A Video-Based, Case-Control Study of Factors Associated With Intraosseous Catheterization During Pediatric Resuscitation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Factors associated with intraosseous (IO) catheterization are not well described. Our objective is to identify factors associated with the attempt and timing of IO catheterization in a pediatric emergency department (ED) resuscitation setting. METHODS: We completed a video-based, case-control study (1:3 ratio) of children undergoing IO catheterization in the resuscitation area of a high-volume, academic, pediatric ED. We selected 8 independent factors a priori for analysis: younger than 2 years, Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 8, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), parent or caregiver presence, physician team leader with greater than 5 years of pediatric ED experience, 2 or more IO-catheterization-capable staff, ultrasonographically trained nurse vascular access team presence, and resuscitation occurring during the evening (4 pm to midnight) or overnight (midnight to 8 am) shift. We fit linear regression models to analyze for associations with IO access attempts and timing. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were enrolled; 40 encounters involved IO catheterization (35.1%). Only CPR was associated with IO catheterization (odds ratio 39.0; 95% confidence interval 12.5 to 121.6). Mean time to IO attempt was shorter with CPR (3.2 versus 14.2 minutes) and longer with vascular access team presence (23.5 versus 3.4 minutes) or caregiver presence (10.5 versus 2.6 minutes). Of resuscitations that achieved peripheral intravenous access, only 1 (1.1%) did so in less than 90 seconds. CONCLUSION: CPR was the only factor associated with IO access attempts, whereas providers may have been more hesitant to attempt IO catheterization with vascular access team or caregiver presence. Future studies should include a larger, multicenter sample and use qualitative methods to explore reasons for IO catheterization hesitancy, especially in the nonarrest scenario.

Análisis de la vía intraósea: Una alternativa para enfermería ante casos urgentes / Analysis of the intraosseous route. an alternative for nursing in emergency cases

Introducción: La vía intraósea es la segunda vía de elección ante la imposibilidad de canalizar una vía intravenosa en situaciones de extrema urgencia. Se consigue de forma rápida y sencilla y requiere pocos segundos para su inserción. Objetivos: Conocer la bibliografía escrita sobre la técnica de inserción intraósea, así como conocer cómo se lleva a cabo y sus ventajas. Compararla con la vía intravenosa. También indagar sobre los conocimientos de los enfermeros de diferentes lugares sobre esta vía. Metodología: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre la vía intraósea utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Medline y Buscador Gerión. Los artículos considerados para la inclusión en el estudio se publicaron en los últimos seis años, tanto en inglés como en castellano. Resultados: La vía intraósea se inserta en zona tibial proximal en niños menores de seis años y tibial distal en adultos. Requiere un mínimo de entrenamiento para su inserción y una vigilancia constante para evitar la aparición de complicaciones. Dependiendo de las enfermeras estudiadas se obtienen diferentes resultados según el área en la que trabajan. No existe ninguna diferencia de absorción entre la vía intravenosa e intraósea. Discusión y conslusiones: Los profesionales de emergencias extrahospitalarias son los que obtienen mejores conocimientos y más utilizan esta técnica. El resto debe recibir formación para aumentar su habilidad y considerar la vía intraósea como alternativa a la intravenosa en cualquier situación que pueda presentarse

Introduction: The intraosseous (IO) route is the second route of choice in emergency cases, when inserting a venous catheter is extremely difficult. Venous access through the IO route is achieved easily and quickly, requiring few seconds for insertion. Objectives: To review the available literature on intraosseous insertion technique, to determine how it is best performed, its advantages and to compare it with the use of the intravenous route. Furthermore, to inquire on the knowledge that nurses from different geographical locations and services have on the IO route. Methodology: A bibliographic review on articles discussing the IO route was performed using the following search engines: Pubmed, Medline and Buscador Gerion. Articles published in English and Spanish over the last six years were considered for inclusion. Results: The IO route is inserted in the proximal tibial zone in children younger than six years and in the distal tibial zone in adults. Its insertion requires minimum training and a constant vigilance to avoid complications. Depending on the nurses analyzed, different results were obtained based on their area of work. No absorption difference was found between the intravenous and intraosseous route. Discussion and conclusions: Outpatient emergency professionals are those who have enhanced knowledge and are most skilled in the use of IO technique. The remaining staff should receive training to increase their skills in order to consider the intraosseous route as an alternative to the intravenous route in situations where it might be required

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations to Prevent/Manage Post-Lumbar Puncture Headaches in Pediatric Patients Receiving Intrathecal Chemotherapy.

Post-lumbar puncture headaches (PLPHs) are a known complication of lumbar puncture procedures. Children undergoing treatment for cancer often undergo multiple lumbar punctures, placing them at increased risk for PLPHs. There are currently no guidelines for the prevention or management of PLPHs in children. A team was therefore assembled to conduct a systematic review of the evidence in relationship to PLPHs in the pediatric population. Clinical questions were developed and used to guide the literature review. Twenty-four articles were deemed appropriate for use and were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Based on the review of evidence, strong recommendations are made for the use of smaller needle sizes and for the use of pencil point needles during lumbar puncture procedures. Weak recommendations are made for needle orientation and positioning following the procedure as well as for interventions used to treat PLPHs once they occur. There is a need for additional, pediatric-specific studies to further examine the issue of PLPH prevention and treatment.

Intraosseous devices for intravascular access in adult trauma patients.

Three intraosseous devices have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in adult trauma patients when intravenous access cannot be obtained. Sites of insertion are the sternum (FAST1), proximal tibia and humerus (Big Injection Gun), and proximal and distal tibia and humerus (EZ-IO). Insertion generally requires less than 1 minute, and flow rates up to 125 mL/min can be achieved. The devices are used for emergency resuscitation and should be removed within 24 hours of insertion or as soon as practical after peripheral or central intravenous access has been achieved. Contraindications include fractures or other trauma at the insertion site, prosthetic joints near the site, previous attempts to insert an intra osseous device at the same site, osteoporosis or other bone abnormalities, infections at the proposed site, and inability to identify pertinent insertion landmarks. Primary complications are extravasation of medications and fluids into the soft tissue, fractures caused by the insertion, and osteomyelitis.

Intraosseous route as alternative access for infusion therapy.

The safe and effective use of intraosseous (IO) access is evolving from its historical use only for emergent access for pediatric patients to use in adult trauma patients and, more recently, for adult inpatients. Current data and research support the use of IO route for infusion in patients of any age as a safe, rapid, and equally effective alternative to intravenous access. The article provides an overview of IO access indications, care, and management; describes therapies administered via IO access; and discusses the expanding use of IO access into areas within hospitals during nonemergent clinical situations.

Intraosseous infusion of blood products and epinephrine in an adult patient in hemorrhagic shock.

A 79-year-old woman presented in the postanesthesia care unit with hematemesis following replacement of a jejunostomy tube. Her medical history included recurrent stage IIIC ovarian cancer. The patient rapidly decompensated despite blood products administered through the patient's implanted medication port. The anesthesia service was consulted for resuscitative support. Examination revealed an alert, hypotensive elderly female in hemorrhagic shock. While peripheral intravenous (IV) access was sought, her condition further deteriorated. Attempts at peripheral access were determined futile and central venous access would be required. An intraosseous (IO) catheter was placed in the proximal medial aspect of the left tibia using the EZ-IO device (Vidacare Corp, San Antonio, Texas). Crystalloid and colloid fluids, blood products, and drugs were administered via the IO route, stabilizing the patient's condition during the central access procedure. The IO route was used throughout the resuscitative effort. Hemostasis was achieved, and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. Intraosseous infusion is a valuable and underutilized technique in managing patients in hemorrhagic shock with poor IV access. Anesthesia providers should seek education and training from those experienced in IO placement techniques and consider use of the IO route early in the resuscitative process.

The role of the registered nurse in the insertion of intraosseous access devices.

As a leader in infusion therapy, the Infusion Nurses Society convened a national task force of experts to examine the practice of registered nurses (RNs) placing intraosseous access devices. It is the position of the Infusion Nurses Society that a qualified RN, who is proficient in infusion therapy and who has been appropriately trained for the procedure, may insert, maintain, and remove intraosseous access devices.

Infant intraosseous infusion.

Neonatal health care providers are fortunate that the umbilical cord generally provides easy intravenous (IV) access for newborn patients. Outside of the immediate newborn period, however, it may be impossible to obtain peripheral or umbilical IV access in critically ill newborns. Intraosseous (IO) infusion is not widely used in the neonatal population, but is a viable option when IV access cannot be established quickly. This article examines IO infusion devices and placement sites and addresses assessment and care of the infant receiving IO fluids and medications.

Accesos vasculares en neonatología / Vascular access in neonatology

El siguiente artículo explica la técnica de coloración de accesos vasculares en pacientes recién nacidos del área de neonatología. Además de definir lo que se conoce como este tipo de catéteres, se describe la clasificación de los mismos; las indicaciones y contraindicaciones para su colocación, las complicaciones y las precauciones

Accesos vasculares en neonatología / Vascular access in neonatology

El siguiente artículo explica la técnica de coloración de accesos vasculares en pacientes recién nacidos del área de neonatología. Además de definir lo que se conoce como este tipo de catéteres, se describe la clasificación de los mismos; las indicaciones y contraindicaciones para su colocación, las complicaciones y las precauciones (AU)