The abnormal expression of chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-survivin axis in ovarian cancer and its related mechanisms regulating proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the main type of cancer that affects the female reproductive system and has a high morbidity and mortality rate. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effect of the chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-survivin axis on the progression of OC. Ovarian cancer cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-survivin and short hairpin RNA (sh)-CRM1. Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of RNA and protein, respectively. qRT-PCR and prognostic correlation analyses revealed that CRM1 is highly expressed in OC cells and related to survival. The results of qRT-PCR, CCK8, colony formation test, EdU staining, flow cytometry, and Western blotting showed that CRM1 silencing inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of OVCAR 3 and SKOV3 cells and promoted cell apoptosis by promoting Caspase-3 activation. Survivin was positively regulated by CRM1 and promoted the development of OC. The results of the rescue experiment showed that overexpression of survivin reversed the inhibitory effect of CRM1 knockdown on the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and its inhibitory effect on apoptosis. Our findings confirm the role of the CRM1-survivin signal transduction axis in OC by regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of OC cells, and may thus serve as a potential therapeutic target for OC.

IFI27/ISG12 Downregulates Estrogen Receptor α Transactivation by Facilitating Its Interaction With CRM1/XPO1 in Breast Cancer Cells.

The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor whose activity is modulated by its interaction with multiple protein complexes. In this work, we have identified the protein interferon alpha inducible protein 27 (IFI27/ISG12) as a novel ERα-associated protein. IFI27/ISG12 transcription is regulated by interferon and estradiol and its overexpression is associated to reduced overall survival in ER+ breast cancer patients but its function in mammary gland tissue remains elusive. In this study we showed that overexpression of IFI27/ISG12 in breast cancer cells attenuates ERα transactivation activity and the expression of ERα-dependent genes. Our results demonstrated that IFI27/ISG12 overexpression in MCF-7 cells reduced their proliferation rate in 2-D and 3-D cell culture assays and impaired their ability to migrate in a wound-healing assay. We show that IFI27/ISG12 downregulation of ERα transactivation activity is mediated by its ability to facilitate the interaction between ERα and CRM1/XPO1 that mediates the nuclear export of large macromolecules to the cytoplasm. IFI27/ISG12 overexpression was shown to impair the estradiol-dependent proliferation and tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Our results suggest that IFI27/ISG12 may be an important factor in regulating ERα activity in breast cancer cells by modifying its nuclear versus cytoplasmic protein levels. We propose that IFI27/ISG12 may be a potential target of future strategies to control the growth and proliferation of ERα-positive breast cancer tumors.

Pediatric ependymoma: GNAO1, ASAH1, IMMT and IPO7 protein expression and 5-year prognosis correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate a pediatric ependymoma protein expression that may be useful as a molecular biomarker candidate for prognosis, correlated with clinical features such as age, gender, histopathological grade, ependymal tumor recurrence and patient survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry assays were performed for GNAO1, ASAH1, IMMT, IPO7, Cyclin D1, P53 and Ki-67 proteins. Kaplan-Meier and Cox analysis were performed for age, gender, histopathological grade, relapse and survival correlation. RESULTS: We found that three proteins correlate with histopathological grade and relapse; two proteins correlate with survival; one protein does not correlate with any clinical feature. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, out of the proteins analyzed, five may be considered suitable prognostic biomarkers and one may be considered a predictive biomarker for response to treatment of pediatric ependymoma.

Differential tissue expression of extracellular vesicle-derived proteins in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from prostate cancer (PCa) and normal prostate cell lines, led to the identification of new candidate PCa markers. These proteins included the nuclear exportin proteins XPO1 (also known as CRM1), the EV-associated PDCD6IP (also known as ALIX), and the previously published fatty acid synthase FASN. In this study, we investigated differences in expression of XPO1 and PDCD6IP on well-characterized prostate cancer cohorts using mass spectrometry and tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS: Protein fractions from 67 tissue samples (n = 33 normal adjacent prostate [NAP] and n = 34 PCa) were analyzed by mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS-MS). Label-free quantification of EVs was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins between PCa and NAP. Prognostic evaluation of the candidate markers was performed with a TMA, containing 481 radical prostatectomy samples. Samples were stained for the candidate markers and correlated with patient information and clinicopathological outcome. RESULTS: XPO1 was higher expressed in PCa compared to NAP in the MS data analysis (P > 0.0001). PDCD6IP was not significantly higher expressed (P = 0.0501). High cytoplasmic XPO1 staining in the TMA immunohistochemistry, correlated in a multivariable model with high Gleason scores (P = 0.002) and PCa-related death (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: High expression of cytoplasmic XPO1 shows correlation with prostate cancer and has added clinical value in tissue samples. Furthermore, as an extracellular vesicles-associated protein, it might be a novel relevant liquid biomarker.

XPO1-mediated nuclear export of RNF146 protects from angiotensin II-induced endothelial cellular injury.

Endothelial cells death induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a role in vascular injury. RNF146 is identified as a E3 ubiquitin ligase, which promotes cell survival under many types of stresses. However, the role of RNF146 in endothelial cellular injury is unknown. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Ang II treatment led to cell death by oxidative stress and promoted RNF146 to accumulate in nucleus in time dependent manner. Nuclear export signal was found in the RNF146's sequence. The interaction between RNF146 and XPO1 was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Inhibition of XPO1 with KPT-185 increased the level of RNF146 in nucleus. The expression of XPO1 was suppressed responding to Ang II treatment. Overexpression of XPO1 facilitated the nuclear shuttling of RNF146, which protected from Ang II-induced cell death. Moreover, overexpression of RNF146 in HUVECs reduced the cell death induced by Ang II, whereas inhibition of XPO1 abolished the protective effect of RNF146. Therefore, our data demonstrated that RNF146 was a protective factor against cell death induced by AngII in human endothelial cells, which was dependent on XPO1-mediated nuclear export.

Increased expression of importin-ß, exportin-5 and nuclear transportable proteins in Alzheimer's disease aids anatomic pathologists in its diagnosis.

Understanding the metabolic profile of neurons with the hyperphosphorylated tau protein characteristic of Alzheimer's disease is essential to unraveling new potential therapies and diagnostics for the surgical pathologist. We stratified 75 brain tissues from Alzheimer's disease into hyperphosphorylated tau positive or negative and did co-expression analyses and qRTPCR for importin-ß and exportin-5 plus several bcl2 family members and compared the data to controls, Down's dementia and Parkinson's disease. There was a significant increase in the expression of importin-ß and exportin-5 in Alzheimer's disease relative to the three other categories (each p value<0.0001) where each protein co-localized with hyperphosphorylated tau. Both apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins were each significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease relative to the three other groups. Neurons with hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease have the profile of metabolically active cells including increased exportin-5 and importin-ß mRNA and proteins which indicates that immunohistochemistry testing of these proteins may aid the surgical pathologist in making a definitive diagnosis.

Importin-7 mediates memory consolidation through regulation of nuclear translocation of training-activated MAPK in Drosophila.

Translocation of signaling molecules, MAPK in particular, from the cytosol to nucleus represents a universal key element in initiating the gene program that determines memory consolidation. Translocation mechanisms and their behavioral impact, however, remain to be determined. Here, we report that a highly conserved nuclear transporter, Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7), regulates import of training-activated MAPK for consolidation of long-term memory (LTM). We show that silencing DIM-7 functions results in impaired LTM, whereas overexpression of DIM-7 enhances LTM. This DIM-7-dependent regulation of LTM is confined to a consolidation time window and in mushroom body neurons. Image data show that bidirectional alteration in DIM-7 expression results in proportional changes in the intensity of training-activated MAPK accumulated within the nuclei of mushroom body neurons during LTM consolidation. Such DIM-7-regulated nuclear accumulation of activated MAPK is observed only in the training specified for LTM induction and determines the amplitude, but not the time course, of memory consolidation.

Expression, function, and targeting of the nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein.

Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of proteins/RNAs is essential to normal cellular function. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that cancer cells escape anti-neoplastic mechanisms and benefit from pro-survival signals via the dysregulation of this system. The nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein is the only protein in the karyopherin-ß protein family that contributes to the trafficking of numerous proteins and RNAs from the nucleus. It is considered to be an oncogenic, anti-apoptotic protein in transformed cells, since it reportedly functions as a gatekeeper for cell survival, including affecting p53 function, and ribosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, abnormally high expression of CRM1 is correlated with poor patient prognosis in various malignancies. Therapeutic targeting of CRM1 has emerged as a novel cancer treatment strategy, starting with a clinical trial with leptomycin B, the original specific inhibitor of CRM1, followed by development of several next-generation small molecules. KPT-330, a novel member of the CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) class of compounds, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the therapy of various malignancies. Results from these trials suggest that SINE compounds may be particularly useful against hematological malignancies, which often become refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents.

Novel reversible selective inhibitor of CRM1 for targeted therapy in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. Unfortunately, there are still no effective targeted treatment strategies for ovarian cancer. Overexpression of CRM1 has been correlated with poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. AIM: In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of a novel reversible inhibitor of CRM1 in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS: The effects of S109 on proliferation was detected by CCK-8, EdU, clonogenic assay. The protein expression were determined by Western blot. The subcellular localization of RanBP1 was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy assay. RESULTS: We demonstrated that S109 could induce nuclear accumulation of RanBP1, a canonical biomarker for CRM1 inhibition. This effect was clearly reversible in the majority of the cells, whereas the inhibitory effect of LMB could not be reversed. Our data reveal that treatment with S109 results in decrease in proliferation and colonogenic capacity of ovarian cancer cells by arresting cell cycle. Mechanistically, S109 treatment increase the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, while it reduced the expression of cell cycle promoting proteins, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B. CRM1 level itself was also down-regulated following S109 treatment. Furthermore, the nuclei of cells incubated with S109 accumulated tumor suppressor proteins (Foxo1, p27 and IκB-α). More importantly, Cys528 mutation of CRM1 abolished the ability of S109 to block proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our study identifies CRM1 as a valid target in ovarian cancer and provides a basis for the development of S109 in ovarian cancer.

Forkhead Box M1 Is Essential for Nuclear Localization of Glioma-associated Oncogene Homolog 1 in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells by Promoting Importin-7 Expression.

The transcription factors glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), a primary marker of Hedgehog pathway activation, and Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) are aberrantly activated in a wide range of malignancies, including glioma. However, the mechanism of nuclear localization of GLI1 and whether FOXM1 regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway are poorly understood. Here we found that FOXM1 promotes nuclear import of GLI1 in glioblastoma multiforme cells and thus increases the expression of its target genes. Conversely, knockdown of FOXM1 expression with FOXM1 siRNA abrogated its nuclear import and inhibited the expression of its target genes. Also, genetic deletion of FOXM1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts abolished nuclear localization of GLI1. We observed that FOXM1 directly binds to the importin-7 (IPO7) promoter and increases its promoter activity. IPO7 interacted with GLI1, leading to enhanced nuclear import of GLI1. Depletion of IPO7 by IPO7 siRNA reduced nuclear accumulation of GLI1. In addition, FOXM1 induced nuclear import of GLI1 by promoting IPO7 expression. Moreover, the FOXM1/IPO7/GLI1 axis promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Finally, expression of FOXM1 was markedly correlated with that of GLI1 in human glioblastoma specimens. These data suggest that FOXM1 and GLI1 form a positive feedback loop that contributes to glioblastoma development. Furthermore, our study revealed a mechanism that controls nuclear import of GLI1 in glioblastoma multiforme cells.

Changing subcellular localization of nuclear transport factors during human spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis requires progressive changes in gene expression mediated by hormonal and local factors. Regulated macromolecular movement between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments enables these essential responses to changing extracellular cues, and dynamic production of the nucleocytoplasmic transporters and importin proteins, throughout gametogenesis in rodents implicates them as key mediators of germline differentiation. We examined normal adult human testis expression profiles of six importins plus five additional proteins involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Although most were detected in the nucleus during germline differentiation, importin α4 was exclusively observed in Sertoli and germ cell cytoplasm. Many proteins were present in round spermatid nuclei (importins α1, α3, ß1, ß3; exportin-1, Nup62, Ran, RanBP1, RCC1), and remarkable intense nuclear and/or nuclear-associated signals were detected for importin α1, importin α3 and Nup62 in spermatocytes. This study identifies conserved aspects of nucleocytoplasmic transport during spermatogenesis and extends our knowledge of the dynamic presence of these proteins, which indicates that they contribute to germ cell-specific cargo trafficking and potentially to other functions during human spermatogenesis. We also demonstrate for the first time that importin α3 is nuclear in spermatocytes, when exportin-1 is cytoplasmic, suggesting that nuclear transport is altered during meiosis.

Transportin 1 in the mouse brain: appearance in regions of neurogenesis, cerebrospinal fluid production/sensing, and circadian clock.

Transportin1 (Tnpo1) is a carrier protein belonging to the importin-ß family, which transports substrates between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. To gain insight into the role of Tnpo1 gene in the brain, we investigated the localization of Tnpo1-, Tnpo2-, and Tnpo3-expressing cells by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Tnpo1 mRNA-positive cells were distributed throughout the brain from the olfactory bulb to the medulla oblongata. The cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, where neurogenesis occurs even in the adult, and its progeny neurons in the granular cells of the olfactory bulb and the islands of Calleja were strongly labeled. It is also noteworthy that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-generating epithelial cells in the choroid plexus and CSF-contacting and -sensing circumventricular organs, including organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, and subcommissural organ, expressed high amounts of Tnpo1. The strongest signals were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), where the biological clock resides, which prompted us to examine the circadian characteristics of Tnpo1. Under constant-dark conditions, the circadian expression profiles of Tnpo1 mRNA in the SCN showed a peak in the subjective night and a trough in the subjective day. Tnpo2 and Tnpo3 showed similar patterns of expression, except in the choroids plexus, the subventricular zone, and the SCN, where the expression was notably weaker. These findings suggest that Tnpo1 is involved in a variety of functions in the adult brain, including neurogenesis, CSF production and sensing, and circadian rhythms.

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [corrected] induces CRM1-dependent p53 nuclear accumulation in human bronchial epithelial cells.

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [corrected] (NNK), a known tobacco-specific human lung carcinogen, is notorious for causing DNA damage. The tumor suppressor gene p53 has multiple functions in response to DNA damage. Besides being regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), p53 function is modulated by nucleocytoplasmic shuttling factors (NSFs). In this study, the alterations of p53 protein after NNK exposure and the molecular mechanisms involved p53 PTMs and NSFs in human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B were investigated. NNK induced p53 nuclear accumulation and upregulated the expression of p21, a p53 target gene. Among the five NSFs examined, chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1), interacting with p53 and exporting p53 from nucleus to cytoplasm, was significantly downregulated after NNK exposure. Increases of p53 phosphorylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were found in NNK-treated cells as compared with the controls. The upregulation of p53 poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation was induced by the enhanced expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 after NNK exposure. Collectively, p53 went through PTMs in response to DNA damage, and the modified p53 had a tendency for nuclear accumulation, which could result from CRM1 downregulation. Consequently, the activation of p53 led to subsequent induction of its downstream targets. These data could facilitate the better understanding of chemical carcinogenesis induced by NNK.

Synergistic effect of human CycT1 and CRM1 on HIV-1 propagation in rat T cells and macrophages.

BACKGROUND: In vivo studies of HIV-1 pathogenesis and testing of antiviral strategies have been hampered by the lack of an immunocompetent small animal model that is highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Although transgenic rats that express the HIV-1 receptor complex hCD4 and hCCR5 are susceptible to infection, HIV-1 replicates very poorly in these animals. To demonstrate the molecular basis for developing a better rat model for HIV-1 infection, we evaluated the effect of human CyclinT1 (hCycT1) and CRM1 (hCRM1) on Gag p24 production in rat T cells and macrophages using both established cell lines and primary cells prepared from hCycT1/hCRM1 transgenic rats. RESULTS: Expression of hCycT1 augmented Gag production 20-50 fold in rat T cells, but had little effect in macrophages. Expression of hCRM1 enhanced Gag production 10-15 fold in macrophages, but only marginally in T cells. Expression of both factors synergistically enhanced p24 production to levels approximately 10-40% of those detected in human cells. R5 viruses produced in rat T cells and macrophages were fully infectious. CONCLUSION: The expression of both hCycT1 and hCRM1 appears to be fundamental to developing a rat model that supports robust propagation of HIV-1.

Topoisomerase IIalpha mRNA and protein expression in ovarian carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological factors and prognosis.

Topoisomerase IIalpha (Top IIalpha) is a nuclear enzyme that plays a central role in DNA metabolism, and is a molecular target for a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Top IIalpha has recently gained attention as a biomarker for therapy response and patient survival. In this study, we attempted to assess the feasibility of measuring Top IIalpha gene expression in RNA, isolated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens, which are used routinely in pathology laboratories. We have employed a new technique on the basis of magnetic particles' separation and purification of nucleic acids, and evaluated both protein and mRNA expressions from the same routinely processed tissue blocks. We investigated the expression of Top IIalpha mRNA and protein by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, in a cohort of 133 primary ovarian carcinomas, and evaluated the association between Top IIalpha expression and clincopathological variables as well as patient outcome. Elevated Top IIalpha mRNA expression was observed in high-grade tumors (P=0.003) and advanced stage disease (P=0.011). In univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with higher expression of Top IIalpha nuclear protein had a significantly decreased overall survival (P=0.045). Interestingly, we detected cytoplasmic protein expression of Top IIalpha in a subset of samples. Cytoplasmic expression of Top IIalpha was associated with the expression of chromosomal region maintenance/exportin 1 (CRM1)-a nuclear export protein (P=0.008). Our study suggests that Top IIalpha overexpression is involved in the progression of ovarian cancer in a subset of the patients. Our results encourage the further evaluation of the prognostic and predictive values of Top IIalpha expression in ovarian carcinoma, which might help to assess the patients' risk profile, and the planning of an individualized therapy.

The Karyopherin proteins, Crm1 and Karyopherin beta1, are overexpressed in cervical cancer and are critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation.

The Karyopherin proteins are involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and are critical for protein and RNA subcellular localization. Recent studies suggest they are important in nuclear envelope component assembly, mitosis and replication. Since these are all critical cellular functions, alterations in the expression of the Karyopherins may have an impact on the biology of cancer cells. In this study, we examined the expression of the Karyopherins, Crm1, Karyopherin beta1 (Kpnbeta1) and Karyopherin alpha2 (Kpnalpha2), in cervical tissue and cell lines. The functional significance of these proteins to cancer cells was investigated using individual siRNAs to inhibit their expression. Microarrays, quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence revealed significantly higher expression of Crm1, Kpnbeta1 and Kpnalpha2 in cervical cancer compared to normal tissue. Expression levels were similarly elevated in cervical cancer cell lines compared to normal cells, and in transformed epithelial and fibroblast cells. Inhibition of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 in cancer cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, while Kpnalpha2 inhibition had no effect. Noncancer cells were unaffected by the inhibition of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1. The reduction in proliferation of cancer cells was associated with an increase in a subG1 population by cell cycle analysis and Caspase-3/7 assays revealed increased apoptosis. Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 siRNA-induced apoptosis was accompanied by an increase in the levels of growth inhibitory proteins, p53, p27, p21 and p18. Our results demonstrate that Crm1, Kpnbeta1 and Kpnalpha2 are overexpressed in cervical cancer and that inhibiting the expression of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1, not Kpnalpha2, induces cancer cell death, making Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 promising candidates as both biomarkers and potential anticancer therapeutic targets.

The expression of CRM1 is associated with prognosis in human osteosarcoma.

The nuclear export protein chromosomal region maintenance/exportin 1/Xpo1 (CRM1) is involved in the nuclear export of proteins and messenger RNAs and, thus, mediates the subcellular distribution of important molecules. Osteosarcoma is a ubiquitous and highly aggressive malignant bone tumor. The expression of CRM1 protein in human osteosarcoma has not been reported to date. We investigated the expression of CRM1 in 57 human osteosarcoma and 5 normal cartilage tissues. Western blot investigation revealed expression of CRM1 was significantly increased in osteosarcoma compared with normal tissues. High expression of CRM1 was significantly associated with increased serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP, P=0.001) but did not associate with that of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, P=0.06). In univariate analysis, a significant association between CRM1 expression and tumor size (P=0.014) as well as histological grade (P=0.003) was observed, while high CRM1 expression was not correlated with the other clinicopathological parameters. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, high CRM1 expression was a significant prognostic indicator for progression-free survival (P=0.016) as well as overall survival (P=0.008). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that expression of CRM1 was an independent prognostic parameter for longer overall survival (95% CI, 1.27-5.39). Additional prospective studies are required to investigate the prognostic role of high expression of CRM1.

Localized regulation of axonal RanGTPase controls retrograde injury signaling in peripheral nerve.

Peripheral sensory neurons respond to axon injury by activating an importin-dependent retrograde signaling mechanism. How is this mechanism regulated? Here, we show that Ran GTPase and its associated effectors RanBP1 and RanGAP regulate the formation of importin signaling complexes in injured axons. A gradient of nuclear RanGTP versus cytoplasmic RanGDP is thought to be fundamental for the organization of eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, we find RanGTP in sciatic nerve axoplasm, distant from neuronal cell bodies and nuclei, and in association with dynein and importin-alpha. Following injury, localized translation of RanBP1 stimulates RanGTP dissociation from importins and subsequent hydrolysis, thereby allowing binding of newly synthesized importin-beta to importin-alpha and dynein. Perturbation of RanGTP hydrolysis or RanBP1 blockade at axonal injury sites reduces the neuronal conditioning lesion response. Thus, neurons employ localized mechanisms of Ran regulation to control retrograde injury signaling in peripheral nerve.

Helper-dependent adenovirus-mediated short hairpin RNA expression in the liver activates the interferon response.

The use of RNA interference has proven to be an effective means to study the function of genes. Constitutive synthesis of small interfering RNA molecules can be accomplished with the use of viral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Binding of shRNA to the target mRNA promotes transcript degradation. So far, little is known about the effects that shRNA induce in vivo. To determine the feasibility of using helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for expression of shRNA in liver, we have designed an shRNA construct to mouse fabp5 (fatty acid-binding protein 5). Intravenous administration of this vector resulted in approximately 75% silencing of fabp5. Increasing the dose of vector did not result in higher levels of silencing, indicating that there is a threshold for the level of knockdown that can be achieved. Synthesis of high levels of shRNA molecules did not alter the levels of cellular micro-RNA, such as miR-122 and let-7a, suggesting that the exportin-5 pathway was not affected. However, high level shRNA expression resulted in activation of the interferon response. Thus, an important consideration when using shRNA-based vectors in vivo is to closely monitor signs of interferon-stimulated gene expression, since a narrow window exists between gene silencing efficacy and nonspecific effects.

Identification of gene expression indicators for thyroid axis disruption in a Xenopus laevis metamorphosis screening assay. Part 2. Effects on the tail and hindlimb.

Thyroid hormones (TH), thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), play crucial roles in regulation of growth, development and metabolism in vertebrates and are targets for endocrine disruptive agents. Perturbations in TH action can contribute to the development of disease states and the US Environmental Protection Agency is developing a high throughput screen using TH-dependent metamorphosis of the Xenopus laevis tadpole as an assay platform. Currently this methodology relies on external morphological endpoints and changes in central thyroid axis parameters. However, exposure-related changes in gene expression in TH-sensitive tissue types that occur over shorter time frames have the potential to augment this screen. Using a combination of cDNA array and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analyses, this study identifies molecular markers in tissues peripheral to the central thyroid axis. We examine the hindlimb and tail of tadpoles up to 96 h of continuous exposure to T(3), T(4), methimazole, propylthiouracil, or perchlorate. Several novel biomarker candidates are indicated that include transcripts encoding importin, RNA helicase II/Gu, and defender against death protein, DAD1. In combination with previously-identified biomarker candidates, these transcripts will greatly augment the predictive and diagnostic power of the Xenopus metamorphosis assay for perturbation of TH action.