RESUMEN
This study aims to extract phenolic-enriched compounds, specifically oleuropein, luteoloside, and hydroxytyrosol, from olive leaves using ball milling-assisted extraction (BMAE). Response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD) were used to evaluate the effects of the temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio, and milling speed on extraction recovery. The contents of the extract were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and converted to recoveries to evaluate the extraction efficiency. The optimal extraction conditions for oleuropein, luteoloside, and hydroxytyrosol were identified. Oleuropein had a recovery of 79.0% ± 0.9% at a temperature of 56.4 °C, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 39.1 mL/g, and a milling speed of 429 rpm. Luteoloside's recovery was 74.6% ± 1.2% at 58.4 °C, 31.3 mL/g, and 328 rpm. Hydroxytyrosol achieved 43.1% ± 1.3% recovery at 51.5 °C, 32.7 mL/g, and 317 rpm. The reason for the high recoveries might be that high energy ball milling could reduce the sample size further, breaking down the cell walls of olive leaves, to enhance the mass transfer of these components from the cell to solvent. BMAE is displayed to be an efficient approach to extracting oleuropein, luteoloside, and hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves, which is easy to extend to industrial production.
Asunto(s)
Glucósidos Iridoides , Olea , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Olea/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Alcohol Feniletílico/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/aislamiento & purificación , Iridoides/química , Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Espectrometría de Masas , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other taupathies are neurodegenerative disorders associated with the amyloid deposition of the Tau protein in the brain. This amyloid formation may be inhibited by small molecules, which is recognized as one of the best therapeutic strategies to stop the progression of the disease. This work focuses on the small nucleating segment, hexapeptide-paired helical filament 6 (PHF6), responsible for Tau aggregation. Using computational modeling and classical molecular dynamics simulations, we show that PHF6 monomers collapse in water to form ß-sheet rich structures, and the main olive oil polyphenol oleuropein aglycone (OleA) prevents peptide aggregation significantly. We gradually increase the ratio of the PHF6-OleA from 1:1 to 1:3 and find that for the 1:1 ratio, the peptide monomers are prone to form aggregated structures, while for the 1:2 ratio, the formation of the extended ß-sheet structure is significantly less. For a 1:3 ratio of protein/OleA, the peptide residues are sufficiently crowded by OleA molecules through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π stacking; hence, the peptide chains prefer to exist in a monomeric random coil conformation.
Asunto(s)
Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Aceite de Oliva , Proteínas tau , Aceite de Oliva/química , Proteínas tau/química , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oligopéptidos/química , Humanos , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Monoterpenos Ciclopentánicos , Acetatos , PiranosRESUMEN
There is still a great global need for efficient treatments for the management of SARS-CoV-2 illness notwithstanding the availability and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. Olive leaf is an herbal remedy with a potential antiviral activity that could improve the recovery of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the olive leaves major metabolites were screened in silico for their activity against SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking on several viral targets such as methyl transferase, helicase, Plpro, Mpro, and RdRp. The results of in silico docking study showed that olive leaves phytoconstituents exhibited strong potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 selected targets. Verbacoside demonstrated a strong inhibition against methyl transferase, helicase, Plpro, Mpro, and RdRp (docking scores = -17.2, -20, -18.2, -19.8, and -21.7 kcal/mol.) respectively. Oleuropein inhibited 5rmm, Mpro, and RdRp (docking scores = -15, -16.6 and -18.6 kcal/mol., respectively) respectively. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside exhibited activity against methyl transferase and RdRp (docking score = -16.1 and -19.4 kcal/mol., respectively) while Luteolin-7-O-glucoside inhibited Plpro and RdRp (docking score = -15.2 and -20 kcal/mol., respectively). The in vitro antiviral assay was carried out on standardized olive leaf extract (SOLE) containing 20% oleuropein and IC50 was calculated. The results revealed that 20% SOLE demonstrated a moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 118.3 µg /mL. Accordingly, olive leaf could be a potential herbal therapy against SARS-CoV-2 but more in vivo and clinical investigations are recommended.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales , Iridoides , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Olea , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Polifenoles , SARS-CoV-2 , Olea/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/química , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Iridoides/farmacología , Iridoides/química , Humanos , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos/farmacología , Glucósidos/química , Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Metiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , COVID-19/virología , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/metabolismo , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/química , Simulación por Computador , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Luteolina/farmacología , Luteolina/química , ARN Helicasas/metabolismo , ARN Helicasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Apigenina/farmacología , Apigenina/químicaRESUMEN
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial pneumonia that leads to acute lung damage, deterioration of lung function, and increased mortality risk. In this study, we investigated the effects of the orange coproduct extract (OCE) and the combination of pure hesperidin and oleuropein (HO) on an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into six groups: the control group (G1), the BLM group (G2), three groups (G3, G4, G5) receiving a single dose of BLM combined with OCE extract at 100, 200, and 300â mg/kg, and group 6 (G6) receiving a single dose of BLM combined with HO: both pure major phenolic compounds of OCE (hesperidin at 50â mg/kg) and olive leaves (oleuropein at 2.5â mg/kg). Oxidative stress in lung tissues was investigated using catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) assays and the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Treatment with OCE and HO normalized the disturbance in oxidative markers' levels and showed a significant reduction in fibrosis score with no renal or hepatic toxic effects. In conclusion, OCE and HO exhibit antifibrotic effects on a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Bleomicina , Hesperidina , Glucósidos Iridoides , Extractos Vegetales , Fibrosis Pulmonar , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Ratas , Fibrosis Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fibrosis Pulmonar/patología , Hesperidina/farmacología , Hesperidina/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Citrus sinensis/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Sustancias Protectoras/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMEN
In this work, ultrasound-assisted rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction (UARS-CPE) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were combined to determine trace Pb in Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. (G. rigescens) samples. Under the optimal conditions, the enhancement factor (EF), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and precision were 33, 0.11 µg L-1, 0.37 µg L-1 and 1.3%, respectively. This method was applied to the analysis of G. rigescens samples, and the outcomes were in good agreement with the results determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A mice model of immune liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA) was established, and the liver protection of G. rigescens and gentiopicroside (GPS) on it and the effects of various dosages of Pb exposure on its liver protection were studied. Pb at a dosage of 5 mg kg-1 had little effect on the liver protection of G. rigescens and GPS, while 25, 125 mg kg-1 dosages of Pb could significantly attenuate the liver protection of both. In addition, it aggravated the necrosis of hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration, and these effects were dose-dependent.
Asunto(s)
Gentiana , Animales , Ratones , Gentiana/química , Plomo/toxicidad , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , HígadoRESUMEN
Gentiana scabra, a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of hepatitis. Its index component gentiopicroside could not be detected in the decoction, which suggested that the quality control of the TCM with this ingredient needs attention. The transformed products were obtained from gentiopicroside, mimicking the traditional process of G. scabra. Further investigation of the heat-transformed products yielded two secoiridoid dimers, gentiovarisin A (1) and B (2), with an unprecedented 6/6/6/6/6-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1 were confirmed as (+)-1 and (-)-1 by ECD method. Plausible transformation pathways of the isolates were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited in vitro hepatoprotective activity similar to gentiopicroside, while (+)-1 displayed a more potent hepatoprotective activity than N-Acetyl-L-cysteine.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Gentiana , Estructura Molecular , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Gentiana/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/químicaRESUMEN
Countless reports describe the isolation and structural characterization of natural products, yet this information remains disconnected and underutilized. Using a cheminformatics approach, we leverage the reported observations of iridoid glucosides with the known phylogeny of a large iridoid producing plant family (Lamiaceae) to generate a set of biosynthetic pathways that best explain the extant iridoid chemical diversity. We developed a pathway reconstruction algorithm that connects iridoid reports via reactions and prunes this solution space by considering phylogenetic relationships between genera. We formulate a model that emulates the evolution of iridoid glucosides to create a synthetic data set, used to select the parameters that would best reconstruct the pathways, and apply them to the iridoid data set to generate pathway hypotheses. These computationally generated pathways were then used as the basis by which to select and screen biosynthetic enzyme candidates. Our model was successfully applied to discover a cytochrome P450 enzyme from Callicarpa americana that catalyzes the oxidation of bartsioside to aucubin, predicted by our model despite neither molecule having been observed in the genus. We also demonstrate aucubin synthase activity in orthologues of Vitex agnus-castus, and the outgroup Paulownia tomentosa, further strengthening the hypothesis, enabled by our model, that the reaction was present in the ancestral biosynthetic pathway. This is the first systematic hypothesis on the epi-iridoid glucosides biosynthesis in 25 years and sets the stage for streamlined work on the iridoid pathway. This work highlights how curation and computational analysis of widely available structural data can facilitate hypothesis-based gene discovery.
Asunto(s)
Glucósidos Iridoides , Lamiaceae , Quimioinformática , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/metabolismo , Iridoides/metabolismo , Lamiaceae/genética , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Syringa pubescens Turcz is commonly used folk medicinal herb in west of Henan Province of China. In this work, water and various concentration of methanol, ethanol and acetone in water were used as solvent to extract echinacoside and oleuropein from S. pubescens. The antioxidant properties of different extracts were evaluated using various in vitro assays. The highest yields of echinacoside and oleuropein were obtained by using the 60% aqueous methanol and 80% aqueous ethanol, respectively. The extracts of water, aqueous ethanol or methanol showed strong antioxidant abilities. Furthermore, the high correlation between echinacoside content and antioxidant properties was found. The contribution of oleuropein content was not significant to antioxidant abilities. These findings indicate that S. pubescens can be used as a new natural antioxidant resource.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Glicósidos/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Syringa/química , Acetona , Antioxidantes/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Etanol , Glicósidos/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Metanol , Solventes/química , AguaRESUMEN
Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rothmannia wittii led to the isolation of three new iridoid glucosides, named rothmanniosides A-C (1-3), and nine known compounds (4-12). Their structures, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated by thorough analysis of mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic data, together with CD calculations. Compounds 4 and 11 are reported from the Rubiaceae family for the first time.
Asunto(s)
Glucósidos Iridoides , Rubiaceae , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Iridoides/química , Estructura Molecular , Raíces de Plantas/química , Rubiaceae/químicaRESUMEN
Wild varieties in nature are known to be better adapted to climate change and more resistant to arid conditions common in some regions of the world. Oil samples of two cultivated varieties, Chemlal and Lemli, and one sylvestris variety were collected at four different harvesting periods in the semi-arid region of Bouira, Algeria. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the genetic and maturity factors on the quality indices (acidity, peroxides value, and the parameters K232, K270), fatty acids profile, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity of monovarietal olive oils. The study showed that early harvest dates of the fruits produced oils richer in pigments and phenolic compounds, with high antioxidant activity registered in both wild and cultivated varieties. Moreover, all oil samples showed high values of secoiridoids exceeding 60-90% of total biophenols, with higher values found in oleaster oils, which are correlated with high resistance to oxidation attacks. UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-HRMS analyses showed that the secoiridoids composition is dominated by a profile rich in several isomers of oleuropein and ligstroside aglycons, which in turn represent more than 60% of the total secoiridoids in olive and Oleaster oils. Furthermore, chemometric analysis on the data allowed a better appreciation of the sensitivity of the virgin olive oil composition to the changes in genetic and ripening factors. According to the principal component analysis, phenolic and fatty acid profiles were the most important components contributing to the discrimination between olive oil samples.
Asunto(s)
Frutas/química , Iridoides/química , Aceite de Oliva/química , Argelia , Antioxidantes/química , Quimiometría/métodos , Ácidos Grasos/química , Glucósidos/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Olea/química , Fenoles/química , Phoeniceae/química , Piranos/químicaRESUMEN
Natural products have been the main source of bioactive molecules for centuries. We tested the biological profile of two metabolites extracted from Gentiana lutea L. by means of computational techniques and in vitro assays. The two molecules (loganic acid and gentiopicroside) were tested in silico using an innovative technique, named Inverse Virtual Screening (IVS), to highlight putative partners among a panel of proteins involved in inflammation and cancer events. A positive binding with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein emerged from the computational experiments and the outcomes from the promising interaction with COX-2 were confirmed by Western blot, highlighting the reliability of IVS in the field of the natural products.
Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional , Gentiana/metabolismo , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Iridoides/farmacología , Metaboloma , Animales , Línea Celular , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Doxiciclina/química , Doxiciclina/farmacología , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Técnicas In Vitro , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Iridoides/química , Ligandos , Ratones , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Proteínas/químicaRESUMEN
Picroside II is an important ingredient agent in Traditional Chinese medicine and hoped to reduce hepatocellular injury caused by severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). An SAP-induced hepatocellular injury model was established in rats by using pentobarbital sodium. 27 rats were divided into 3 groups: the sham group (SG), model group (MG), and Picroside groups (PG). SAP-induced hepatocellular injury was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. We measured hepatocellular enzymes (amylase (AMY), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), oxidative stress factors (superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)), and inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 6, and IL-10), apoptotic factors (BAX and cleaved caspase 3), and inflammatory signaling (Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), p-JAK2, and p-STAT3) in hepatocellular tissues. The SAP-induced hepatocellular injury model was successfully established. Picroside II treatment repaired hepatocellular injury by reducing the activities of AMY, ALT, and AST; reducing the levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, BAX, and cleaved caspase 3; and increasing the levels of SOD and IL-10. Picroside II exerted protective function for the SAP-induced hepatocellular injury model. Picroside II improved SAP-induced hepatocellular injury and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by affecting JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation signaling.
Asunto(s)
Cinamatos/farmacología , Hepatocitos/patología , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Janus Quinasa 2/metabolismo , Pancreatitis/patología , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/sangre , Colestasis/patología , Cinamatos/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Pancreatitis/sangre , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Lipid nanoparticles based on multiple emulsion (W/O/W) systems are suitable for incorporating hydrophilic active substances, including iridoid glycosides. This study involved optimization of composition of lipid nanoparticles, incorporation of active compounds (aucubin and catalpol), evaluation of stability of the resulting nanocarriers, and characterization of their lipid matrix. Based on 32 factorial design, an optimized dispersion of lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid:surfactant-4.5:1.0 wt.%) was developed, predisposed for the incorporation of iridoid glycosides by emulsification-sonication method. The encapsulation efficiency of the active substances was determined at nearly 90% (aucubin) and 77% (catalpol). Regarding the stability study, room temperature was found to be the most suitable for maintaining the expected physicochemical parameter values (particle size < 100 nm; polydispersity index < 0.3; zeta potential > |± 30 mV|). Characterization of the lipid matrix confirmed the nanometer size range of the resulting carriers (below 100 nm), as well as the presence of the lipid in the stable ß' form.
Asunto(s)
Glicósidos Iridoides/química , Lípidos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/químicaRESUMEN
Mass spectrometry analyses carried out on mass spectrometers equipped with soft ionization sources demonstrated their utility in the assessment of the formation of noncovalent complexes and the localization of the binding sites. Direct analyses by mass spectrometry of the noncovalent complex formed in acidic and mildly acidic environments by amyloid beta (1-40) peptide and oleuropein have been previously described, and, in several studies, the absorption, metabolism, excretion, and the implications in the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease of oleuropein have been investigated. Our paper presents modifications of the method previously employed for noncovalent complex observation, namely, the amyloid beta (1-40) pretreatment, followed by an increase in the pH and replacement of the chemical environment from ammonium acetate to ammonium bicarbonate. The formation of noncovalent complexes with one or two molecules of oleuropein was detected in all chemical solutions used, and the amyloid beta (17-28) binding site was identified via proteolytic experiments using trypsin prior to and after noncovalent complex formation. Our results highlight the importance of further studies on the effect of oleuropein against amyloid beta aggregation.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos beta-Amiloides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/química , Acetatos/química , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Bicarbonatos/química , Sitios de Unión , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Proteolisis , Solventes/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Tripsina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Increased blood glucose in diabetic individuals results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), causing various adverse effects on kidney cells, thereby leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, the antiglycative potential of Swertiamarin (SM) isolated from the methanolic extract of E. littorale was explored. The effect of SM on protein glycation was studied by incubating bovine serum albumin with fructose at 60 °C in the presence and absence of different concentrations of swertiamarin for 24 h. For comparative analysis, metformin was also used at similar concentrations as SM. Further, to understand the role of SM in preventing DN, in vitro studies using NRK-52E cells were done by treating cells with methylglyoxal (MG) in the presence and absence of SM. SM showed better antiglycative potential as compared to metformin. In addition, SM could prevent the MG mediated pathogenesis in DN by reducing levels of argpyrimidine, oxidative stress and epithelial mesenchymal transition in kidney cells. SM also downregulated the expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß. This study, for the first time, reports the antiglycative potential of SM and also provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which SM prevents toxicity of MG on rat kidney cells.
Asunto(s)
Células Epiteliales/patología , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efectos de los fármacos , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Riñón/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Pironas/farmacología , Animales , Bovinos , Forma de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Fluorescencia , Fructosa , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Glicosilación/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/patología , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Ligandos , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas , Ornitina/análogos & derivados , Ornitina/química , Ornitina/farmacología , Carbonilación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pironas/química , Pironas/aislamiento & purificación , Piruvaldehído , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Swertiamarin, a seco-iridoid glycoside, is mainly found in Enicostemma littorale Blume (E. littorale) and exhibits therapeutic activities for various diseases. The present study aimed to provide a review of swertiamarin in terms of its phytochemistry, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, between 1990 and the present. This review included the distribution of swertiamarin in medicinal plants and its isolation, characterization, physicochemical properties and possible biosynthetic pathways. A comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin was also included after careful screening and tabulation. Based on the reported evidence, swertiamarin meets all five of Lipinski's rules for drug-like properties. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties of swertiamarin were detailed and analyzed. A simple and rapid method for isolating swertiamarin from E. littorale has been described. The present review proposed that swertiamarin may be biosynthesized by the mevalonate or nonmevalonate pathways, followed by the seco-iridoid pathway. It has also been found that swertiamarin is a potent compound with diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities. The anticancer activity of swertiamarin against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. The underlying mechanisms of all these pharmacological effects are diverse and seem to involve the regulation of different molecular targets, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, apoptosis-related proteins, receptors and enzymes. Swertiamarin also modulates the activity of several transcription factors, and their signaling pathways in various pathological conditions are also discussed. Moreover, we have highlighted the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications of swertiamarin. The pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin have been extensively investigated. However, more advanced studies are required including clinical trials and studies on the bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses to offer swertiamarin as a novel candidate for future drug development.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo de Medicamentos , Gentianaceae/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Pironas/farmacología , Animales , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Humanos , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pironas/química , Pironas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
One new secoiridoid compound swertiamarin B (1), along with a known compound lytanthosalin (2), were isolated from ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Swertia mussotii. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. All compounds were first isolated from the Swertia genus. Their antitumor activities were evaluated for four human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, MGC-803 and A549). Compounds 1 and 2 showed excellent cytotoxic activities toward the MGC-803 cell lines with IC50 values 3.61 and 12.04 µM, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Iridoides/farmacología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Swertia/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética con Carbono-13 , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Iridoides/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética , Pironas/química , Pironas/aislamiento & purificación , Pironas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Oxidative stability of food is one of the most important parameters affecting integrity and consequently nutritional properties of dietary constituents. Antioxidants are widely used to avoid deterioration during transformation, packaging, and storage of food. In this paper, novel poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films were prepared by solvent casting method adding an hydroxytyrosol-enriched extract (HTyrE) or an oleuropein-enriched extract (OleE) in different percentages (5, 10 and 20% w/w) and a combination of both at 5% w/w. Both extracts were obtained from olive oil wastes and by-products using a sustainable process based on membrane technologies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of each sample carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear resonance magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) proved that the main components were hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and oleuropein (Ole), respectively, two well-known antioxidant bioactive compounds found in Olea europaea L. All novel formulations were characterized investigating their morphological, optical and antioxidant properties. The promising performances suggest a potential use in active food packaging to preserve oxidative-sensitive food products. Moreover, this research represents a valuable example of reuse and valorization of agro-industrial wastes and by-products according to the circular economy model.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Aceite de Oliva/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Alcohol Polivinílico/química , Residuos/análisis , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Fenoles/análisis , Alcohol Feniletílico/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética , TermogravimetríaRESUMEN
Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Conductividad Eléctrica , Grafito/química , Antioxidantes/química , Ácido Ascórbico/química , Curcumina/química , Electrodos , Radicales Libres , Ácido Gálico/química , Humanos , Glucósidos Iridoides/química , Melatonina/química , Metales/química , Nanocompuestos/química , Nanoestructuras/química , Óxidos/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Alcohol Feniletílico/química , Puntos Cuánticos , Resveratrol/química , Taninos/química , Tocoferoles/químicaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gentiana kurroo is a multipurpose critically endangered medicinal herb prescribed as medicine in Ayurveda in India and exhibits various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer activity. The species is rich repository of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites together with secoiridoidal glycosides. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to investigate the chemical diversity in different populations/cytotypes prevailing in G. kurroo to identify elite genetic stocks in terms of optimum accumulation/biosynthesis of desired metabolites and having higher in-vitro cytotoxicity potential in relation to chemotypic diversity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The wild plants of the species were collected from different ranges of altitudes from the Kashmir Himalayas. For cytological evaluation, the standard meiotic analysis was performed. The standard LC-MS/MS technique was employed for phytochemical analysis based on different marker compounds viz. sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside. Different tissues such as root-stock, aerial parts, and flowers were used for chemo-profiling. Further, the methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes were assessed for cytotoxic activity by using MTT assay against four different human cancer cell lines. RESULTS: The quantification of major bioactive compounds based on tissue- and location-specific comparison, as well as in-vitro cytotoxic potential among extant cytotypes, was evaluated. The comprehensive cytomorphological studies of the populations from NW Himalayas revealed the occurrence of different chromosomal races viz. n = 13, 26. The tetraploid cytotype was hitherto unreported. The tissue-specific chemo-profiling revealed relative dominance of different phytoconstituents in root-stock. There was a noticeable increase in the quantity of the analyzed compounds in relation to increasing ploidy status along the increasing altitudes. The MTT assay of methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes displayed significant cytotoxicity potential in tetraploids. The root-stock extracts of tetraploids were highly active extracts with IC50 value ranges from 5.65 to 8.53 µg/mL against HCT-116 colon cancer. CONCLUSION: The chemical evaluation of major bioactive compounds in diverse cytotypes from different plant parts along different altitudes presented an appreciable variability in sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside contents. Additionally, the concentrations of these phytoconstituents varied for cytotoxicity potential among different screened cytotypes. This quantitative difference of active bio-constituents was in correspondence with the growth inhibition percentage of different tested cancer cell lines. Thus, the present investigation strongly alludes towards a prognostic approach for the identification of elite cytotypes/chemotypes with significant pharmacological potential.