Asunto(s)
Política de Salud , Infecciones por Henipavirus , Virus Nipah , Pandemias , Humanos , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Pandemias/prevención & control , RiesgoRESUMEN
Due to the difficulty in conducting clinical trials for vaccines and treatments against Nipah virus (NiV), licensure will likely require animal models, most importantly non-human primates (NHPs). The NHP models of infection have primarily relied on intratracheal instillation or small particle aerosolization of NiV. However, neither of these routes adequately models natural mucosal exposure to NiV. To develop a more natural NHP model, we challenged African green monkeys with the Bangladesh strain of NiV by the intranasal route using the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) mucosal atomization device (MAD). LMA MAD exposure resulted in uniformly lethal disease that accurately reflected the human condition.
Asunto(s)
Chlorocebus aethiops , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Virus Nipah , Administración Intranasal , Aerosoles , Animales , Femenino , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Masculino , Carga Viral , Tropismo ViralRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes highly lethal henipavirus encephalitis in humans. Survivors develop various neurologic sequelae, including late-onset and relapsing encephalitis, several months up to several years following initial infection. However, the underlying pathology and disease mechanisms of persistent neurologic complications remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate persistent NiV infection in the brains of grivets that survived experimental exposure to NiV. Encephalitis affected the entire brains, with the majority of NiV detected in the neurons and microglia of the brainstems, cerebral cortices, and cerebella. We identified the vascular endothelium in the brain as an initial target of NiV infection during the acute phase of disease, indicating a primary path of entry for NiV into the brain. Notably, we were unable to detect NiV anywhere else except the brains in the examined survivors. Our findings indicate that late-onset and relapsing encephalitis of NiV in human survivors may be due to viral persistence in the brain and shed light on the pathogenesis of chronic henipavirus encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/virología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/patología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/patología , Virus Nipah/aislamiento & purificación , Zoonosis/patología , Animales , Encéfalo/irrigación sanguínea , Encéfalo/patología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Enfermedad Crónica , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/mortalidad , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Endotelio Vascular/virología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Recurrencia , Sobrevivientes , Zoonosis/mortalidad , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A wide range of Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis case fatality rates (CFR) have been reported. Data on the involvement of several potential risk factors in Nipah virus transmission remain controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled CFR of NiV encephalitis and to assess the risk factors for NiV infection. METHODS: Articles published up to the 27thof November 2018 in MedLine, Embase and Web of knowledge databases were considered for this study. We included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies that have reported NiV CFR and/or risk factors. Data were pooled with random-effects model. This review was registered in the PROSPERO, CRD42018116242. FINDINGS: This global review included 22 citations (25 studies) including 2156, 1682, and 474 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases of NiV encephalitis, respectively. We determined a pooled CFR for NiV encephalitis at 61.0% (95% CI, 45.7-75.4; I² = 96.8%). Climbing trees (OR = 1.4; 95% CI; 1.0-1.9), male gender (OR = 1.5; 95% CI; 1.1-2.0), travel outside their own sub-district (OR = 2.0; 95% CI; 1.4-2.9), and exposure to date palm sap (DPS) (OR = 5.7; 95% CI; 3.8-8.6) or pigs (OR = 7.6; 95% CI; 1.2-45.4) were significantly associated with NiV infection. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that NiV Encephalitis is associated with a high CFR and that male gender, travel outside their sub-district, climbing trees, and exposure to pigs and DPS are associated with an increased risk of NiV encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
Encefalitis Viral/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mortalidad , Factores de Riesgo , Caracteres Sexuales , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/mortalidadRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes high case-fatality rates (CFRs) in humans. Two NiV strains have caused outbreaks: the Malaysia strain (NiVM), discovered in 1998-1999 in Malaysia and Singapore (≈40% CFR); and the Bangladesh strain (NiVB), discovered in Bangladesh and India in 2001 (≈80% CFR). Recently, NiVB in African green monkeys resulted in a more severe and lethal disease than NiVM. No NiV vaccines or treatments are licensed for human use. We assessed replication-restricted single-injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis vaccine NiV vaccine vectors expressing the NiV glycoproteins against NiVB challenge in African green monkeys. All vaccinated animals survived to the study endpoint without signs of NiV disease; all showed development of NiV F Ig, NiV G IgG, or both, as well as neutralizing antibody titers. These data show protective efficacy against a stringent and relevant NiVB model of human infection.
Asunto(s)
Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecciones por Henipavirus , Virus Nipah , Vesiculovirus , Vacunas Virales , Zoonosis , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Henipavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Inmunidad Humoral , Enfermedades de los Monos/patología , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Vesiculovirus/inmunología , Carga Viral , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Quirópteros/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Encefalitis Viral/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Virus Nipah/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Animales , Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Encefalitis Viral/mortalidad , Encefalitis Viral/transmisión , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Virus Nipah/genética , Phoeniceae/virología , ARN Viral/análisis , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) has been transmitted from patient to caregivers in Bangladesh presumably through oral secretions. We aimed to detect whether NiV-infected patients contaminate hospital surfaces with the virus. During December 2013-April 2014, we collected 1 swab sample from 5 surfaces near NiV-infected patients and tested surface and oral swab samples by real-time reverse transcription PCR for NiV RNA. We identified 16 Nipah patients; 12 cases were laboratory-confirmed and 4 probable. Of the 12 laboratory-confirmed cases, 10 showed NiV RNA in oral swab specimens. We obtained surface swab samples for 6 Nipah patients; 5 had evidence of NiV RNA on >1 surface: 4 patients contaminated towels, 3 bed sheets, and 1 the bed rail. Patients with NiV RNA in oral swab samples were significantly more likely than other Nipah patients to die. To reduce the risk for fomite transmission of NiV, infection control should target hospital surfaces.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Equipos , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Hospitales , Virus Nipah/aislamiento & purificación , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Ropa de Cama y Ropa Blanca/virología , Lechos/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Fómites , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Humanos , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Boca/virología , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus, and Pteropus spp. bats are the natural reservoir. From December 2010 through March 2014, hospital-based encephalitis surveillance in Bangladesh identified 18 clusters of NiV infection. The source of infection for case-patients in 3 clusters in 2 districts was unknown. A team of epidemiologists and anthropologists investigated these 3 clusters comprising 14 case-patients, 8 of whom died. Among the 14 case-patients, 8 drank fermented date palm sap (tari) regularly before their illness, and 6 provided care to a person infected with NiV. The process of preparing date palm trees for tari production was similar to the process of collecting date palm sap for fresh consumption. Bat excreta was reportedly found inside pots used to make tari. These findings suggest that drinking tari is a potential pathway of NiV transmission. Interventions that prevent bat access to date palm sap might prevent tari-associated NiV infection.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas Alcohólicas/virología , Quirópteros/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Encefalitis Viral/transmisión , Infecciones por Henipavirus/transmisión , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Encefalitis Viral/etiología , Encefalitis Viral/mortalidad , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Heces/virología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/etiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Lactante , Persona de Mediana Edad , Virus Nipah/genética , Virus Nipah/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Incorporation of reporter genes within virus genomes is an indispensable tool for interrogation of virus biology and pathogenesis. In previous work, we incorporated a fluorophore into a viral ORF by attaching it to the viral gene via a P2A ribosomal skipping sequence. This recombinant Nipah virus, however, was attenuated in vitro relative to WT virus. In this work, we determined that inefficient ribosomal skipping was a major contributing factor to this attenuation. Inserting a GSG linker before the P2A sequence resulted in essentially complete skipping, significantly improved growth in vitro, and WT lethality in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first time a recombinant virus of Mononegavirales with integration of a reporter into a viral ORF has been compared with the WT virus in vivo. Incorporating the GSG linker for improved skipping efficiency whenever functionally important is a critical consideration for recombinant virus design.
Asunto(s)
Genes Reporteros , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Infecciones por Henipavirus/genética , Virus Nipah/genética , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/patología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Proteínas Luminiscentes/genética , Proteínas Luminiscentes/metabolismo , Mesocricetus , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Insercional , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Faloidina/genética , Faloidina/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Ribosomas/genética , Ribosomas/metabolismo , Análisis de Supervivencia , Transcripción Genética , Replicación Viral/genética , Proteína Fluorescente RojaRESUMEN
Drinking raw date palm sap is the primary route of Nipah virus (NiV) transmission from bats to people in Bangladesh; subsequent person-to-person transmission is common. During December 2010 to March 2011, we investigated NiV epidemiology by interviewing cases using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and group discussions to collect clinical and exposure histories. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for transmission. We identified 43 cases; 23 were laboratory-confirmed and 20 probable. Thirty-eight (88%) cases died. Drinking raw date palm sap and contact with an infected person were major risk factors; one healthcare worker was infected and for another case transmission apparently occurred through contact with a corpse. In absence of these risk factors, apparent routes of transmission included drinking fermented date palm sap. For the first time, a case was detected in eastern Bangladesh. Identification of new epidemiological characteristics emphasizes the importance of continued NiV surveillance and case investigation.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/transmisión , Virus Nipah/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Nipah/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Veterinary infection control for the management of Hendra virus (HeV), an emerging zoonosis in Australia, remained suboptimal until 2010 despite 71.4% (5/7) of humans infected with HeV being veterinary personnel or assisting a veterinarian, three of whom died before 2009. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived barriers to veterinary infection control and HeV management in private veterinary practice in Queensland, where the majority of HeV outbreaks have occurred in Australia. RESULTS: Most participants agreed that a number of key factors had contributed to the slow uptake of adequate infection control measures for the management of HeV amongst private veterinarians: a work culture characterised by suboptimal infection control standards and misconceptions about zoonotic risks; a lack of leadership and support from government authorities; the difficulties of managing biosecurity and public health issues from a private workforce perspective; and the slow pattern of emergence of HeV. By 2010, some infection control and HeV management changes had been implemented. Participants interviewed agreed that further improvements remained necessary; but also cautioned that this was a complex process which would require time. CONCLUSION: Private veterinarians and government authorities prior to 2009 were unprepared to handle new slowly emerging zoonoses, which may explain their mismanagement of HeV. Slowly emerging zoonoses may be of low public health significance but of high significance for specialised groups such as veterinarians. Private veterinarians, who are expected to fulfil an active biosecurity and public health role in the frontline management of such emerging zoonoses, need government agencies to better recognise their contribution, to consult with the veterinary profession when devising guidelines for the management of zoonoses and to provide them with greater leadership and support. We propose that specific infection control guidelines for the management of slowly emerging zoonoses in private veterinary settings need to be developed.
Asunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Virus Hendra , Infecciones por Henipavirus/veterinaria , Veterinarios , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/virología , Caballos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Equipos de Seguridad , Queensland/epidemiología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
The Henipavirus genus represents a group of paramyxoviruses that are some of the deadliest of known human and veterinary pathogens. Hendra and Nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause respiratory and encephalitic illness in humans with mortality rates that exceed 70%. Over the past several years, we have seen an increase in the number of cases and an altered clinical presentation of Hendra virus in naturally infected horses. Recent increase in the number of cases has also been reported with human Nipah virus infections in Bangladesh. These factors, along with the recent discovery of henipa and henipa-like viruses in Africa, Asia and South and Central America adds, a truly global perspective to this group of emerging viruses.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Henipavirus/clasificación , Henipavirus/fisiología , África , Animales , Asia , Virus Hendra/clasificación , Virus Hendra/fisiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Henipavirus/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Caballos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Caballos/transmisión , Caballos , Humanos , Virus Nipah/clasificación , Virus Nipah/fisiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/prevención & control , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the genus Henipavirus, which emerged in Malaysia in 1998. In pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. Nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in Bangladesh and India, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. Although a number of NiV vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. In this study, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine expressing NiV envelope glycoproteins (rMV-HL-G and rMV-Ed-G). Vaccinated hamsters were completely protected against NiV challenge, while the mortality of unvaccinated control hamsters was 90%. We trialed our vaccine in a non-human primate model, African green monkeys. Upon intraperitoneal infection with NiV, monkeys showed several clinical signs of disease including severe depression, reduced ability to move and decreased food ingestion and died at 7 days post infection (dpi). Intranasal and oral inoculation induced similar clinical illness in monkeys, evident around 9 dpi, and resulted in a moribund stage around 14 dpi. Two monkeys immunized subcutaneously with rMV-Ed-G showed no clinical illness prior to euthanasia after challenge with NiV. Viral RNA was not detected in any organ samples collected from vaccinated monkeys, and no pathological changes were found upon histopathological examination. From our findings, we propose that rMV-NiV-G is an appropriate NiV vaccine candidate for use in humans.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Virus Nipah/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Temperatura Corporal , Peso Corporal , Encéfalo/inmunología , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/virología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cricetinae , Expresión Génica , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Inmunización , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/virología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Active Nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in Faridpur, Bangladesh, in January 2010. We identified 16 case-patients; 14 of these patients died. For 1 case-patient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another case-patient's exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing oral secretions and anogenital excreta with a cloth and bare hands. Among 7 persons with confirmed sporadic cases, 6 died, including a physician who had physically examined encephalitis patients without gloves or a mask. Nipah virus-infected patients were more likely than community-based controls to report drinking raw date palm sap and to have had physical contact with an encephalitis patient (29% vs. 4%, matched odds ratio undefined). Efforts to prevent transmission should focus on reducing caregivers' exposure to infected patients' bodily secretions during care and traditional burial practices.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Brotes de Enfermedades , Encefalitis Viral/transmisión , Infecciones por Henipavirus/transmisión , Virus Nipah , Adolescente , Adulto , Arecaceae , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Bebidas , Entierro , Cadáver , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Infección Hospitalaria/mortalidad , Infección Hospitalaria/virología , Encefalitis Viral/mortalidad , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Femenino , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Paciente a Profesional , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Médicos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are closely related, recently emerged paramyxoviruses that form Henipavirus genus and are capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. However, in contrast to many other species and despite expression of functional virus entry receptors, mice are resistant to henipavirus infection. We report here the susceptibility of mice deleted for the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-KO) to both HeV and NiV. Intraperitoneally infected mice developed fatal encephalitis, with pathology and immunohistochemical features similar to what was found in humans. Viral RNA was found in the majority of analyzed organs, and sublethally infected animals developed virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. Altogether, these results reveal IFNAR-KO mice as a new small animal model to study HeV and NiV pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment and suggest the critical role of type I interferon signaling in the control of henipavirus infection.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Encefalitis Viral/prevención & control , Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Henipavirus/inmunología , Interferón Tipo I/genética , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Encéfalo/virología , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalitis Viral/inmunología , Encefalitis Viral/mortalidad , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Virus Hendra/genética , Virus Hendra/inmunología , Virus Hendra/patogenicidad , Henipavirus/genética , Henipavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Humanos , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neuroglía/virología , Virus Nipah/genética , Virus Nipah/inmunología , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , ARN Viral/análisis , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de Supervivencia , Virulencia , Internalización del Virus , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Henipavirus, including Hendra and Nipah viruses, is a group of emerging bat-borne paramyxoviruses which were responsible for severe disease outbreaks in humans, horses and pigs. The mortality rate of human infection varies between 50 and 100%, making them one of the most deadly viruses known to infect humans. Its use of highly conserved cell surface molecules (ephrin) as entry receptors and its highly effective replication and fusion strategies are believed to be important characteristics responsible for its high pathogenicity. Henipavirus also encodes multiple accessory proteins which play a key role in evasion of host innate immune responses. Our recent study on the mechanism of IFN antagonism by henipaviruses indicated that a better understanding of the virus-host interaction provides great potential to develop new therapeutic strategies against these viruses.
Asunto(s)
Virus Hendra/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Virus Nipah/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Henipavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Evasión Inmune , Virulencia , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged zoonotic Paramyxovirus that causes regular outbreaks in East Asia with mortality rate exceeding 75%. Major cellular targets of NiV infection are endothelial cells and neurons. To better understand virus-host interaction, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of NiV infection in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We further assessed some of the obtained results by in vitro and in vivo methods in a hamster model and in brain samples from NiV-infected patients. We found that NiV infection strongly induces genes involved in interferon response in endothelial cells. Among the top ten upregulated genes, we identified the chemokine CXCL10 (interferon-induced protein 10, IP-10), an important chemoattractant involved in the generation of inflammatory immune response and neurotoxicity. In NiV-infected hamsters, which develop pathology similar to what is seen in humans, expression of CXCL10 mRNA was induced in different organs with kinetics that followed NiV replication. Finally, we showed intense staining for CXCL10 in the brain of patients who succumbed to lethal NiV infection during the outbreak in Malaysia, confirming induction of this chemokine in fatal human infections. This study sheds new light on NiV pathogenesis, indicating the role of CXCL10 during the course of infection and suggests that this chemokine may serve as a potential new marker for lethal NiV encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
Quimiocina CXCL10/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Infecciones por Henipavirus/metabolismo , Infecciones por Henipavirus/mortalidad , Virus Nipah/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Encefalitis/virología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/citología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Inflamación , Interferones/metabolismo , Modelos Estadísticos , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The clinicopathological features of human Nipah virus and Hendra virus infections appear to be similar. The clinical manifestations may be mild, but if severe, includes acute encephalitic and pulmonary syndromes with a high mortality. The pathological features in human acute henipavirus infections comprise vasculopathy (vasculitis, endothelial multinucleated syncytia, thrombosis), microinfarcts and parenchymal cell infection in the central nervous system, lung, kidney and other major organs. Viral inclusions, antigens, nucleocapsids and RNA are readily demonstrated in blood vessel wall and numerous types of parenchymal cells. Relapsing henipavirus encephalitis is a rare complication reported in less than 10% of survivors of the acute infection and appears to be distinct from the acute encephalitic syndrome. Pathological evidence suggests viral recrudescence confined to the central nervous system as the cause.