JC viral loads in patients with Crohn's disease treated with immunosuppression: can we screen for elevated risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Anti-alpha4 integrin therapy with natalizumab is efficacious in refractory Crohn's disease and in multiple sclerosis, but carries an estimated 1/1000 risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by reactivation of latent JC virus infection. Although anti-alpha4 integrin therapies are likely to be introduced in the clinic, screening for the risk of PML has not been developed. METHODS: We prospectively collected urine, serum, plasma and buffy coats from 125 patients with Crohn's disease, 100 control subjects with gastrointestinal (GI) disease, and 106 healthy volunteers. Four to eight weeks after this first sample collection, we additionally collected a set of urine, serum, plasma and buffy coat samples from the 125 patients with Crohn's disease, and a next set of samples was collected 12-16 weeks after the first collection. JC viral loads were determined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and JC virus seroprevalence with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The overall JC virus seroprevalence was 65%. JC virus DNA copies were detected in the urine from 29-44% of subjects, both those with Crohn's disease and controls. Median viral loads were significantly higher in patients with Crohn's disease who were immunosuppressed (7.36x10(6) copies/ml) compared to healthy volunteers (2.77x10(5) copies/ml) and compared to GI controls (1.8x10(6) copies/ml). Clearance at any time point occurred in 4/107 (3.7%) subjects only. JC viraemia was found in two patients with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of JC virus in patients with Crohn's disease is still unknown. Our study results show that JC virus latency and urine viral shedding is frequent in immunosuppressed patients with Crohn's disease. More prospective studies are needed in order to agree on possible recommendations concerning the exclusion of patients with JCV viraemia from anti-alpha4 integrin treatment.

Natalizumab en el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple / Natalizumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Revisar y actualizar la información sobre el mecanismo de acción del natalizumab y su eficacia en el tratamientode la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Desarrollo. El natalizumab, un anticuerpo humanizado monoclonal frente a la integrina alfa-4, se une a su receptor en la superficie de los linfocitos e impide la transmigración de éstos a las zonas inflamadasdel tejido cerebral. Además, parece que el natalizumab disminuye la activación de los linfocitos T que ocurre tras su infiltración en el parénquima cerebral y puede contribuir a la apoptosis de los linfocitos T en estos tejidos. Se han llevado a cabo dosgrandes ensayos clínicos multicéntricos de dos años de duración (AFFIRM y SENTINEL), que demuestran una eficacia superior a la conocida hasta ahora en la prevención de las recaídas y de la progresión de la EM. El natalizumab redujo la frecuencia anual de las recaídas en un 68 y 54% en estos ensayos respectivamente (p < 0,001). Además, también disminuyó significativamenteel riesgo de progresión de la discapacidad en un 42 y un 24%, respectivamente. Según los resultados del estudioAFFIRM, los acontecimientos adversos que fueron significativamente más frecuentes en el grupo tratado con natalizumab que en el grupo placebo fueron la fatiga (27 frente a 21%) y las reacciones alérgicas (9 frente a 4%). La incidencia de reaccionesde hipersensibilidad graves descritas como anafilácticas o anafilactoides fue baja (< 1%) y respondieron adecuadamente al tratamiento habitual. En el estudio SENTINEL se diagnosticaron dos casos de leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva(LMP), uno de ellos mortal, en el grupo tratado con natalizumab asociado a interferón beta-1a. Conclusiones. El natalizumab ha demostrado reducir el riesgo de progresión sostenida de discapacidad y la frecuencia de recaídas clínicamente detectadas en pacientes con EM remitente recurrente. A pesar de su bajo riesgo de producción de reacciones adversas, debe vigilarse alos pacientes tratados con natalizumab a intervalos regulares para detectar cualquier aparición o empeoramiento de signos o síntomas neurológicos que pudieran ser indicativos de LMP, y su empleo debe restringirse a las indicaciones aprobadas

To review and update the mechanism of action of natalizumab and its efficacy in the treatment of multiplesclerosis (MS). Development. Natalizumab, an anti-alfa-4 integrin monoclonal humanized antibody, binds to lymphocyte surface receptors to prevent transmigration of lymphocytes to areas of inflammation into the brain tissue. Furthermore, natalizumab appears to reduce T-cell activation following their infiltration of the brain parenchyma and may contribute toT-cell apoptosis in these tissues. Two large two-year, multicenter phase III trials (AFFIRM and SENTINEL) have been completed and demonstrate previously unseen efficacy in preventing MS relapses and disease progression. Natalizumabreduced the rate of clinical relapse at one year by 68 and 54% respectively in these trials (p < 0.001). Moreover, natalizumab reduced significantly the risk of sustained progression of disability by 42 and 24% respectively. Based on results from theAFFIRM study, the adverse events that were significantly more frequent in the natalizumab group than in the placebo group were fatigue (27 vs. 21%) and allergic reaction (9 vs. 4%). There was a low incidence (< 1%) of serious systemic hypersensitivityreactions described as anaphylactoid or anaphylactic, and they appear to be effectively managed by post-treatment observation and by timely and appropriate medical treatment. In the SENTINEL study, two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), one of which was fatal, were diagnosed in natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a treated patients.Conclusions. Natalizumab reduced the risk of the sustained progression of disability and the rate of clinical relapse in patients with relapsing MS. In spite of their low risk of adverse reactions, patients must be monitored at regular intervals for any newor worsening neurological symptoms or signs that may be suggestive of PML, and natalizumab use must be restricted to the indicated patients