The global viralization of policies to contain the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyses of school closures and first reported cases.

BACKGROUND: On January 30th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a international health emergency due to the unprecedented phenomenon of COVID-19. After this declaration countries swiftly implemented a variety of health policies. In this work we examine how rapid countries responded to this pandemic using two events: the day in which the first case of COVID-19 was reported, and first day in which countries used school closure as one of the measures to avoid outbreaks. We also assessed how countries' health systems, globalization, economic development, political systems, and economic integration to China, Republic of Korea and Italy increased the speed of adoption. METHODS: We compiled information from multiple sources, from December 31st 2019 to June 1st 2020, to trace when 172 countries reported their first COVID-19 case and implemented school closure to contain outbreaks. We applied cross-national Weibull survival analysis to evaluate the global speed of detection of first COVID-19 reported cases and school closure. RESULTS: Ten days after WHO declared COVID-19 to be an international emergency, relative to seven days from this declaration, countries were 28 (95% CI: 12-77) times more likely to report first COVID-19 cases and 42 (95% CI: 22-90) times more likely to close schools. One standard deviation increase in the epidemic security index rises the rate of report first cases by 37% (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.37 (95% CI: 1.09-1.72) and delays the adoption for school closures by 36% (HR 0.64 (95% CI:0.50-0.82). One standard deviation increase in the globalization index augments the adoption for school closures by 74% (HR 1.74 (95% CI:1.34-2.24). CONCLUSION: After the WHO declared a global emergency, countries were unprecedently acting very rapidly. While countries more globally integrated were swifter in closing schools, countries with better designed health systems to tackle epidemics were slower in adopting it. More studies are needed to assess how the speed of school closures and other policies will affect the development of the pandemic.

Un enfoque bioeticista y de derechos frente a la pandemia / A bioethical and rights-based approach to the pandemic

Lay bioethics is an applied ethic that allows us to face the problems generated by the tension between science and the human being.The current pandemic caused by an unknown infectious agent has highlighted the need for the application of this applied ethic, not located on the laurels of the ethereal or purely intellectual, but rather based in day-to-day reality. Decision-making from all areas of health care requires this fundamental frame of reference; the application of correct precepts in epidemiological, sanitary decisions and political measures cannot and should not be done without this frame of reference; or the result will be catastrophic.

La Bioética laica es en principio una ética aplicada que permite afrontar los problemas generados por la tensión existente entre la ciencia y el ser humano. La actual pandemia causada por un agente infeccioso no conocido ha puesto de relieve la necesidad de la aplicación de esta ética aplicada, no ubicada en los laureles de lo etéreo o puramente intelectual sino más bien asentada en la realidad del día a día. La toma de decisiones desde todos los ámbitos del quehacer sanitario requiere este marco referencial fundamental; aplicación de correctos preceptos en las decisiones epidemiológicas, sanitarias y medidas políticas no puede ni debe hacerse sin este marco referencial; otrora el resultado será catastrófico.(AU)