Covid-19: fatores associados ao uso e adesão de equipamentos de proteção individual entre residentes no Brasil / Covid-19: factors associated with the use and adherence of personal protective equipment in Brazil among residents / Covid-19: factores asociados al uso y adherencia de equipos de protección personal entre los residentes en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso e a adesão aos equipamentos de proteção individual pelos profissionais pós-graduandos vinculados a programas de residência em saúde. Método: transversal com 227 residentes. Avaliadas variáveis relacionadas à adesão e uso adequado de equipamentos de proteção individual por meio de instrumento validado "E.P.I. covid-19 Brasil-versão adaptada para residentes". Realizou-se análise bivariada, teste qui-quadrado/exato de Fisher e cálculo da razão de prevalência. Pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. Resultados: realizaram atividades de capacitação sobre EPIs (59,9%).Associação entre uso de máscara cirúrgica(p≤0,01) e idade; área de concentração do programa e uso de gorro (p≤0,01) e máscara cirúrgica (p=0,04); realização de atividades de capacitação e uso de máscara cirúrgica (p=0,02) e N95 (p≤0,01). A adesão variou de 0% a 67%. Conclusão: fatores associados ao uso adequado, idade, área de concentração do programa e realização de atividades de capacitação. Houve fragilidades na adesão. Sugere-se o fortalecimento do tema biossegurança na residência.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with the use and adherence to personal protective equipment by graduate professionals linked to residency programs in health. Method: cross-sectional study with 227 residents. E.P.I.covid-19 Brasil-adapted version for residents". Bivariate analysis, Fisher chi-square/exact test and calculation of the prevalence ratio were performed. Research was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Beings. Results: they carried out training activities on PPE (59.9%). Association between use of surgical mask (p≤0.01) and age; program concentration area and use of cap (p≤0.01) and surgical mask (p=0.04); performance of training activities and use of surgical mask (p=0.02) and N95 (p≤0.01). Adherence to PPE ranged from 0% to 67%. Conclusion: factors associated with the proper use of personal protective equipment were age, area of program concentration, and performance of training activities. There were weaknesses in adherence. It is suggested to strengthen the theme of biosafety in the residence.

Objetivos:analizar los factores asociados al uso y la adherencia a los equipos de protección personal (EPP) por parte de profesionales graduados vinculados a programas de residencia en salud. Método: estudio transversal con 227 residentes. Se utilizó la versión adaptada para residentes del «Cuestionario sobre EPI en la atención primaria de salud (EPS-APS) en el contexto de la COVID-19 en Brasil. Se realizaron análisis bivariados, prueba chi-cuadrado de Fisher/prueba exacta y cálculo de la razón de prevalencia. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación con Seres Humanos. Resultados: se realizaron actividades de capacitación sobre EPI (59,9%). Se observó asociación entre el uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p≤0,01) y la edad; área de concentración del programa y uso de cofia (p≤0,01) y mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,04); realización de actividades de capacitación y uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,02) y N95 (p≤0,01). La adherencia a los EPI osciló entre el 0% y el 67%. Conclusión: los factores asociados al uso correcto de los EPI fueron la edad, el área de concentración del programa y la realización de actividades de capacitación. Se observaron debilidades en la adherencia. Se sugiere fortalecer el tema de la bioseguridad en la residencia.

Inhaled corticosteroids may have a protective effect against coronavirus infection

BACKGROUND: Spain has been severely affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, with 195,944 persons infected and 20,453 deaths at the time of writing. Older people with respiratory or cardiac conditions are most at risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare respiratory symptoms in nursing home residents and patients with uncontrolled asthma, who are considered vulnerable to COVID-19.METHODS: We studied 134 nursing home residents and 139 patients with uncontrolled asthma, groups vulnerable to COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, out-comes, key laboratory results, and radiological images were collected from medical records. COVID-19 infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).RESULTS: Thirteen (9.3%) patients with uncontrolled asthma, all receiving inhaled corticoste-roids were infected by COVID-19. Eighty (60%) nursing home residents were infected; only 28, all of whom had received inhaled corticosteroids, had a good prognosis CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may be helpful in COVID-19 infection. Persons with an allergy might have some protective mechanisms against coronavirus

No disponible

The Current Landscape of College-Sponsored Postgraduate Teaching and Learning Curriculum Programs.

Objective. To describe the landscape of teaching and learning curriculum (TLC) programs sponsored by US schools and colleges of pharmacy and evaluate their adoption of best practice recommendations. Methods. A 28-item electronic survey instrument was developed based on best practice recommendations published by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), and American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) for the conduct of TLC programs. The survey instrument was electronically distributed to 137 accredited colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States. Results. Eighty-eight institutions responded, resulting in a response rate of 64%. Sixty-one TLC programs were included in the final analysis. Seventy-five percent of TLC programs reported using best practice recommendations; however, 10% of respondents indicated they were not aware of the published recommendations. Inconsistencies among programs were noted in required teaching experiences, participant evaluation, and ongoing programmatic assessment. Conclusion. Most institutions offering TLC programs are aware of published best practice guidelines and have adopted a majority of the published best practices. However, considerable variability exists across the country. Development of a formal external validation process for TLC programs is necessary to ensure consistent quality.

Benefits of a joint health sciences practicum for students in library and information sciences: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A joint practicum gives library and information science (LIS) students the opportunity to compare two health sciences libraries' structures and workflows. The goal of this case report is to describe how a joint health sciences practicum can help LIS students and recent graduates develop skills that may be beneficial for their future positions in health sciences or other libraries.Case Presentation: Six participants in a joint health sciences library practicum underwent two interviews: the first interview focused on their practicum experiences, and the second interview sought to determine whether the participants had found employment and were using any skills in their new positions that they acquired during their practicums. Participants gave mostly positive feedback regarding their practicum experiences and expressed openness to applying for health sciences library positions. Although the participants who found employment did not work in health sciences libraries, their practicum projects served as supporting materials for their job applications, and they were using the skills they had gained from their practicums in their new positions. CONCLUSIONS: While most joint practicum participants were not working in a health sciences library, the practicum was beneficial to their new careers. This case report highlights that a joint health sciences practicum program can be beneficial in showing LIS students different approaches to health sciences librarianship.

Factors affecting the number of applicants for the veterinary public health internship programs (VPcamp programs).

During fiscal years 2014-2018, a total of 254 internship programs were held by local government organizations under the VPcamp project, a project sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. We conducted a Poisson regression analysis using the number of applicants for each program as dependent variable and potential factors as independent variables that might affect the number of applicants. The factors that were found to significantly affect the number of applicants were: the program opening date; the type of venue where the program took place; the target grades of veterinary students; the regional location of the local government that organized the program; and the proximity of the local government from a veterinary school.

Diferencia en las condiciones de trabajo y su asociación con la frecuencia de burnout en médicos residentes y adjuntos / Difference in working conditions and its association with the frequency of burnout in resident and attending physicians

INTRODUCCIÓN: El burnout es un síndrome que se presenta con frecuencia en los profesionales de la salud como una respuesta a fuentes de estrés crónico o estresores. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación de las condiciones de trabajo de residentes y médicos adjuntos (adscritos) con la prevalencia de burnout. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico con 724 médicos. Se interrogaron características socio-demográficas y condiciones laborales. Para evaluar burnout se aplicó el inventario de Maslach. En el análisis se utilizaron X2, razones de momios para prevalencias y ajuste según categoría. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del burnout fue de 19% en residentes y 12% en médicos adjuntos, p < 0,01. El riesgo de presentar burnout fue 70% más en residentes que en médicos adjuntos y el doble para quienes refirieron carga excesiva de trabajo y realizaban guardias. El agotamiento emocional fue casi dos veces más en los residentes. Las principales variables asociadas con el aumento de riesgo, fueron, trabajar más de 56 horas por semana, más de 21 pacientes por día, supervisión, carga excesiva y poca libertad en el trabajo. En el ajuste por categorías, las mujeres residentes tuvieron 71% más riesgo de burnout. CONCLUSIONES: Los residentes tuvieron peores condiciones de trabajo y mayor riesgo para la presencia de burnout que los adjuntos

INTRODUCTION: Burnout is a syndrome that occurs frequently in health professionals as a response to sources of chronic stress or stressors. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of working conditions of resident and attending assistants with the prevalence of burnout. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 724 physicians. Socio-demographic characteristics and working conditions were questioned. To assess burnout the Maslach inventory was applied. In the analysis X2, odds ratios for prevalence and adjustment according to category were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of burnout was 19% in residents and 12% in attending physician, p < 0.01. The risk of presenting burnout was 70% higher in residents than in attending physician and double for those who reported excessive workload and shift works. The emotional exhaustion was almost twice as high in the residents. The main variables associated with the increased risk were working over 56 hours per week, more than 21 patients per day, supervision and excessive burden, and little freedom at work. In the adjustment by categories, the resident women had 71% more risk of burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Residents had worse working conditions and a higher burnout risk than attending physicians

StrengthsFinder® signature themes of talent in pharmacy residents at four midwestern pharmacy schools.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: StrengthsFinder® is a widely-used assessment that can be used to help student pharmacists discover their talents (i.e., signature themes [STs]) and develop their leadership skills. The assessment has also been used in pharmacy residents, but the prevalence of various STs in that group has not been compared to those in student pharmacists. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Residents from four midwestern pharmacy institutions completed StrengthsFinder® 2.0 and received their top five STs. STs were organized and examined by domains (executing, influencing, relationship building, and strategic thinking). StrengthsFinder® data on student pharmacists were obtained from a previously published study. The distribution of the themes and domains was compared between residents and student pharmacists. FINDINGS: Responses from 31 residency program cohorts, including 290 pharmacy residents from a pool of 304 (95.4%) possible respondents, were included in the study. The learner ST was more frequently reported in the top five in pharmacy residents versus student pharmacists (42.8% versus 35.5%, p = 0.022). The woo and communication STs were also more frequently reported in the top five, while the consistency ST was reported less frequently in the top five in pharmacy residents versus student pharmacists (p < 0.05). The executing and relationship building domains had the highest average number of STs (1.58 and 1.56, respectively). DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY: The ST profile of pharmacy residents at residency programs affiliated with four midwestern schools of pharmacy is generally similar to that of pharmacy graduates. However, several STs were more or less prevalent in pharmacy residents. Recognition of these differences may assist residency program directors in marketing and design of programs and ranking of candidates.

Longitudinal Outcomes of an Institutionally Developed Nurse Residency Program.

Nurse residency programs are widely implemented to enhance integration of new graduate nurses entering the workforce. This article presents a retrospective analysis of 10 years of residency data from an internally developed residency program that used the Casey-Fink Graduate Nurse Experience Survey. Outcomes of this program were similar to those from studies using commercially available products, suggesting that an internally developed residency curricula may be equally beneficial to the development of new graduate nurses.

Definign and implementing a model for pharmacy resident research projects / Definición e implantación de un modelo de proyectos de investigación para residentes en farmacia

Objective: To describe a standard approach to provide a support structure for pharmacy resident research that emphasizes self-identification of a residency research project. Methods: A subcommittee of the residency advisory committee was formed at our institution. The committee was initially comprised of 2 clinical pharmacy specialists, 1 drug information pharmacist, and 2 pharmacy administrators. The committee developed research guidelines that are distributed to residents prior to the residency start that detail the research process, important deadlines, and available resources. Instructions for institutional review board (IRB) training and deadlines for various assignments and presentations throughout the residency year are clearly defined. Residents conceive their own research project and emphasis is placed on completing assignments early in the residency year. Results: In the 4 years this research process has been in place, 15 of 16 (94%) residents successfully identified their own research question. All 15 residents submitted a complete research protocol to the IRB by the August deadline. Four residents have presented the results of their research at multi-disciplinary national professional meetings and 1 has published a manuscript. Feedback from outgoing residents has been positive overall and their perceptions of their research projects and the process are positive. Conclusion: Pharmacy residents selecting their own research projects for their residency year is a feasible alternative to assigning or providing lists of research projects from which to select a project (AU)

Objetivo: Describir un abordaje estándar para proporcionar una estructura de apoyo a los residentes de investigación en farmacia que enfatice la autoidentificación de un proyecto de investigación en la residencia. Métodos: En nuestra institución se creó un subcomité del comité asesor de la residencia. Inicialmente el comité se componía de 2 especialistas en farmacia clínica, un farmacéutico de información sobre medicamentos, y dos administradores de farmacia. El comité desarrolló guías que detallaban el proceso de investigación, fechas límite importantes, y recursos disponibles, y que se distribuyeron entre los residentes antes de comenzase la residencia. Se definieron claramente instrucciones para la junta de investigación de la institución (IRB) con entrenamiento y fechas límite para varias tareas y presentaciones a lo largo del año de residencia. Los residentes concebían su propio proyecto de investigación y se colocaba énfasis en completar las tareas de la parte inicial del año de residencia. Resultados: En los 4 años que este procedimiento de investigación lleva en vigor, 15 de los 16 (94%) residentes identificaron con éxito sus propias preguntas de investigación. Todos los 15 residentes enviaron un protocolo de investigación completo al IRB en la fecha límite de agosto. Cuatro residentes presentaron resultados de su investigación en reuniones profesionales nacionales multidisciplinarias y uno publicó un artículo. El retorno de los residentes salientes ha sido en general positivo y sus percepciones sobre sus proyectos de investigación y el proceso son positivas. Conclusión: Residentes de farmacia seleccionando su propio proyecto de investigación es una alternativa factible a asignar oa proporcionar listas de proyectos para que elijan uno (AU)

Características del consumo de tabaco, dependencia y motivación para el cambio de los especialistas internos residentes de Andalucía (España) / Characteristics of smoking, nicotine dependence and motivation for change in specialists training in health sciences (residents) in Andalusia (Spain)

Objetivo. Existen pocos trabajos sobre el consumo de tabaco entre los especialistas en formación en ciencias de la salud (residentes), por lo que se desea conocer la prevalencia del tabaquismo, la dependencia nicotínica y la motivación para el cambio, así como su relación con otras variables personales, laborales y de consumo de otras drogas. Material y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico transversal mediante cuestionario en el año 2012. Participan los residentes de todos los centros sanitarios docentes de Andalucía (España) mediante un cuestionario enviado por correo electrónico, recogiendo la edad, el sexo, la especialidad, el país de origen, el consumo cualitativo-cuantitativo de tabaco, la edad de inicio/abandono, el test de Fagerström y el estadio de cambio (Proschaka). Resultados. Dos mil seiscientos sesenta y siete residentes (63% del total). Edad media 29,1 años(± 5,2), 69% mujeres, 89% españoles, 86% médicos. El 17% fuman (patrón diario:47%, intermitente: 41%, asociado al ocio: 3%), inicio con 17,4 años(± 3,5) y media de 7,5 cigarrillos/día (± 7,1), superior en especialidades médicas (p = 0,067 ANOVA) y en hombres (p = 0,074 «t» de Student). El 82% con baja dependencia nicotínica, siendo mayor en especialidades médicas hospitalarias (p = 0,078, Chi cuadrado). El 7% son exfumadores y el 48% quieren dejar de fumar (contemplación 38%, preparación 10%). Mediante análisis multivariante se aprecia una relación entre el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol (OR: 2,84) y drogas ilegales (OR: 3,57), sin diferencias por edad ni país. Conclusiones. El consumo de tabaco es inferior a la población general, con una baja dependencia y buena predisposición para el cambio, por lo que sería aconsejable realizar actividades preventivas en los residentes para conseguir el cese del consumo de tabaco (AU)

Objective. As there are few studies on the smoking habits of specialists training in health sciences (residents), it is of interest to determine the prevalence of smoking, nicotine dependence and motivation for change, and their relationship with other variables (personal, work and consumption of other drugs). Material and methods. A multicentre, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted in 2012. All the residents who were studying in Teaching Health Centres in Andalusia (Spain) completed a questionnaire, which was sent by e-mail, collecting: age, sex, specialty, country of origin, qualitative-quantitative consumption of tobacco, age of onset/cessation, Fagerström test and stage of change (Proschaka). Results. A total of 2667 residents (63% of total) completed the questionnaire. The mean age was 29.1 years (± 5.2), 69% female, 89% Spanish, and 86% physicians. Of the 17% who smoked (daily pattern-47%, intermittently-41%, related to leisure-3%), starting at 17.4 years (± 3.5) and mean of 7.5 cigarettes per day (± 7.1), higher medical specialties (P = .067 ANOVA), and in men (P = .074, Student-t). More than three-quarters (82%) had a low nicotine dependence, being higher in hospital medical specialties (P = .078 χ2). Of the total, 7% were former smokers, and 48% wanted to quit smoking (contemplation 38%, preparation 10%). In the multivariate analysis there was a link between smoking and alcohol consumption (OR 2.84) and illegal drugs (OR 3.57). There were no differences by age or country. Conclusions. The consumption of tobacco in residents is less than the general population, with a low dependence and better willingness to change. The period of specialised training is a good time to offer tobacco interventions (AU)

The internship imbalance in professional psychology: current status and future prospects.

The internship is an essential part of doctoral training in professional psychology. Most students access internships through the annual match sponsored by the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC). For two decades the match has seen an increasing shortfall of internship positions relative to applicants, exceeding 650 unmatched clinical students as of 2013. Efforts to solve this problem have not met appreciable success. This review discusses the structure of the internship placement process, including and beyond the APPIC match, and identifies the reasons for the failed efforts, which lie principally in the varied standards for an acceptable internship among doctoral programs. Efforts to establish a common standard and the need for a governance structure to enforce whatever standard is agreed upon are discussed. Projections for the future of the placement process and the imbalance are sketched, and links to other issues in the field are briefly reviewed.

Utilization and impact on fellowship training of non-physician advanced practice providers in intensive care units of academic medical centers: a survey of critical care program directors.

BACKGROUND: Non-physician advanced practice providers (APPs) such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are being increasingly utilized as critical care providers in the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine the utilization of APPs in the intensive care units (ICU)s of academic medical centers (AMCs) and to assess the perceptions of critical care fellowship program directors (PDs) regarding the impact of these APPs on fellowship training. METHODS: A cross-sectional national survey questionnaire was distributed to program directors of 331 adult Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-approved critical care fellowship training programs (internal medicine, anesthesiology and surgery) in US AMCs. RESULTS: We received 124 (37.5%) PD responses. Of these, 81 (65%) respondents indicated that an APP was part of the care team in either the primary ICU or any ICU in which the fellow trained. The majority of respondents reported that patient care was positively affected by APPs with nearly two-thirds of PDs reporting that fellowship training was also positively impacted. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey revealed that APPs are utilized in a large number of US AMCs with critical care training programs. Program director respondents believed that patient care and fellowship training were positively impacted by APPs.

Consumo de drogas entre los Especialistas Internos Residentes de Jaén (España) y su relación con el consejo clínico / Drugs consumption among Intern Specialists in Jaén (Spain) and their relationship to clinical counseling

Hay pocos estudios sobre prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales entre los especialistas internos residentes (EIR) o sobre el empleo que hacen del consejo clínico. Se diseña un estudio multicéntrico transversal mediante cuestionario validado y autoadministrado vía correo electrónico, para describir el consumo de los EIR de 17 centros docentes de una provincia andaluza (4 hospitales, 13 centros de salud) y su relación con el consejo. Participan 215 EIR (81% de cuestionarios válidos); edad media 31,2 años (±0,7), 70% mujeres, 13% extranjeros, sólo 6% enfermería. Un 78% consumen alcohol (edad inicio 16,8 años±0,3), 81% de forma ocasional y 17% fin de semana. La ingesta alcohólica semanal es 5,9 UBE (±5,8), fundamentalmente cerveza y combinados; 17% con patrón binge-drinking, mayor en hombres (p= ,001 χ2). Un 19% fuman, de ellos un 71% diariamente con una media de 8,9±1,6 cigarrillos/día; la dependencia es baja (68%) y dos terceras partes han intentado dejar de fumar. Sólo un 3% consumen cannabis. La quinta parte de los EIR no suelen aconsejar contra el consumo de tabaco (21%), la tercera parte no aconseja contra el alcohol (34%) y casi la mitad tampoco aconseja sobre drogas (44%) (p= ,001 χ2). Mediante regresión logística se aprecia un mayor consejo clínico entre los EIR de mayor edad. El consejo contra el alcohol es mayor entre mujeres (OR 2,93) y, posiblemente, en los que no tienen un consumo tipo binge-driking (OR 2,32). El comienzo tardío del tabaquismo implica un menor consejo contra las drogas ilegales (OR 0,76) (AU)

There are few studies on the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs consumption among Specialist Interns (EIR) and their counseling to the patients. A multicenter cross-sectional study is carried out, consisting in a self-administered validated questionnaire to describe the consumption of the EIR of 17 health centers in Jaén (Andalusia) (4 hospitals, 13 primary care) and their relationship with their counseling. 215 EIR participate with 81% of valid questionnaires: mean age 31,2 years (±0,7), 70% women, 13% foreigners, only 6% nursing. Of them 78% consumed alcohol (onset age 16,8 years ± 0,3), 81% occasionally and 17% weekend. The alcohol average weekly intake was 5,9(±5,8) UBE, especially beer and cocktails; 17% show a binge-drinking pattern (more frequent in men, p= ,001x2). 19% smoke. A total of 71% smoke on a daily bases (mean of 8,9±1,6 cigarettes/day); the nicotine dependence is low (68%) and two thirds have tried to quit. Only 3% use cannabis. A fifth part of EIR does not usually advise against smoking use (21%), a third part does not advise against alcohol (34%) and almost half of them neither advises against drugs (44%) (p= ,001x2). Logistic regression shows greater clinical advice from older EIR. Advice against drinking alcohol provided by EIR women is more frequent (OR 2,93) and, probably, even more in EIR that binge drink (OR 2,32). Late smoking onset is related to less clinical advice against illegal drugs (OR 0,76) (AU)

Physiotherapy students' experiences of bullying on clinical internships: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVES: To consider the prevalence and type of bullying behaviours experienced whilst on clinical placement in a cohort of final-year BSc undergraduate students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: University in the West Midlands, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two final-year undergraduate students. MAIN OUTCOME: Prevalence of incivility and bullying behaviours. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of students reported at least one incident of bullying behaviour. The perpetrator of the bullying behaviour was most often the clinical educator (8/13, 62%). Despite the negative effects caused, the majority of students (11/13, 84%) did not report this experience to the university. CONCLUSION: Bullying behaviour may take many forms and can have a negative effect on the well-being of students. It should be addressed by all stakeholders including universities, National Health Service trusts and researchers. Possible strategies to move forwards and better protect the future of the physiotherapy profession are briefly considered.

Education and employment characteristics of nurse preceptors.

BACKGROUND: Nurse preceptors are vital linchpins, supporting the transition of new graduates to practicing registered nurses (RNs). This research clarifies similarities and differences among preceptors and nonpreceptors in an established statewide preceptor program. METHODS: A secondary analysis of relicensure data from all nurses working in Vermont hospitals in two years (2005 and 2009) was undertaken. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences by basic degree type, highest degree, RN experience, years in the current job, job satisfaction, and intention to leave. Statistically significant differences that persisted over time included: (1) being less likely to be employed per diem; (2) work site population density; and (3) being more likely to be enrolled in nursing education programs. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of obvious identifiers, organizations would benefit from a systemized approach to preceptor identification and development. Regulators, who hold the clear social and legal mandate for patient safety, must also be an enabling force toward change.