematocrit and OPG were determinate to evaluate the relation between the exams. They were used 30 moxotó female goats, monthly evaluated for 90 days. The female goats that presented degree three of mucose in accordance to the FAMACHA© method do not need to be vermifuged in accordance with hematocrit and OPG values. The FAMACHA© method, although too indicated for use in goats, needs little adaptation to be best administered.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Helmintiasis Animal/diagnóstico , Animales , Brasil , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/sangre , Cabras , Hemoncosis/sangre , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis Animal/sangre , Recuento de Huevos de ParásitosRESUMEN
Recent studies on sheep and goat farms in the southern United States indicate that multiple-anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus is becoming a severe problem. Though many factors are involved in the evolution of resistance, the proportion of the parasite population under drug selection is believed to be the single most important factor influencing how rapidly resistance develops. Therefore, where prevention of resistance is an important parallel goal of worm control, it is recommended to leave a portion of the animals untreated. Recently, a novel system called FAMACHA was developed in South Africa, which enables clinical identification of anemic sheep and goats. When H. contortus is the primary parasitic pathogen, this system can be applied on the farm level to reduce the number of treatments administered, thereby increasing the proportion of the worm population in refugia. Since most studies validating the FAMACHA method have been performed in South Africa, it is important that the method be tested in other regions before its use is broadly recommended. We performed a validation study of FAMACHA by testing the system in sheep (n = 847) and goats (n = 537) of various breeds and ages from 39 farms located in Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida, and the US Virgin Islands. The color of the ocular conjunctiva of all animals were scored on a 1-5 scale using the FAMACHA card, and blood samples were collected from each animal for determination of packed cell volume (PCV). Fecal samples were also collected from a majority of the animals tested for performance of fecal egg counts (FEC). Correlations between PCV and eye scores, PCV and FEC, and FEC and eye scores were all highly significant for both sheep and goats (P < 0.001). Data for both FAMACHA scores and PCV were evaluated using two separate criteria for anemia: eye score values of 3, 4 and 5 or 4 and 5, and PCV values of < or =19 or < or =15 were considered anemic. Specificity was maximized when eye score values of 4 and 5 were considered anemic and PCV cut off for anemia was < or =19, but sensitivity was low. In contrast, sensitivity was 100% for both sheep and goats when eye score values of 3, 4 and 5 were considered anemic and PCV cut off was < or =15, but specificity was low. In both sheep and goats, predictive value of a negative was greater than 92% for all anemia and eye score categories, and was greater than 99% for both eye score categories when an anemia cutoff of < or =15 was used. Predictive value of a positive test was low under all criteria indicating that many non-anemic animals would be treated using this system. However, compared to conventional dosing practices where all animals are treated, a large proportion of animals would still be left untreated. These data indicate that the FAMACHA method is an extremely useful tool for identifying anemic sheep and goats in the southern US and US Virgin Islands. However, further studies are required to determine optimal strategies for incorporating FAMACHA-based selective treatment protocols into integrated nematode control programs.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Color del Ojo , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/parasitología , Animales , Arkansas , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Heces/parasitología , Florida , Georgia , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Cabras , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Louisiana , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Islas Virgenes de los Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The accuracy and the precision of a simple and reliable technique for the extraction and the counting of third stage larvae densities of gastro-intestinal strongyles of ruminants from pasture samples are assessed in tropical conditions, i.e. for pangola pastures and for the genera of Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus. To separate the larvae from herbage samples, water washings obtained by a centrifuge spin-dryer were put to sediment in disposable plastic bags. The extraction and counting of larvae from sediments were achieved by exhaustion of sediments with repeated sucrose/water interface procedures. The recovery rate of third stage infective larvae (L3) added to the sediment was 79.1% (+/- 9.49%). The accuracy, estimated as recovery rate of L3 added to herbage samples, was 76.5 (+/- 11.31%). The recovery by the sedimentation method was 3.5 times higher than that of a filtering method through a 20 microns sieve. The detection limit was estimated to be 130 L3 kg-1 dry matter. Precision, estimated as the residual standard deviation of duplicate assays, was 1857 L3 kg-1 dry matter (mean 9164 L3 kg-1 dry matter). Results obtained in routine epidemiological surveys of gastro-intestinal strongylosis of small ruminants in West Africa and in the West Indies demonstrated the usefulness of the technique.