Carbapenems and colistin resistance genes isolated in Musca domestica from a garbage dump near a hospital in Lima. / Genes resistentes a carbapenémicos y colistina aislados en Musca domestica proveniente de un basural cercano a un hospital de Lima.

Motivation for the study. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria isolated from common flies is a potential public health hazard because it facilitates the presence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Main findings. Thirty-eight bacterial strains identified in 14 species were isolated from within the fly bodies, of which 31 strains showed resistance to carbapenems and 26 strains showed resistance to colistin. Seven bacterial strains showed carbapenem resistance genes and one Escherichia coli strain had resistance to KPC, OXA-48 and mcr-1. Implications. This is the first report of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria carried by common flies in Peru. The objective was to determine the presence of carbapenem resistance genes and plasmid resistance to colistin (mcr-1) in bacteria isolated from Musca domestica in a garbage dump near a hospital in Lima, Peru. Bacteria with phenotypic resistance to carbapenemics were isolated on CHROMagar mSuperCARBATM medium and colistin resistance profiling was performed using the colistin disk elution method. Detection of blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48, blaVIM and mcr-1 genes was performed by conventional PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined using the automated MicroScan system. We found that 31/38 strains had phenotypic resistance to carbapenemics and 26/38 strains had phenotypic resistance to colistin with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 4 µg/ml. Finally, we identified seven bacterial strains with carbapenem resistance genes (OXA-48 and KPC) and one bacterial strain with plasmid resistance to colistin (mcr-1). One Escherichia coli strain had three resistance genes: KPC, OXA-48 and mcr-1.

El objetivo fue determinar la presencia de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos y resistencia plasmídica a colistina (mcr-1) en bacterias aisladas de Musca domestica en un basural cercano a un hospital de Lima, Perú. Las bacterias con resistencia fenotípica a los carbapénemicos se aislaron en medio CHROMagar mSuperCARBATM y el perfil de resistencia a colistina se realizó mediante el método de elución de discos de colistina. La detección de genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48, blaVIM y mcr-1 se realizó mediante PCR convencional. El perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó mediante el sistema automatizado MicroScan. Las bacterias con resistencia fenotípica a carbapenémicos fueron 31/38 cepas y a colistina fueron 26/38 cepas con una concentración inhibitoria mínima ≥ 4 µg/ml. Finalmente, se identificaron siete cepas bacterianas con genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos (OXA-48 Y KPC) y una cepa bacteriana con resistencia plasmídica a colistina (mcr-1). Una cepa de Escherichia coli presentó tres genes de resistencia: KPC, OXA-48 y mcr-1. Motivación para realizar el estudio. La presencia de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en bacterias aisladas de moscas comunes es un peligro potencial para la salud pública debido a que facilita la presencia y dispersión de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en el medio ambiente. Principales hallazgos. Se aislaron 38 cepas bacterianas identificadas en 14 especies dentro del cuerpo de las moscas, de las cuales 31 cepas mostraron resistencia a los carbapenémicos y 26 cepas mostraron resistencia a colistina. Siete cepas bacterianas presentaron genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos y una cepa de Escherichia coli con resistencia a KPC, OXA-48 y mcr-1. Implicancias. Se realiza el primer reporte en el Perú de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en bacterias movilizadas por moscas comunes.

Increased Dissemination of Aflatoxin- and Zearalenone-Producing Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. during Wet Season via Houseflies on Dairy Farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Crops contamination with aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) threaten human and animal health; these mycotoxins are produced by several species of Aspergillus and Fusarium. The objective was to evaluate under field conditions the influence of the wet season on the dissemination of AF- and ZEA-producing fungi via houseflies collected from dairy farms. Ten dairy farms distributed in the semi-arid Central Mexican Plateau were selected. Flies were collected in wet and dry seasons at seven points on each farm using entomological traps. Fungi were isolated from fly carcasses via direct seeding with serial dilutions and wet chamber methods. The production of AFs and ZEA from pure isolates was quantified using indirect competitive ELISA. A total of 693 Aspergillus spp. and 1274 Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained, of which 58.6% produced AFs and 50.0% produced ZEA (491 ± 122; 2521 ± 1295 µg/kg). Houseflies and both fungal genera were invariably present, but compared to the dry season, there was a higher abundance of flies as well as AF- and ZEA-producing fungi in the wet season (p < 0.001; 45.3/231 flies/trap; 8.6/29.6% contaminated flies). These results suggest that rainy-weather conditions on dairy farms increase the spread of AF- and ZEA-producing Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. through houseflies and the incorporation of their mycotoxins into the food chain.

Enterobacteria associated with houseflies (Musca domestica) as an infection risk indicator in swine production farms.

Houseflies (Musca domestica) spend part of their life development on animal or human manure. Manure is high in pathogenic microbes; thus, houseflies have been known as a mechanical vector for various important zoonotic diseases. Therefore, the present study showcases captured houseflies from intensive swine production regions (which are areas of high manure concentration) in Southern Brazil, and analyses their bodies' to the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. and the sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics. Additionally, Quantitative Microbiology Risk Assessment was performed simulating the contamination of lettuce by flies' bacteria and subsequent lettuce consumption by an adult human being. Houseflies were captured in swine buildings and farm houses from five farms. E. coli quantification values ranged from 104 to 106 CFU/20 flies, and all sampling sites had positive results from bacteria presence in the collected houseflies. On the other hand, Salmonella sp. presence was observed in only three farms, where the quantification ranged from 102 to 105 CFU/20 flies. The bacteria showed to be resistant to at least two from the four tested antibiotics (ampicillin, Cefalotin, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin) antibiotics used in human or veterinary medicine. Infection probability analyses showed risk of human infection by E.coli, indicating possible transmission of zoonotic pathogens through flies. In this context, it was possible to conclude that there is a need for flies control, especially in swine farms where zoonotic pathogens can be abundant, to minimize the health impact of the vectorization of enteric bacteria.

Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi

Abstract The housefly Musca domestica is a worldwide insect pest that acts as a vector for many pathogenic diseases in both people and animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate the virulence of different local isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea on M. domestica using two bioassay techniques: (1) adult immersion and (2) a bait method applied to both larvae and adults. The results showed evidence of a broad range of responses by both stages (larvae and adults) to the tested isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. These responses were concentration-dependent, with mortality percentages ranging from 53.00% to 96.00%. Because it resulted in lower LC50 values and a shorter lethal time, B. bassiana (Bb-01) proved to be the most virulent isolate against both housefly larvae and adults. Sublethal doses of the tested isolates were also assessed to evaluate their effect on M. domestica fecundity and longevity. The fungal infections reduced housefly survival regardless of their sex and also decreased egg production in females.

Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi.

The housefly Musca domestica is a worldwide insect pest that acts as a vector for many pathogenic diseases in both people and animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate the virulence of different local isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea on M. domestica using two bioassay techniques: (1) adult immersion and (2) a bait method applied to both larvae and adults. The results showed evidence of a broad range of responses by both stages (larvae and adults) to the tested isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. These responses were concentration-dependent, with mortality percentages ranging from 53.00% to 96.00%. Because it resulted in lower LC50 values and a shorter lethal time, B. bassiana (Bb-01) proved to be the most virulent isolate against both housefly larvae and adults. Sublethal doses of the tested isolates were also assessed to evaluate their effect on M. domestica fecundity and longevity. The fungal infections reduced housefly survival regardless of their sex and also decreased egg production in females.

Larvicidal activity and effects on post embrionary development of laboratory reared Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae), treated with Brevibacillus laterosporus (Laubach) spore suspensions.

The application of a spore suspension of Brevibacillus laterosporus (Laubach) (strain Bon707), at a concentration of 1.94×10(9)CFU/mL in the diet, induced a level of 70% mortality in larvae of Musca domestica. No sublethal effects, upon feeding activity or development were recorded. However, electron microscopic examination of the digestive tract of larvae fed with B. laterosporus, revealed cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization.

Horizontal Transmission of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin are fungi with potential for controlling Musca domestica L. However, the impact on this dipteral may vary depending on the fungal isolates and the methodology used. This study evaluated the pathogenicity of direct application and horizontal transmission of B. bassiana (CG240) and M. anisopliae (CG34) on adult M. domestica individuals. The impact of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae on M. domestica was evaluated at the concentrations 2 × 10(4), 2 × 10(5), 2 × 10(6), and 2 × 10(7) conidia/ml. Horizontal transmission was also estimated between sexes at different infection periods of the vector insect. The mortality of adult M. domestica individuals directly infected with B. bassiana was above 90%, and the mortality of those infected with M. anisopliae ranged from 25.50 to 97.78%. Horizontal transmission of B. bassiana caused the death of 100% of individuals, in turn, that of M. anisopliae killed 55% of male and 100% of female individuals. Horizontal transmission of fungi was negatively influenced by time. This study shows the potential of these fungi for controlling M. domestica, both with the direct implementation strategy and horizontal transmission. However, field studies are needed to evaluate the capacity to decrease the M. domestica population using these alternatives.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic bacteria for control of Musca domestica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity, and sub lethal effects of entomopathogenic bacteria Brevibacillus laterosporus, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, and a commercial formulation of Bacillus sphaericus on Musca domestica. Bacterial suspensions were prepared in different concentrations and added to the diet of newly-hatched larvae which were monitored until the adult stage. The larvae were susceptible to the B. laterosporus, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki bacteria in varied concentration levels. These bacteria have larvicidal and sub lethal effects on the development of flies, reducing both adult size, and impairing the reproductive performance of the species.

Transmisión oral de la enfermedad de chagas: con especial referencia a la patología de los casos del año 2009 / Oral transmission of chagas disease due to oral: with special reference to the pathology of the cases from the year 2009

La transmisión oral de la enfermedad de Chagas habitual en el ciclo selvático es una forma rará en el ser humano. En este último, se debe a la contaminación de las heces con Trypanosoma cruzi (Tcruzi) en los alimentos o a la manipulación infectada de los mismos. Más raramente a la ingesta de carne de reservorios infectados. En esta comunicación, se ponen en el tapete, los trabajos experimentales y naturales del investigador Díaz-Ungría quien demostró el importante papel que juega la mosca doméstica en la contaminación de los alimentos con las heces infectadas de los vectores. Igualmente, se destaca la importancia del perro como reservorio doméstico, todos los cuales podrían ser factores determinantes en la causa de los brotes agudos presentados en los dos últimos años en nuestro país. Se exponen las características de la miocarditis aguda chagásica como la expresión más constante de la forma aguda de la enfermedad por transmisión oral. Se destacan las medidas de prevención efectuadas por las autoridades sanitarias en estas circunstancias

Oral transmission of Chagas disease is common in the forest'cycle and is a rare form in humans. In the human is due to contamination of the stool with T.cruzi in food or infected by their manipulation. More rarely due to reservoirs infected T.cruzi meat intake. In this communication we described the natural and experimental works of the Díaz-Ungría researcher who demonstrated the important role played bi the house fly in the contamination of food with vectors infected faeces. It also highlights the importance of the dog as domestic reservoir, all of which could be determining factors in the cause of acute outbreaks in the past two years in our country. The features of acute Chagasic'myocarditis are exposed as the constant expression of the acute form of the disease by oral transmission. The prevention measures carried out by the health authorities in these circunstances are high lighted

Protocolo de cria de Musca domestica en laboratorio / Breeding protocol for Musca domestica in the laboratory

Presentamos un método de cría de Musca domestica en condiciones de laboratorio, a una temperatura de 32ºC, humedad relativa de 70 a 80 % y fotoperiodo de 12 horas de luz, el ciclo biológico de M. domestica dura aproximadamente 9 días. La dieta para moscas adultas consiste en 80 gr de azúcar comercial, 250 mL de leche pasteurizada y agua filtrada. El medio de cultivo para larvas se elabora con tiras de papel de servilletas humedecidas con una solución de leche y levadura, éstas se colocan por capas de 5 centímetros en el interior de un frasco de vidrio hasta llenar 1/3 del volumen del mismo. Posteriormente se depositan aproximadamente 250 huevos, encima de los cuales se coloca la última capa seca de tiras papel. Transcurridos cinco días se procede a sacar las pupas del medio de cría. Estas se colocan en el interior de una jaula limpia y cuatro días después emergen los adultos.

We present a method of growing Musca domestica under laboratory conditions. At a temperature of 32 ºC, relative humidity of 70 to 80% and photo period of 12 hours of light, the life cycle of M. domestica lasts about 9 days. The diet for the adult fly consists of 80 grams of commercial sugar, 250 mL of pasteurized milk and filtered water. The culture medium for larvae was made with strips of paper napkins moistened with a solution of milk and yeast that were placed in layers to 5 cm deep in a glass bottle filled 1/3 full. About 250 larvae eggs were placed on the top layer and then a last layer of dry strips of paper was added. After five days the pupae were removed from the rearing flask. These were placed into a clean cage and four days later the adults emerged.

Populational parameters of Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Pupae of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) treated with two strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. (Deuteromycetes).

The parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker is an efficient controller of Dipteran pupae, such as Musca domestica L. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. is a regulator of insect populations, including these synanthropic pests. The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilizing both agents in a combined form for the biocontrol of the domestic fly. Recently formed M. domestica pupae were inoculated by immersion in conidia suspension (10(8) conidia/ml) with two strains of B. bassiana (Bb6 and Bb10). The inoculated pupae were offered to the female parasitoid. In one bioassay they were offered pupae inoculated a single day and in other, pupae inoculated the following day as well. In both bioassays non inoculated (control) pupae were offered to the parasitoids until their death. Thirty females of S. endius were used for each strain and bioassay. From the study of the parasitoid offspring, life tables were built and the reproduction net rate (R(0)) and intrinsic natural increase (r(m)) were obtained among other demographic parameters; the parasitism percentages and sex ratios were also analyzed. B. bassiana did not affect significantly the biodemography of the parasitoid when pupae were inoculated a single time. On the other hand the R0 and the rm were smaller than that of the control without the fungus when pupae were inoculated twice, although sporulation was not observed in the cadavers of S. endius.

Entomophthora ferdinandii (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) causing natural infections of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in Argentina.

The identity and activity of an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the Entomophthora muscae species complex and infecting Musca domestica in poultry houses from La Plata, Argentina, is reported. Entomophthora caused natural infections between September 2001 and September 2003. Primary conidia of this fungus were on average 29.5 +/- 1.2 x 23.4 +/- 2.4 microm and contained, on average, 10.5 +/- 0.1 nuclei (range: 7-15) with an average diameter of 4.8 +/- 0.1 microm. This fungus is identified as E. ferdinandii Keller (this specific epithet includes a nomenclaturally required spelling correction); this is a first record of E. ferdinandii in South America and of any member of the E. muscae species complex from flies in Argentina.

Ocorrência de multiparasitismo em larvas de terceiro ínstar e pupas de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) em condições de campo / Occurrence of multiparasitism in third instar larvae and pupae of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) in field conditions

Durante experimento de pesquisa envolvendo o parasitismo de larvas de terceiro ínstar e pupas de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) em dois locais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, observou-se a ocorrência de multiparasitismo em 1,83 por cento das pupas expostas no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) e em 2,16 por cento expostas no Jardim Zoológico (ZOO). O experimento foi conduzido semanalmente de agosto de 1999 a julho de 2000. Em ambos os locais, houve a co-ocorrência de duas espécies por pupa e os parasitóides encontrados foram os himenópteros Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani, 1875) e Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836). 72,73 por cento do multiparasitismo ocorreu no ZOO em julho de 2000. Em condições de multiparasitismo, T. zealandicus e P. vindemiae mantiveram seu hábito gregário e solitário, respectivamente, mas N. vitripennis foi encontrado solitário em algumas pupas.

Microhimenoópteros parasitóides de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)(diptera: calliphoridae) na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ e o parasitismo de larvas de moscas por Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: encyrtidae) sob diferentes temperaturas / Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794)(diptera: calliphoridae) Microhimenopteros parasitoids in Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Parasitism of fly larvae by Techinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: encyrtidae) in different temperatures

As moscas varejeiras são um grande problema nas cidades e no campo devido ao seu hábito sinantrópico e vetoração de microorganismos patogênicos. A utilização de produtos químicos para seu controle causa danos a saúde do homem e contamina o meio ambiente, sendo portanto, um estímulo para a busca de alternativas mais seguras, onde o controle biológico pode tornar-se um grande aliado... As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente no campus do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ) e no Jardim Zoológico da cidade, através da exposição de larvas de C. megacephala presentes em carne bovina moída putrefata próximo a lixeira dos dois locais e em três diferentes alturas: ao nível do solo, a 1m e a 2m. Após sete dias no campo, as larvas transformadas em pupas foram recolhidas e levadas para o Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Insetos Vetores do Departamento de Biologia do IOC, repetindo o processo durante o período de agosto de 1999 a julho de 2000.As pupas de onde não emergiram moscas foram individualizadas em cápsulas de gelatina e mantidas em câmara climática a 27+ 2°C por aproximadamente 35 dias, quando foi verificada a emergência de parasitóides e feita a dissecação de todas as pupas. Determinada a espécie de parasitóide mais abundante, foram realizados testes de parasitismo em C. megacephala e mensurada a longevidade na presença e ausência do hospedeiro, o tempo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto e a razão sexual dos parasitóides desenvolvidos em temperaturas constantes de 21, 24, 27 e 29°C + 2°C... Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Sarcophagidae), C. megacephala e Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Muscidae) a 25 + 2°C. Os resultados mostraram a existência de três microhimenópteros que parasitam C. megacephala na cidade do Rio de Janeiro: Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Encyrtidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani, 1875) Pteromalidae) e Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) (Pteromalidae)... A 29°C não houve pupas parasitadas e a 24°C houve maior emergência de microhimenópteros adultos... O número médio de T. zealandicus por pupa no campo foi igual a 14,92 e sob temperatura controlada variou em 8,66, 9,44 e 13,23 a 21°C, 24°C e 27°C, respectivamente... O número médio de parasitóides por pupa foi 13,08 em C. megacephala e de 21,18 em P. chrysostoma. Não houve diferença no tempo médio de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto e na duração média do período de emergência de T. zealandicus quando criado nas duas espécies de moscas.

Avaliacao in vitro dos fungos aspergillus flavus e penicillium corylophilum em adultos de musca domestica / In vitro avaliation of the fungus aspergillus flavus and penicillium corylophilum in adults of musca domestica

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o potencial de dois isolados fúngicos de Aspergillus flavus e dois isolados de Penicillium corylophilum sobre adultos de Musca domestica. Para a realizacao dos bioensaios foram selecionados dois isolados de cada especie fúngica. Os adultos de M. domestica para os bioensaios foram obtidos a partir de pupas da colonia desta especie. Moscas adultas recem emergidas foram separadas en quatro grupos con dez moscas para cada uma das diluicoes das suspensoes conidiais (10 elevado a 5 a 10 elevado a 8 conídios/ml). Foram realizadas pulverizacoes de 2,5 ml das suspensoes conidiais para cada repeticao. Dois grupos controles foram mantidos, no primeiro as moscas foram tratadas com espalhante adesivo e o segundo sem nenhum tratamento. Os insetos adultos foram sensíveis aos tratamentos com diferentes isolados fúngicos, princeipalmente nos tratamentos com suspensoes com maiores concentracoes conidiais. No bioensaio com um dos isolados de A. flavus ocorreu a mortalidade de 100 percento das moscas no terceiro dia após a infeccao. Nos bioensaios com os dois isolados de P. corylophilum, 100 percento das moscas tratadas morreram até o sétimo dia após infeccao. O ritmo de mortalidade foi mais lento nos tratamentos com menores concentracoes conidiais prolongandose até o 15º dia

Isolation of fungi in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) captured at two natural breeding grounds in the municipality of Serop dica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify fungal species found in natural association with adults of Musca domestica. The adult insects were collected from two natural breeding grounds: hog pens and an urban sanitary landfill. The isolated fungi were identified as: Aspergillus flavus (23.8%), A. niger var. niger (14.4%), Penicillium corylophilum (21.4%), P. fellutanum (11.9%), Cladosporium cladosporoides (4.7%), Fusarium sp. (4.7%), Alternaria alternata (11.9%), Curvularia brachyspora (2.4%), Mycelia sterilia (2.4%) and the Mucorales order (2.4%).

Control de la mosca doméstica con la asociación azametifos-cizomazina en una granja de ponedoras comerciales / Control of domestic fly with the association azamethiphos-cyromazine in a farm of commercial layers

Para combatir una altísima infestación de moscas en una granja de ponedoras se utilizó ciromazina administrada con el alimento a 5 ppm junto a un cebo con 1 por ciento de azametifós. La ciromazina se administró continuamente por dos períodos de cinco semanas cada uno, separados por un intervalo de cinco semanas sin el producto. El cebo se esparció sobre el suelo, a ,lo largo de los pasillos y en las partes de las fosas donde se congregaban moscas al inicio y a la 2a semana del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y, además se aplicó a cartones colgantes de los comederos inferiores a distancia de 10-11 pasos uno del otro en todos los galpones. Los cartones fueron colocados al inicio del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y recargados de cebo cada 3-4 semanas. A los 13-16 días después de comenzada la primera administración de ciromazina la infestación se había reducido notablemente y siguió disminuyendo en las semanas siguientes. A las 4a-5a semana del intervalo sin ciromazina solamente se encontraron algunas moscas y, al terminar la segunda aplicación del producto, las moscas habían practicamente desaparecido. Cinco semanas después de terminada la administración de ciromazina, solamente se observaron algunas moscas en dos de los 14 galpones de granja

Controle de Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) em dejetos de galinhas poedeiras, por larvas de Alphitobius piceus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) / Control of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in feces of chicken egg-laying by using larvae of Alphitobius picus (Coleoptera, tenebrionidae)

El presente tabajo relata los resultados promisores obtenidos, en el laboratorio y campo, en el control de huevos y larvas de Musca domestica, usándose larvas de Alphitobius piceus (Oliver, 1792 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Educación ambiental: No la dejemos entrar: Colabore, nuestras invitadas de hoy, las moscas

La presencia de moscas hace que exista el riesgo de contaminación, ya que es un agente de transmisión de enfermedades. Se describen diferentes medidas de prevención e higiene en el ámbito doméstico

Educación ambiental: No la dejemos entrar: Colabore, nuestras invitadas de hoy, las moscas

La presencia de moscas hace que exista el riesgo de contaminación, ya que es un agente de transmisión de enfermedades. Se describen diferentes medidas de prevención e higiene en el ámbito doméstico