During development, the gastrointestinal tract undergoes patterning along its anterior-posterior axis to define regions with distinct organs and functions. A new paper in Development derives human intestinal organoids from an individual with duodenal defects and a compound heterozygous variant in the gene encoding the transcription factor RFX6. By studying these organoids, the authors identify novel roles for RFX6 in intestinal patterning. To learn more about the story behind the paper, we caught up with first author J. Guillermo Sanchez and corresponding author Jim Wells, an endowed professor in the Division of Developmental Biology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, USA, where he is also the Director for Basic Research in the Division of Endocrinology.
Developmental Biology , Humans , History, 21st Century , History, 20th Century , Developmental Biology/history , Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors/genetics , Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors/metabolism , Organoids/metabolism , Body Patterning/genetics
Bez is a Class B scavenger receptor in Drosophila that is yet to be characterised. In a new study, Margret Bülow and colleagues uncover a role for Bez in mobilising lipids from Drosophila adipocytes into the ovary for oocyte maturation. To find out more about the people behind the paper, we caught up with first author, Pilar Carrera, and corresponding author, Margret Bülow, Group Leader at the University of Bonn.
Drosophila Proteins , Animals , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Female , Drosophila , History, 21st Century , Humans , Adipocytes/cytology , Adipocytes/metabolism , History, 20th Century , Developmental Biology/history , Oocytes/metabolism , Oocytes/cytology , Drosophila melanogaster , Ovary/metabolism , Ovary/cytology
This study presents the most representative notions of the transhumanism concept in light of its temporal development, starting from the first time that there is a record of a similar conception, with the aim of drawing a common thread between all of them and elucidating the relationship that these may have. For this, the works of Dante, Julian Huxley, FM-2030, Max More, Nick Bostrom and Raymond Kurzweil will be reviewed. From this analysis it will be extracted that all these different conceptions of transhumanism are united by their search for transcendence in the human being and the longing for a future state of divinity; Likewise, they differ in the way these common elements are understood. Such common and divergent notions allow a deeper understanding of what transhumanism is and promote a new perspective to understand these cutting-edge ideas.
Humanism , Humans , Humanism/history , History, 20th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 18th Century
INTRODUCTION: In his important article, Prof. G. Eshel describes the story of three Jewish physicians who returned to Nazi Germany to complete their MD thesis despite laws prohibiting Jewish students from German Universities. The three physicians completed their MD thesis examination with the help of three German Professors who supported them regardless of the laws banning Jewish students. The three physicians risked their lives by returning to Nazi Germany, as did the three professors who supported them. The three physicians returned to Palestine upon completion of the requirement for their medical licensing and continued to contribute to the medical system for many years in the State of Israel. The determination of the three Jewish physicians and their courage teaches us an important lesson on the motivation of young doctors to complete their education and practice medicine. The support of the German professors created some lights in the great darkness of the Nazi regime. Generations of physicians took a stand on non-medical issues and contributed to social justice and the wellbeing of individuals beyond medical care. We should all continue this legacy.
Education, Medical , Jews , National Socialism , Physicians , National Socialism/history , Jews/history , Humans , Germany , History, 20th Century , Physicians/history , Education, Medical/history , Israel
SummaryIn 1923, just over 100 years ago, Edward William Archibald was appointed the first chair of surgery in McGill University's Faculty of Medicine. This milestone provides an opportunity to reflect on where the department has come from and how it has progressed to the present day. Although the size, breadth, and diversity of the department members have changed notably over the century, the core values of innovative clinical care, research, and education established a century ago continue to this day. To reflect his values, the Archibald Chair of Surgery was established in 1990 and is today held by the department chair.
General Surgery , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , General Surgery/history , Quebec , Humans , Surgery Department, Hospital/history , Surgery Department, Hospital/organization & administration
This article, composed using literary sources and archival materials, is dedicated to the 155th anniversary of Alexander Grigoryevich Lyutkevich - a prominent Russian ophthalmologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (12.09.1867-18.04.1928) and one of the founders of the Voronezh Medical Institute. The paper traces the main stages of his biography, notes his work in rapid-reaction emergency care units, and pays attention to his teaching activities. The importance of Lyutkevich's doctoral dissertation on the treatment of high myopia is emphasized. The article also highlights his important role as editor of the classic textbook "Course of eye diseases" by A.A. Kryukov. In Lyutkevich's public activities, his contribution to the establishment of the Society of Ophthalmologists in Moscow is particularly noteworthy. Lyutkevich's high organizational skills are highlighted, which were clearly manifested in the Yuriev University and in the creation of the medical faculty of the Voronezh University.
Ophthalmology , Public Health , Ophthalmology/history , Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 19th Century , Public Health/history , Russia , Anniversaries and Special Events
Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.
Education, Dental , Schools, Dental , History, 20th Century , Moscow , Schools, Dental/history , Education, Dental/history , Humans , History of Dentistry , Universities/history
