Prevalencia de Anomalías Dentomaxilares y Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico en Escolares del Pueblo Originario Rapa Nui / Prevalence of Dentomaxillary Anomalies and Need for Orthodontic Treatment in School Children of the Rapa Nui Native People

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares y la necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y no probabilístico. Se evaluaron 85 alumnos entre primero básico y primero medio, entre los 6 y 16 años de edad, de dos colegios de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un examen clínico estandarizado, realizado por dos investigadores previamente calibrados, donde se completó una ficha clínica diseñada para el estudio. Para el análisis de las anomalías dentomaxilares se realizó un escaneo digital de la cavidad oral completa para su posterior análisis. De 85 estudiantes evaluados, 75 (88,2 %) se encontraban afectados por algún tipo de anomalía dentomaxilar en el plano sagital, vertical y/o transversal, independiente de su gravedad. Un 87,1 % de los estudiantes necesitan tratamiento ortodóncico según el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico, de los cuales un 57,7, % se clasificó dentro de los rangos de moderado, grave y muy grave. Existe una alta prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares en los escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario Rapa Nui, encontrándose por sobre las cifras nacionales como internacionales, lo cual da como resultado que la mayoría de los alumnos evaluados necesiten de algún tipo tratamiento ortodóncico, ya sea preventivo, interceptivo y/o correctivo.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies and the need for orthodontic treatment in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people. A descriptive, observational, cross- sectional and non-probabilistic study was carried out. Eighty- five students between first grade and first middle school, between 6 and 16 years of age, from two schools of Rapa Nui were evaluated. A standardized clinical examination was performed by two previously calibrated investigators, where a clinical record designed for the study was completed. For the analysis of dentomaxillary anomalies, a digital scan of the full mouth was performed for subsequent analysis. Of 85 students evaluated, 75 (88.2 %) were affected by some type of dentomaxillary anomaly in the sagittal, vertical and/or transversal plane, regardless of its severity. Some 87.1 % of the students needed orthodontic treatment according to the Orthodontic Treatment Need Index, of which 57.7 % were classified within the moderate, severe and very severe ranges. There is a high prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people, which is above the national and international figures, resulting in the majority of the students evaluated needing some type of orthodontic treatment, whether preventive, interceptive and/or corrective.

Association Between Psychosocial Status and Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Indonesian High School Students

Abstract Objective: To determine whether psychosocial status is associated with orthodontic treatment needs in high school students using the Psychosocial Impact of the Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and the Index of Orthodontic Need (IOTN). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 95 adolescents, both genders, aged 15-17 years old. PIDAQ was used to assess psychosocial status. The IOTN Aesthetic Component (IOTN-AC) and the IOTN Dental Health Component (DHC) was used to assess treatment needs. Examination of the oral cavity was carried out with the help of the IOTN ruler by observing the MOCDO components: missing teeth, overjet, crossbite, displacement, and overbite. The Chi-square test was used to determine the association of psychosocial status and orthodontic treatment need. The reliability test was carried out by using Cronbach's Alpha test (0.978). Results: There was an association between psychosocial status and orthodontic treatment need based on the IOTN-AC (p=0.001) and between psychosocial status and orthodontic treatment need based on the IOTN-DHC (p=0.140). Conclusion: There is an association between psychosocial status based on the PIDAQ and subjective orthodontic treatment need based on the IOTN-AC, but there is no association between psychosocial status based on the PIDAQ and objective orthodontic treatment need based on the IOTN-DHC in students of SMAN 27 Jakarta.

La necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico desde un perfil bibliométrico / Need of orthodontic treatment from a bibliometric profile

Introducción: las maloclusiones dentarias son anomalías dentomaxilofaciales muy frecuentes en la población mundial. Existe información registrada acerca de la aplicación de índices epidemiológicos para identificar las necesidades de tratamiento ortodóncico. Objetivo: identificar la producción científica donde se apliquen índices de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2013. La búsqueda de la información requerida fue realizada en las bases de datos Medline/Pub Med y en SciELO Regional. Los datos fueron registrados de acuerdo con los periodos comprendidos entre 1975-1993, 1994-2003 y por último 2004-2013. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 439 resúmenes y/o artículos obtenidos, de los cuales 334 integraron la muestra, al cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: en el periodo de 1975-1993 se detectaron 24 artículos (7,2 por ciento); durante 1994-2003, 98 (29,3 por ciento) y en los años 2004-2013, 212 (63,5 por ciento). Los trabajos que incluyeron un solo índice fueron 273 (81,7 por ciento), combinados en pares, 49 (14,7 por ciento) y en tres o más, 12 (3,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: en el primer periodo analizado los índices más aplicados fueron: Índice de Tratamiento Prioritario, Índice de Estética Dental y el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico. En el segundo y tercer periodo prevaleció el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico, con incrementos en la aplicación individual de su Componente Estético y el Clínico Dental. En general, este índice fue el más aplicado, tanto solo como en combinaciones, seguido del Índice de Estética Dental(AU)

Introduction: dental malocclusions are dentomaxilofacial anomalies which are found very frequently in the world population. There is registered information about the application of epidemiological indexes to identify the orthodontic treatment needs. Objective: to identify the scientific production where the indexes of orthodontic treatment needs are applied. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out from January to December 2013. The required information was found in Medline, PubMed and Regional Scielo databases. The data were taken in the following periods: 1975-1993, 1994-2003 and 2004-2013. The universe of study consisted of 439 abstracts and/or articles from which 334 were selected for the sample after meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: in the 1975-1993 period, 24 articles (7.2 percent) were identified, 98 articles (29.3 percent) in the 1994-2003 period and 212 (63.5 percent) from 2004 to 2013. The papers comprising just one index amounted to 273 (81.73 percent), two indexes combined in 49 (14.7 percent) and 3 or more in 12 (3.6 percent). Conclusions: in the first analyzed period, the most used indexes were priority orthodontic treatment index; dental esthetic index, index of orthodontic treatment need. During the second and third periods, the index of orthodontic treatment need prevailed with increased individual application of its esthetic component and the dental clinical component too. In general, this index was the most used alone or in combination, followed by the dental esthetic index(AU)

La necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico desde un perfil bibliométrico / Need of orthodontic treatment from a bibliometric profile

Introducción: las maloclusiones dentarias son anomalías dentomaxilofaciales muy frecuentes en la población mundial. Existe información registrada acerca de la aplicación de índices epidemiológicos para identificar las necesidades de tratamiento ortodóncico. Objetivo: identificar la producción científica donde se apliquen índices de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2013. La búsqueda de la información requerida fue realizada en las bases de datos Medline/Pub Med y en SciELO Regional. Los datos fueron registrados de acuerdo con los periodos comprendidos entre 1975-1993, 1994-2003 y por último 2004-2013. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 439 resúmenes y/o artículos obtenidos, de los cuales 334 integraron la muestra, al cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: en el periodo de 1975-1993 se detectaron 24 artículos (7,2 por ciento); durante 1994-2003, 98 (29,3 por ciento) y en los años 2004-2013, 212 (63,5 por ciento). Los trabajos que incluyeron un solo índice fueron 273 (81,7 por ciento), combinados en pares, 49 (14,7 por ciento) y en tres o más, 12 (3,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: en el primer periodo analizado los índices más aplicados fueron: Índice de Tratamiento Prioritario, Índice de Estética Dental y el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico. En el segundo y tercer periodo prevaleció el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico, con incrementos en la aplicación individual de su Componente Estético y el Clínico Dental. En general, este índice fue el más aplicado, tanto solo como en combinaciones, seguido del Índice de Estética Dental(AU)

Introduction: dental malocclusions are dentomaxilofacial anomalies which are found very frequently in the world population. There is registered information about the application of epidemiological indexes to identify the orthodontic treatment needs Objective: to identify the scientific production where the indexes of orthodontic treatment needs are applied.Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out from January to December 2013. The required information was found in Medline, PubMed and Regional Scielo databases. The data were taken in the following periods: 1975-1993, 1994-2003 and 2004-2013. The universe of study consisted of 439 abstracts and/or articles from which 334 were selected for the sample after meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: in the 1975-1993 period, 24 articles (7.2 percent) were identified, 98 articles (29.3 percent) in the 1994-2003 period and 212 (63.5 percent) from 2004 to 2013. The papers comprising just one index amounted to 273 (81.73 percent), two indexes combined in 49 (14.7 percent) and 3 or more in 12 (3.6 pecent).Conclusions: in the first analyzed period, the most used indexes were priority orthodontic treatment index; dental esthetic index, index of orthodontic treatment need. During the second and third periods, the index of orthodontic treatment need prevailed with increased individual application of its esthetic component and the dental clinical component too. In general, this index was the most used alone or in combination, followed by the dental esthetic index(AU)

Three-dimensional photographs for determining the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need in scientific studies.

INTRODUCTION: Plaster casts as the medium for data collection in orthodontic studies pose disadvantages. In this study, we aimed to assess the validity and reliability of using 3-dimensional (3D) photographs instead of plaster casts to determine the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) score. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from the clinical records of 91 subjects. The IOTN grades were independently determined first from plaster casts, then from 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D photographs only, and then from 2D and 3D photographs combined with radiographs. IOTN grade agreement was assessed using kappa statistics and percentages of agreement. RESULTS: The percentages of agreement between both photographic sets and the plaster casts varied among the different occlusal traits from 63.7% to 93.4%. Agreement between the IOTN grades obtained from 2D and 3D photographs only and the IOTN grades obtained from plaster casts was fair (K = 0.35). The reliability of using 2D and 3D photographs instead of plaster casts was improved when those were combined with radiographs. CONCLUSIONS: In general terms, orthodontic treatment need can be assessed from 2D and 3D pictures; however, the individual occlusal traits are sufficiently assessed only when these pictures are combined with radiographs. Plaster casts remain the preferred method compared with 3D pictures for assessment of the IOTN.

Self-perceived need for dental treatment and related factors. A cross-sectional population-based study.

This study compared adolescents' self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment with the normative need for such treatment and investigated associations between socioeconomic and demographic variables and self-perceptions of dental malocclusion. This cross-sectional study involved 1015 schoolchildren aged 12-15 years in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The following data were collected using a questionnaire and an orthodontic examination card: demographic and identifying data, socioeconomic data, educational levels of family, household income, economic classification criteria, and self-reported skin color behavioral data, and oral health data. Normative occlusal condition was examined using the Angle classification and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test (to analyze differences in the frequency distribuition of qualitative variables) and Poisson regression (to stimate associations between the perceived need of orthodontic treatment and study covariates), with a 5% significance level. Schoolchildren's self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment was associated with sex (p = 0.022) and the normative need for treatment (p = 0.004). Among socioeconomic, demographic, and oral health variables, only sex [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.04-1.28; p = 0.009] and the normative need for orthodontic treatment (PR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.08-1.32; p < 0.001) were associated with the perception of malocclusion, with female adolescents reporting a greater need for orthodontic treatment. Female adolescents seems to be more sensitive to oral health problems. The results suggest that the DAI score might reflect a self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment and the Angle classification might overestimate the orthodontic treatment need.

Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the functional needs of orthognathic patients treated in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using 2011-2015 records of 103 patients [58 female, 45 males, 16-45 years, mean (SD) age = 23.47 (6.44) years] who had orthognathic surgery. Malocclusion type (incisor classification), sagittal skeletal pattern (ANB angle), IOFTN score, and Dental Health Component of the IOTN [IOTN (DHC)] were recorded. RESULT: Overall, 92.2% and 82.5% of subjects scored 4 or 5 for IOFTN and IOTN (DHC), respectively, and no gender differences detected for both indices (P > 0.05). Gender differences detected for malocclusions/skeletal patterns (P < 0.05). Class III malocclusions (45.6%) and Class II skeletal patterns (51.5%) were the most prevalent type. Subjects with Class I, Class II, and Class III sagittal skeletal bases formed 4.8%, 51.5%, and 43.7% of the sample, respectively. IOFTN score of 5.3 (reverse OJ ≥ 3 mm, 27.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by 4.2(19.4%), 4.3(13.6%), 4.10 (12.6%), and 5.2 (8.7%). Subjects with Class III sagittal skeletal patterns or malocclusions had higher percentages of grade 5 IOFTN scores (62.2% and 59.6%), compared to Class II sagittal skeletal patterns or malocclusions (18.9% and 21.2%) and the distribution of functional needs between malocclusions or sagittal skeletal patterns were different (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: IOFTN identified 92.2% of orthognathic surgery patients as having great and very great functional needs and appeared to be reliable tool to identify patients in need of orthognathic surgery. Higher percentages of Class III subjects scored grade 5 of IOFTN, indicating higher functional need for orthognathic surgery in this group.

Self-perceived need for dental treatment and related factors. A cross-sectional population-based study

Abstract This study compared adolescents' self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment with the normative need for such treatment and investigated associations between socioeconomic and demographic variables and self-perceptions of dental malocclusion. This cross-sectional study involved 1015 schoolchildren aged 12-15 years in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The following data were collected using a questionnaire and an orthodontic examination card: demographic and identifying data, socioeconomic data, educational levels of family, household income, economic classification criteria, and self-reported skin color behavioral data, and oral health data. Normative occlusal condition was examined using the Angle classification and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test (to analyze differences in the frequency distribuition of qualitative variables) and Poisson regression (to stimate associations between the perceived need of orthodontic treatment and study covariates), with a 5% significance level. Schoolchildren's self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment was associated with sex (p = 0.022) and the normative need for treatment (p = 0.004). Among socioeconomic, demographic, and oral health variables, only sex [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.04-1.28; p = 0.009] and the normative need for orthodontic treatment (PR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.08-1.32; p < 0.001) were associated with the perception of malocclusion, with female adolescents reporting a greater need for orthodontic treatment. Female adolescents seems to be more sensitive to oral health problems. The results suggest that the DAI score might reflect a self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment and the Angle classification might overestimate the orthodontic treatment need.

Early orthodontic treatment: a new index to assess the risk of malocclusion in primary dentition.

AIM: A new index targeted on the risk of malocclusions in primary dentition, called Baby-ROMA (Risk Of Malocclusion Assessment) index, was set up to assess risks/benefits in early orthodontic therapies. The Baby-ROMA index was designed from the observation that some of the malocclusion signs, observed in primary dentition, can worsen with growth, others remain the same over time and others can even improve. Therefore it would be important to classify the malocclusions observed at an early stage on a risk- based scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The reliability of the index was tested on 200 children, referred by their paediatricians to two different Orthodontic Departments, aged 4-6 years and in full primary dentition. The children were evaluated by two operators, both trained and calibrated on the use of the Baby-ROMA index. RESULTS: The K test showed a high reproducibility of the index. It is shown that 50% of patients presented malocclusion and crossbite had the highest prevalence, followed by tooth decay and early loss of deciduous teeth and negative overjet. CONCLUSION: The Baby-ROMA index was helpful to assess the severity of malocclusion and the timing for orthodontic treatment in very young patients (primary teeth).

Necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en escolares: aplicación del índice de prioridad de tratamiento de Shaw / The need for orthodontic treatment in school-age children: application of Shaws treatment priority index

Fundamento: considerando la importancia de los trastornos de la oclusión desde el punto de vista de la salud del aparato estomatognático, es necesario definir con claridad los aspectos que conduzcan al logro de una oclusión dentaria funcional y estable.Objetivo: determinar la presencia de maloclusiones en la población objeto de estudio para establecer prioridades de tratamiento de los pacientes afectados.Métodos: investigación descriptiva, correlacional realizada en niños de cinco a once años de la escuela Antonio Maceo Grajales, del Área II del municipio de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido entre junio del 2010 julio 2011. El universo estuvo constituido por 702 educandos del que se seleccionó una muestra probabilística estratificada de 210 escolares. Se les realizó examen clínico en dicha institución, se revisó la oclusión y se recogieron los datos en encuestas confeccionadas al efecto; a partir de estos se estableció un orden de prioridad para el tratamiento de las maloclusiones. Se determinó la percepción que tienen los niños encuestados acerca de sus anomalías empleando un patrón comparativo.Resultados: la frecuencia de maloclusión fue de 53,8 por ciento con un predominio del sexo masculino. Las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales más frecuentes fueron: resalte aumentado, cierre bilabial anormal y el sobrepase aumentado. Al aplicar el índice Shaw se determinó que solo 53 pacientes pueden ser atendidos en el nivel primario.Conclusiones: la aplicación del índice Shaw brindó información útil para establecer la prioridad de tratamiento y comparar la percepción que tienen los niños sobre su maloclusión con las necesidades reales de tratamiento(AU)

Background: it is necessary to clearly define the aspects that lead to a functional and stable dental occlusion, given the impact of occlusion disorders on the stomatognathic system.Objectives: to determine the presence of malocclusion in the study population in order to prioritize treatment of affected patients. Methods: a correlational descriptive study was conducted in children aged five to eleven years from the Antonio Maceo Grajales School in the Area II of the municipality of Cienfuegos during June 2010 - July 2011. The universe consisted of 702 students, from which a stratified probability sample of 210 children was selected. The clinical examination was performed in this institution, the occlusion was checked and data were collected in surveys designed for this purpose, resulting in the establishment of a priority order for treating malocclusions. The respondents' perceptions about their disorders were determined using a comparative pattern.Results: the frequency of malocclusion was 53.8 percent; males predominated. The most frequent dentomaxillofacial abnormalities were: increased overjet, abnormal bilabial closure and increased overbite. By applying Shaws index, it was found that only 53 patients could be treated in primary care.Conclusions: the application of Shaws index provided useful information to prioritize treatment and to compare childrens perceptions about their malocclusion with real need for treatment(AU)

Comparison of normative methods and the sociodental approach to assessing orthodontic treatment needs in 12-year-old schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: To compare normative methods of orthodontic treatment need with the sociodental approach in 12-year-old students and correlate the normative measures of malocclusion with the impact of oral health on daily activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 201 12-year-old students was conducted in the city of Manaus, Brazil. The normative orthodontic treatment need was determined by oral clinical examination using two occlusal indices, the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), comprising the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC ), and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). The sociodental approach combined normative measures (IOTN and DAI), the impact of malocclusion on daily activities (Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances index, Child-OIDP) and propensity- related orthodontic treatment assessment. The normative method and the sociodental approach of orthodontic treatment needs assessment were compared using the McNemar test. The association between the impact of malocclusion on daily activities and normative orthodontic need was tested using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: The frequency of individuals with normative need according to IOTN/DHC (24.9%) and DAI (42.3%) was statistically higher when compared with the sociodental approach (<= 4.5%) (P < 0.001). The sociodental approach provided different results using IOTN/DHC (1.5%) and DAI (4.5%) (P < 0.001). The magnitude of normative need was associated with the impact of malocclusion on children's daily activities. CONCLUSION: Substantial reductions in normative need estimates for orthodontic treatment were observed using the sociodental approach. The sociodental approach for orthodontic treatment needs can optimise the use of resources in oral health services.

Comments on: Cardoso, C.F.; Drummond, A.F.; Lages, E.M.B.; Pretti, H.; Ferreira, E.F.; Abreu, M.H.N.G. The Dental Aesthetic Index and Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need as Tools in Epidemiological Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3277-3286.

In regard to the article entitled "The Dental Aesthetic Index and Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need as Tools in Epidemiological Studies" by Cardoso et al. [1] which checks the validity and agreement of two scales for orthodontic treatment need, we would like to draw your attention to a number of discrepancies in the design and methodology which have affected the results. [...].

An appraisal and comparison of three methods of selecting patients for orthodontic treatment.

AIM: The selection of patients for orthodontic treatment is necessary where third party payment occurs. Selection can be based on one of several systems and in this report three methods are compared. METHODS: The examination was performed on a population of 790 Polish children with a mean age of 12 years and 2 months. In this report three methods of assessment are used. The authors' specific method relates malocclusion to the estimated risk of problems arising as a result of the malocclusion itself. The IOTN score system assesses the severity of different aspects of malocclusion, thus dividing patients into 5 groups. The DAL index quantifies the aesthetic appearance of the mouth. RESULTS: The results show that using our specific method, approximately 23% of patients should undergo treatment. The figure is approximately the same using the IOTN, though there is a slight difference in the actual patients chosen. The DAI results in an entirely different orthodontic treatment need. CONCLUSION: Our specific method is highly recommended.

The Dental Aesthetic Index and dental health component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need as tools in epidemiological studies.

The present study assesses the validity and reproducibility of two occlusal indices for epidemiological studies--the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (DHC-IOTN) for the identification of orthodontic treatment needs. The total of 131 study models was examined by an examiner (orthodontic specialist) for the determination of the DAI and DHC-IOTN. Thirty days later, further assessment was performed to determine the reproducibility. The duration of each exam was measured in seconds with a stopwatch. The indices were compared by a panel of three experts in orthodontics to evaluate validity. The intra-examiner reliability evaluation resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 for the DAI (95% CI = 0.64 to 1.0) and 0.87 for the DHC-IOTN (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.96). The time spent on the evaluation of the DHC-IOTN was less than the time spent on that of the DAI (P < 0.001). The accuracy of the indices, as reflected by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, was 61% for the DAI (95% CI = 51 to 70; p = 0.037) and 67% for the DHC-IOTN (95% CI = 58 to 77; p = 0.001). Both indices presented good reproducibility and validity.