Fixação e regressão como conceitos fundamentais da filosofia psicanalítica declinista da história de Freud / Fixation and Regression as fundamental concepts of the declinist psychoanalytic philosophy of Freud's history / Fijación y Regresión como conceptos fundamentales de la filosofía psicoanalítica declinista de la historia de Freud / Fixation et régression comme des concepts fondamentaux de la philosophie psychanalytique décliniste de l'histoire de Freud

Resumo Este artigo reflete sobre a noção antropológica de animatismo, um estádio pré-animista da humanidade, à qual Freud recorreu em Totem e tabu. Com ela, ampliou seu objetivo de revelar a origem da religião e da moralidade, estendendo-o à origem e ao destino da humanidade. Objetivo que também perseguiu em interlocução com as teorias psiquiátricas da hereditariedade e da degeneração dos séculos XVIII e XIX. Teorias concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre outros, sumariamente apresentadas neste artigo. Por fim, este artigo também apresenta e põe em discussão algumas obras de Freud, nas quais as teorias da hereditariedade e da degeneração foram ressignificadas sob as de fixação e regressão, ampliando os fundamentos do que seria sua filosofia psicanalítica declinista da história, reveladora de um novo sentido e direção tanto para a origem, quanto para o destino da humanidade.

Abstract This article reflects on the anthropological notion of animatism, a pre-animist stage of humanity, to which Freud resorted in Totem and Taboo. With it he broadened his aim of revealing the origin of religion and morality, extending it to the origin and destiny of humanity. An objective that he also pursued in dialogue with the psychiatric theories of heredity and degeneration of the 18th and 19th centuries. Theories conceived by Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, among others, are briefly presented in this article. Finally, this article also presents and discusses some works by Freud, in which the theories of heredity and degeneration were resignified under those of fixation and regression, expanding the foundations of what would be his declinist psychoanalytic philosophy of history, revealing a new meaning and direction for both the origin and the destiny of humanity.

Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre la noción antropológica de animatismo, etapa preanimista de la humanidad, a la que recurrió Freud en Tótem y tabú. Con ella amplió su objetivo de revelar el origen de la religión y la moral, extendiéndolo al origen y destino de la humanidad. Un objetivo que también persiguió en diálogo con las teorías psiquiátricas de la herencia y la degeneración de los siglos XVIII y XIX. En este artículo se presentan brevemente las teorías concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre otros. Finalmente, este artículo también presenta y discute algunos trabajos de Freud, en los que las teorías de la herencia y la degeneración fueron resignificadas bajo las de la fijación y la regresión, ampliando los fundamentos de lo que sería su filosofía psicoanalítica declinista de la historia, revelando un nuevo sentido y dirección tanto para el origen como para el destino de la humanidad.

Résumé Cet article reflète sur la notion anthropologique d'animatisme, un stade préanimiste de l'humanité auquel Freud a fait recours dans son texte Totem et Tabu. Avec cette notion, il amplifie son objectif de révéler l'origine de la religion et de la moralité afin d'aussi aborder l'origine et le destin de l'humanité. Cet objectif a été poursuivi dans un dialogue constant avec les théories psychiatriques de l'hérédité et de la dégénérescence du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle. Les théories conçues par Tissot, Pine, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre autres, seront brièvement présentées dans cet article. Enfin, cet article propose aussi de présenter et mettre en débat quelques travaux de Freud, où les théories de l'hérédité et de la dégénération ont été resignifiées pour ce qui est des concepts de fixation et de régression, élargissant ainsi les fondements de ce qu'on pourrait appeler sa philosophie psychanalytique décliniste de l'histoire, une philosophie révélatrice d'un nouveau sens et d'une nouvelle direction concernant l'origine et le destin de l'humanité.

Role of sexual imprinting in assortative mating and premating isolation in Darwin's finches.

Global biodiversity is being degraded at an unprecedented rate, so it is important to preserve the potential for future speciation. Providing for the future requires understanding speciation as a contemporary ecological process. Phylogenetically young adaptive radiations are a good choice for detailed study because diversification is ongoing. A key question is how incipient species become reproductively isolated from each other. Barriers to gene exchange have been investigated experimentally in the laboratory and in the field, but little information exists from the quantitative study of mating patterns in nature. Although the degree to which genetic variation underlying mate-preference learning is unknown, we provide evidence that two species of Darwin's finches imprint on morphological cues of their parents and mate assortatively. Statistical evidence of presumed imprinting is stronger for sons than for daughters and is stronger for imprinting on fathers than on mothers. In combination, morphology and species-specific song learned from the father constitute a barrier to interbreeding. The barrier becomes stronger the more the species diverge morphologically and ecologically. It occasionally breaks down, and the species hybridize. Hybridization is most likely to happen when species are similar to each other in adaptive morphological traits, e.g., body size and beak size and shape. Hybridization can lead to the formation of a new species reproductively isolated from the parental species as a result of sexual imprinting. Conservation of sufficiently diverse natural habitat is needed to sustain a large sample of extant biota and preserve the potential for future speciation.

Effects of the Functional Content of Instructions on Second-Order Matching-to-Sample Performance / Efeitos do conteúdo funcional da instrução sobre o desempenho em igualação à amostra de segunda ordem / Efectos del contenido funcional de la instrucción sobre el desempeño en igualación a la muestra de segundo orden

Abstract The effect of the functional content of instructions on the acquisition, transfer and description of performance in a second order matching-to-sample task was evaluated. Twenty undergraduate students were assigned to one of four experimental groups: (a) procedural instruction at the start of the task (PStart); (b) procedural instruction in each trial (PTrial); (c) instruction referring to instances in each trial (ITrial); and (d) instruction referring to relation in each trial (RTrial). The proportion of correct attempts was analyzed, and was found to be higher in the ITrial and RTrial groups for the training phase, and for the PStart, PTrial and RTrial groups in the extra-instance and extra-modal transfer test, as well as for the ITrial group in the extra-relational test; the larger number of accurate performance descriptions was observed in the RTrial group. These results show that abstract stimulus control can be presented either by way of transfer of functions throughout instructions, or by differentiation of positive and negative cases of the contingencies, which is enhanced by the concurrent presence of the instruction and the stimulus array.

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito do conteúdo funcional da instrução sobre a aquisição, transferência e descrição da execução numa tarefa de igualação à amostra de segunda ordem. Foram designados vinte estudantes de psicologia a um de quatro grupos experimentais: (a) instrução procedimental ao início da tarefa (PInício); (b) instrução procedimental em cada ensaio (PEnsaio); (c) instrução referida a instâncias em cada ensaio (IEnsaio), e (d) instrução referida à relação em cada ensaio (REnsaio). Analisou-se a proporção de acertos, a qual foi superior nos grupos IEnsaio e REnsaio na fase de treinamento, para os grupos PInício, PEnsaio e REnsaio em testes de transferência extrainstância e extramodal, e para o grupo IEnsaio em testes de transferência extrarrelacional; a maior quantidade de descrições adequadas de execução se apresentou no grupo REnsaio. Esses resultados mostram que o controle abstrato do estímulo pode ser apresentado tanto por transferência de função por meio de instruções quanto por diferenciação de casos positivos e negativos das contingências, o que se vê potencializado pela presença simultânea da instrução e do acordo estimulativo.

Resumen En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto del contenido funcional de la instrucción sobre la adquisición, transferencia y descripción de la ejecución en una tarea de igualación a la muestra de segundo orden. Se asignaron veinte estudiantes de psicología a uno de cuatro grupos experimentales: (a) instrucción procedimental al inicio de la tarea (PInicio); (b) instrucción procedimental en cada ensayo (PEnsayo); (c) instrucción referida a instancias en cada ensayo (IEnsayo); y (d) instrucción referida a relación en cada ensayo (REnsayo). Se analizó la proporción de aciertos, la cual fue superior en los grupos IEnsayo y REnsayo en la fase de entrenamiento, para los grupos PInicio, PEnsayo y REnsayo en pruebas de transferencia extrainstancia y extramodal, y para el grupo IEnsayo en pruebas de transferencia extrarelacional; la mayor cantidad de descripciones adecuadas de ejecución se presentó en el grupo REnsayo. Estos resultados muestran que el control abstracto del estímulo se puede presentar tanto por transferencia de función a través de instrucciones como por diferenciación de casos positivos y negativos de las contingencias, lo cual se ve potenciado por la presencia concurrente de la instrucción y el arreglo estimulativo.

Mecanismos neuronales en el modelo cognitivo de depresión de Beck / Neural Mechanisms in Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression

El modelo cognitivo de la depresión que fuera formulado por Beck hace más de 40 años se fundamentaba en procesamientos sesgados de la atención, memoria y el pensamiento, con rumiación y desvíos hacia los llamados “pensamientos negativos repetitivos”, como jugando roles primarios en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la depresión. En 2011, el propio Beck y sus colaboradores hacen un resumen de los hallazgos referentes a los mecanismos neurales que subyacen a los aspectos cognitivos de la depresión. Sin embargo, sólo se consideran aquellos aspectos referentes al procesamiento cognitivo sin hacer lo mismo con el procesamiento emocional que es el endofenotipo nuclear del trastorno depresivo y se refleja en la lectura de las emociones por el cerebro emocional y la corteza de la ínsula según el esquema de Damasio actualizado por Craig (14), que deberá tenerse en cuenta como la base fundamental de las terapias cognitivo/conductuales y las cognitivo/emocionales junto al necesario tratamiento farmacológico, adecuadamente complementados en tiempo y forma

The cognitive model of depression, which was formulated by Beck more than 40 years ago, was grounded on biased processings of attention, memory and thought, with rumination and deviations towards the so-called "negative repetitive thoughts", as playing primry roles in the development and maintenance of depression. In 2011, Beck himself, as well as his collaborators, summarized the findings concerning the neural mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of depression. However, only those aspects relating to the cognitive processing are considered and not the emotional processing that is the nuclear endophenotype of depressive disorder and is reflected in the reading of emotions by the brain and the insular cortex, according to Damasio's scheme updated by Craig (14), which should be considered the fundamental basis of cognitive/behavioral therapies and cognitive/emotional therapies together with the necessary pharmacological treatment, adequately complimented in due time and forma

Mecanismos neuronales en el modelo cognitivo de depresión de Beck / Neural Mechanisms in Becks Cognitive Model of Depression

El modelo cognitivo de la depresión que fuera formulado por Beck hace más de 40 años se fundamentaba en procesamientos sesgados de la atención, memoria y el pensamiento, con rumiación y desvíos hacia los llamados ôpensamientos negativos repetitivosö, como jugando roles primarios en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la depresión. En 2011, el propio Beck y sus colaboradores hacen un resumen de los hallazgos referentes a los mecanismos neurales que subyacen a los aspectos cognitivos de la depresión. Sin embargo, sólo se consideran aquellos aspectos referentes al procesamiento cognitivo sin hacer lo mismo con el procesamiento emocional que es el endofenotipo nuclear del trastorno depresivo y se refleja en la lectura de las emociones por el cerebro emocional y la corteza de la ínsula según el esquema de Damasio actualizado por Craig (14), que deberá tenerse en cuenta como la base fundamental de las terapias cognitivo/conductuales y las cognitivo/emocionales junto al necesario tratamiento farmacológico, adecuadamente complementados en tiempo y forma (AU)

The cognitive model of depression, which was formulated by Beck more than 40 years ago, was grounded on biased processings of attention, memory and thought, with rumination and deviations towards the so-called "negative repetitive thoughts", as playing primry roles in the development and maintenance of depression. In 2011, Beck himself, as well as his collaborators, summarized the findings concerning the neural mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of depression. However, only those aspects relating to the cognitive processing are considered and not the emotional processing that is the nuclear endophenotype of depressive disorder and is reflected in the reading of emotions by the brain and the insular cortex, according to Damasios scheme updated by Craig (14), which should be considered the fundamental basis of cognitive/behavioral therapies and cognitive/emotional therapies together with the necessary pharmacological treatment, adequately complimented in due time and forma (AU)

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure affects maternal behavior and male offspring sexual behavior in adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on the maternal behavior of pregnant rats and the physical development and sexual behavior of their male offspring in adulthood. METHODS: For two experiments, pregnant rats were injected with LPS (250 microg/kg, i.p.) on gestation day (GD) 21. In the first experiment, the maternal behavior (postnatal day, PND, 6) and the dam's open-field general activity (PND7) were evaluated. In the second experiment, the maternal pre- and postnatal parameters, the pup's development, the offspring's sexual behavior in adulthood, and the pup's organ weights were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the LPS-treated dams presented reduced maternal behavior, decreased general activity, a smaller body weight difference between GD21 and PND1, a greater number of perinatal deaths, and smaller litters. For the male pups, LPS treatment resulted in a decreased body weight on PND2, whereas the anogenital distance and the day of testis descent were not modified. The male sexual behavior was impaired by prenatal LPS. Particularly the number of ejaculating animals was reduced. The testis weight was also lower in the prenatally LPS-treated rats than in the control rats. CONCLUSION: We propose that prenatal LPS exposure on GD21 acts as an imprinting factor that interferes with the programming of brain sexual determination in offspring.

Regional and cellular distribution of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C in the chick forebrain and its role in neonatal learning.

The juvenile brain's pronounced synaptic plasticity in response to early experience and learning events is related to the fact that the genetically pre-programmed molecular machinery mediating neuronal development and synapse formation, is activated throughout postnatal brain development and thereby can be recruited for learning and long-term memory formation. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that tenascin-C, one candidate molecule which we suspect to be involved in neonatal learning, is expressed in the forebrain of domestic chicks around the sensitive period during which auditory filial imprinting takes place. The involvement of tenascin-C in this juvenile learning task was tested by injections of monoclonal antibodies directed to distinct domains of the tenascin-C molecule into the avian prefrontal cortex analog, the medio-rostral nidopallium/mesopallium (formerly termed medio-rostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale), a forebrain area which has been shown to be critically involved in auditory filial imprinting. Injections of monoclonal antibody Tn 68, which is directed against a cell-binding domain of the tenascin-C molecule, strongly reduced the imprinting rate, as opposed to injections of the monoclonal antibody Tn 578, which binds to a domain involved in neurite outgrowth. Double labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that tenascin-C is associated with neurons which express the Ca(2+)-binding protein parvalbumin, and displays a staining pattern highly reminiscent of perineuronal nets of the extracellular matrix. These results indicate that a distinct domain of tenascin-C is functionally involved in the juvenile learning process of filial imprinting and further suggest a critical role of a specific neuronal subpopulation.

Formacion de clases funcionales utilizando un entrenamiento de condicionamiento clasico / Formation of functional classes by using a classical conditioning training procedure

Aquellos estímulos que señalan una misma consecuencia son considerados equivalentes y sustituibles, porque desempeñan una misma función. Cuando esto sucede, se dice que se ha formado una clase funcional (Goldiamond, 1967). Se llevó a cabo un experimento con el fin de demostrar la formación de clases en términos de contingencias. Se trató de averiguar si aquellos estímulos que mantengan un mismo tipo de contingencia con la consecuencia, también se convierten en miembros de una clase funcional. Para ello se utilizó un procedimiento de entrenamiento con un resultado o consecuencia con distintos tipos de contingencia, convirtiéndose en estímulos excitatorios, neutros o inhibitorios. Los participantes fueron 20 estudiantes universitarios, 10 varones y 10 mujeres, entre los 18 y los 26 años de edad. Para probar si habían formado clases de estímulos en función de la contingencia se utilizaron discriminaciones condicionales, procedimiento típico tanto para el entrenamiento como para la prueba en la formación de clases de equivalencias (Sidman y Tailby, 1982). Por último los participantes fueron evaluados mediante una escala numérica, que es una medida típica en tareas de juicios de contingencias. En los resultados de la prueba se manifiesta por lo tanto si las atribuciones causales formadas por los participantes dan lugar a la formación de clases funcionales

A quantitative immuno-electron microscopic study of dopamine terminals in forebrain regions of the domestic chick involved in filial imprinting.

The mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale and neostriatum dorsocaudale of the domestic chick are crucially involved in filial imprinting and are major targets of mesotelencephalic dopaminergic projections. To better understand the functional role of dopamine in these forebrain regions, the ultrastructure of dopamine terminals was studied by serial section electron microscopy using immunohistochemical labeling with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine. At light as well as electron microscopic level, dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were present at moderate densities in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale and high densities in the neostriatum dorsocaudale. The frequency of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive profiles per unit area was significantly higher in the neostriatum dorsocaudale than in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale. In both regions, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals were relatively small, with mean areas of 0.55 microm(2) in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale and 0.48 microm(2) in the neostriatum dorsocaudale. The majority of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive synapses were symmetrical (83% in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale, 75% in the neostriatum dorsocaudale) as opposed to asymmetrical (17 and 25%, respectively), but there were also tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals which lacked clear synaptic specializations. The preferred targets of the synaptic tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals were dendritic shafts (64% in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale, 63% in the neostriatum dorsocaudale) and less frequently dendritic spines (17 and 23%, respectively) or perikarya (19 and 14%, respectively). In both forebrain regions, immunoreactive terminals were often found in close apposition to unstained terminals making asymmetrical synapses. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ultrastructural features of dopamine terminals in the avian telencephalon are very similar to those described in mammals and that dopamine may exert its effects primarily by modulating excitatory inputs.

Memoria explícita e implícita en anestesia general / Explicit and implicit memory in general anesthesia

Introducción: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, exploratorio y ciego para valorar la incidencia de memoria durante la anestesia general, se consideró memoria implícita como la información en memoria que no tiene recuerdo consciente, y como memoria explícita a la información retenida conscientemente. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de memoria implícita y/o explícita en un grupo de pacientes que se sometieron a colecistectomía abierta durante anestesia general balanceada, en quirófanos centrales del Hospital General de México. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 31 pacientes ASA I-II que se sometieron a anestesia general balanceada, sin medicación preanestésica. La inducción con citrato de fentanyl y tiopental; relajación con bromuro de vecuronio y mantenimiento con 02 al 100 por ciento e isoflurano. Se registró la frecuencia cardiaca y tensión arterial. Durante la incisión de peritoneo se colocaron audífonos en todos los pacientes con una narración breve de un cuento infantil. Posteriormente, cuando el paciente se encontraba sin los efectos de anestésicos, se evalúo la memoria implícita y la memoria explícita. Resultados: En 30 pacientes la respuesta fue negativa a todas las preguntas intencionadas de memoria explícita y sólo un sujeto respondió en forma positiva a la evaluación memoria implícita. Conclusiones: Se encontró una incidencia de 3.2 por ciento de memoria implícita en la muestra de la población estudiada. Las funciones cerebrales superiores deben ser evaluadas en todo paciente que se somete a procedimientos con anestesia general, si lo hacemos, nosotros podremos disminuir la incidencia de memoria, recuerdo y despertar transoperatorio.

Comentarios y precisiones sobre el artículo de Telmo Peña: "Algunas insuficiencias del análisis experimental del comportamiento en la explicación del comportamiento humano" / Commentaries and precisions on Telmo Peña's article: Some insufficiencies of experimental analysis of behavior in dealing with human behavior

El artículo de Pena (1999) publicado en un número anterior de esta misma revista posee una serie de puntos controversiales respecto del Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento (en adelante AEC). Sin embargo, las críticas se dirigen principalmente a la obra de Skinner en su tratamiento de la conducta verbal, así como a las propuestas posteriores de equivalencia de estímulos y marcos relacionales. Por otra parte, Peña presenta la propuesta de Ribes como una alternativa, pero conviene entender que dicha propuesta se basa, a su vez, en los mismos puntos de partida de las críticas al conductismo “tradicional y sus conceptos derivados del paradigma reflejo” (Peña 1999, p. 59), así como en el interconductismo de Cantor (Ribes, 1986). Este artículo pretende precisar algunos de los ejes centrales de las críticas planteadas por Peña (1999) a la luz de los escritos skinnerianos y de otros autores contemporáneos dentro del conductismo radical y otras corrientes del AEC (Day, 21970; Chiesa, 1994; Morris, 1984, 1998, 1999; DelPrato & Midgley, 1992; Moore, 1995, entre otros). De igual forma , identificar algunas de las condiciones que han favorecido el mantenimiento de concepciones equivocadas respecto de las postura Skinner con el fin de no continuar reproduciendo modelos que impiden el progreso de la psicología y del AEC en particular, al menos en nuestro medio.

Persistencia de los efectos cognitivos de la estimulación temprana evaluados a través de un modelo animal / Persistence of cognitive effects of an early stimulation evaluated through an animal model

Human and animal studies have clearly demonstrated the advantageous effects of sensorially enriched rearing environments. Nevertheless, little work has been done concerning the long-lasting persistence of all these behavioral modifications. To undertake this question, a very early enrichment animal model was used. From days 10 to 24 after birth, 28 male albino rats were exposed to a multisensory stimulated environment, while other 28 littermates constituted the control group. At 3 and 6 months old two cognitive abilities were analyzed: the spatial working memory (short term memory) and the latent learning capacity (long term memory). The results evidenced an improved working memory in both 3 and 6 months old rats exposed to the early enriched environment. Moreover, the adult early stimulated group performed as well as younger subjects both on error scores and speed to solve this test. Only in adult group of rats a superior latent learning capacity of stimulated subjects was evidenced. To conclude, the early enriched environment induced: a) persistent cognitive benefits in the adult rat and b) a more relevant influence on the subsequeny behavior of older rather than younger subjects

Chick imprinting performance and susceptibility to acute stress associated to flunitrazepam receptor increase.

One-day-old chicks were selected on their performance in imprinting behaviour and termed high-imprinted (H-I), partially imprinted (P-I) and low-imprinted (L-I) chicks. Then, H-I and L-I chicks were submitted to acute handling stress and [3H]flunitrazepam receptor-binding was performed on synaptosomal membranes from forebrain at various times after handling. The receptor number significantly increased in L-I but not in H-I chicks at 30 min after handling while the affinity remained unchanged at all times. In addition, when the three selected groups were maintained to reach 15 days of age and then they were submitted to acute swimming stress, the degree of receptor increase was also inversely related to the degree of imprinting performance. The receptor increase associated to swimming stress was higher in the left hemisphere, suggesting an interhemispheric asymmetry of stress effects. The results suggest that more-imprinted chicks are less susceptible than less-imprinted chicks to acute stress associated to central benzodiazepine receptor increase, probably due to differences in the degree of endogenous emotionality.

O paciente desmotivado: perspectivas de tratamento: relato de um caso de psicoterapia / Demotivated patient: perspectives of treatment: report of a psychotherapic case

O paciente gravemente desmotivado é entendido como portador de uma fixaçäo regressiva a nível passivo-oral e de uma severa restriçäo do funcionamento do Ego. O fenômeno é enfocado como resultado de uma falha na própria estrutura da personalidade, ao invés de ser entendido como um sintoma neurótico decorrente de um conflito intrapsíquico. Como manifestaçäo clínica que se no âmbito da "falta básica", segundo expressäo de M. Balint, a abordagem psicoterápica sofrerá algumas adaptaçöes necessárias ao manejo deste tipo de paciente. O presente trabalho procura chamar a atençäo para este tipo peculiar de compreensäo do estado crônico de desmotivaçäo e apontar algumas perspectivas no tocante ao tratamento psicoterápico