Evaluation of photobiomodulation effects on pain, edema, paresthesia, and bone regeneration after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: Study protocol for a randomized, controlled, and double blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) generates an uncomfortable postoperative period accompanied by pain, edema, and paresthesia. There are few studies on the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) after SARME and it was not possible to find studies on the efficacy of light emitted by diode (LED) after this type of intervention. The main objective of the study will be to evaluate the efficacy of PBM with LED in the control of pain, facial edema, paresthesia, and bone repair after SARME. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 72 participants aged from 18 to 45 years, who search the Department of Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology of Mandaqui Hospital Complex, will be conducted. Immediately after surgeries, the participant will be inserted into the placebo or LED group. In the LED group, the participants will receive PBM with an extraoral device (660 and 850 nm with 6 J per point) and an intraoral device (660 nm with 2 J per point) and in the control group the person in charge of the application will simulate the irradiation with the devices kept off. The applications will be in the immediate postoperative period, 1, 2, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after the end of the surgeries, when the evaluations will also be performed. Facial measurements, extra and intraoral sensitivity, pain and bone repair will be evaluated. Secondarily, data regarding the occurrence of headache; otalgia; nausea; bruising; nasolacrimation; epistaxis; dysphagia; systemic and superficial temperature in the operated region; use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories; anxiety and impact of oral health on the participants' quality of life will be computed. DISCUSSION: Since PBM has shown positive effects on postoperative complications of other types of oral surgery and also has a positive effect on bone repair after maxillary disjunction, surgically assisted or not, it seems clear the need to evaluate its performance regarding pain, edema, and paresthesia after these surgeries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This protocol was registered in Clinical Trials platform (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) with the number NCT03814525, first published and last updated on January 24, 2019.

Effects of maxillary expansion on the upper airways: Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: Constricted maxilla is frequently associated with reduced nasal airway dimensions. Wheatear skeletal maxillary expansion (ME) is effective on the dimension of the upper airways is still a debated issue. OBJECTIVES: This overview aimed to report the evidence provided by systematic reviews (SRs) on the effect of ME on the upper airways and to assess the methodological quality of the included SRs. METHODS: Six electronic databases have been explored up to November 2017. After title and abstract screening, SRs addressing the effects of fixed palatal expanders on the dimension and function of the nasal airways were included. The methodological quality of the included SRs was assessed using the updated version of A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review (AMSTAR-2). RESULTS: Eight SRs were included. The methodological quality of most of the included SRs ranged between low and critically low. One SR was rated of high quality. A significant increase in nasal linear dimensions was reported both in the short and long term, but supported by low-/critically low-quality SRs. The significant increase in nasal cavity volume was the only outcome supported by a high-quality SR Controversial results were found with regards to nasal function. CONCLUSION: Whenever a constricted maxilla is present general dentists, paediatricians and ENTs should be familiar with the potential improvement provided by ME. However, due to the low/critically low quality of SRs supporting these results, ME cannot be indicated only for upper airways enhancement, but should be supported by an orthodontic indication.

Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Condyle-fossa Relationship in Growing Patients.

AIM: This study tests whether rapid maxillary expansion (RME) exerts long term effects on interglenoid fossa distance and condyle fossa relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive growing patients aged 8 to 13 years were allocated either to the RME group or control group. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed at baseline and at 6 months. Specific software was used to determine fixed landmarks. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) models were used, with time by group interaction, using age as a covariate. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 11.4 ± 1.5 years were included. There was an overall significant group by time interaction (p = 0.012, effect size 0.59). Change in the lateral position of the glenoid fossa, the primary outcome, was reached (p = 0.008, effect size 0.258). Change in the laterolateral position of the center of the condyle, and the co-primary outcome was also significant (p = 0.011, effect size = 0.24). Nasal cavity width increased (p = 0.065, effect size = 0.14). There was an initial asymmetry in the horizontal position of the condyles that was carried on with no effect of RME. CONCLUSION: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) produces a significant increase in the interglenoid fossa distance and displacement of the mandibular condyles at 6 months in growing patients compared to a control group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The current study shows that RME is effective during growth, widening the interglenoid fossa distance and the lateral positions of the condyles and eventually enlarging the nasal cavity, without causing asymmetry.

Maxillary osteomyelitis associated with osteopetrosis: Systematic review.

Osteopetrosis is a rare condition which presents increased bone density and deficient bone remodeling. The consequential complications include cranial nerve impairment due compression, bone fractures, and osteomyelitis. Maxillary osteomyelitis is uncommon even in osteopetrosis patients. This is a systematic review of the literature regarding the management and outcomes of maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) type II. A case of this specific pathology is reported. There are 18 cases of maxillary osteomyelitis associated with ADO type II reported in the literature. The mean age of the patients reported was 33.5 (SD 15.9) years, and the male:female ratio was 1:1. Antibiotic therapy was variable, and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid was the main choice (33.33%). Surgery or sequestrectomy was performed in 88.89% of the studies. Complete healing was achieved in only 44.4% of cases. The treatment protocols remain controversial and often do not lead to complete healing. In the case that we report, complete healing was achieved after prolonged antibiotic therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and partial resection. In conclusion, the management of maxillary osteomyelitis in ADO type II patients is challenging, and complete resolution of the process is dependent on multiple interventions.

Axitinib-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are oral chemotherapy drugs used primarily to treat leukemias, renal cell carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors. Within this group, a number of drugs have already been implicated in jaw necrosis. Axitinib (Inlyta) is a novel TKI currently licensed for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of jaw necrosis solely related to this medication and review the literature surrounding TKIs and their implication in osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Adult skeletal Class II high-angle case treated with a fully customized lingual bracket appliance.

To achieve optimum occlusal and facial results in a patient with high-angle maxillary protrusion, it is important to move Point A back with retraction of the anterior teeth and prevent clockwise rotation of the mandible through good vertical control. A woman, aged 42 years 5 months, with a protrusive profile sought lingual orthodontic treatment. She had a skeletal Class II high-angle pattern with maxillary protrusion and mandibular retrusion. The extraction of the 4 first premolars was indicated to correct the problems. The vertical bowing effect, a side effect known to occur with conventional lingual bracket systems owing to torque loss, would preclude adequate retraction of Point A and compromise the facial results. To prevent this issue, a fully customized lingual bracket system with vertical slots for the anterior teeth using ribbon-wise archwires was selected. A midpalatal miniscrew was used to prevent molar extrusion. As a result, the bodily retraction of the maxillary incisors and Point A was achieved, obtaining an attractive facial profile.

Forced eruption of impacted maxillary central incisors with severely dilacerated roots.

Treatment of impacted dilacerated incisors is challenging for clinicians because of the prominent position of the teeth and the abnormality of their roots. We report on 2 patients who had horizontally upward impacted and severely dilacerated maxillary central incisors. The first patient's root perforated the labial plate without significant resorption, and the second patient's root was resorbed. Both patients were treated by a surgical-orthodontic approach, and the crowns of the impacted teeth were brought into the arches by closed forced eruption. Therefore, if impacted teeth have dilacerated roots, patients should be told of the possibility of root resorption.

Quiste dentígero: Reporte de un caso / Dentigerous cyst: A case report

Los quistes del maxilar constituyen un conjunto muy variado de entidades, entre las que se incluyen los tumores benignos y malignos de origen odontogénico. Existe poca información sobre la prevalencia de esta patología. Afecta con mayor frecuencia al sexo masculino, entre la segunda y la tercera década de la vida. La proporción de pacientes de 6 a 7 años con quistes dentígeros es de solo 9,1%. El quiste dentígero engloba la corona de un diente permanente normal, impactado, no erupcionado. Suele presentar una sintomatología insidiosa y no se descubre hasta que la tumoración afecta a los órganos vecinos. El objetivo es exponer un caso de quiste dentígero. Si bien es de aparición muy poco frecuente, la presentación de este caso sirve para poner al médico pediatra en conocimiento sobre cómo debe actuar ante una tumoración maxilar unilateral en un niño sano. Se remarca la importancia del manejo multidisciplinario de la entidad.

Maxillary cysts are a diverse group of entities that include benign and malignant odontogenic tumors. Information on the prevalence of this disease is limited. It is more common among males, and usually occurs in the second and third decade of life. The proportion of 6 to 7 year old patients with dentigerous cysts is only 9.1%. Dentigerous cysts encompass the crown of a permanent and unerupted impacted teeth. They are usually slow growing asymptomatic lesions that are not discovered until they affect surrounding organs. The aim of this study is to present an unusual case of dentigerous cyst and to inform the pediatrician about the management of a unilateral maxillary tumor in a healthy child, underlining the importance of a multidisciplinary approach of this disease.

[Dentigerous cyst: a case report]. / Quiste dentígero: reporte de un caso.

Maxillary cysts are a diverse group of entities that include benign and malignant odontogenic tumors. Information on the prevalence of this disease is limited. It is more common among males, and usually occurs in the second and third decade of life. The proportion of 6 to 7 year old patients with dentigerous cysts is only 9.1%. Dentigerous cysts encompass the crown of a permanent and unerupted impacted teeth. They are usually slow growing asymptomatic lesions that are not discovered until they affect surrounding organs. The aim of this study is to present an unusual case of dentigerous cyst and to inform the pediatrician about the management of a unilateral maxillary tumor in a healthy child, underlining the importance of a multidisciplinary approach of this disease.

Los quistes del maxilar constituyen un conjunto muy variado de entidades, entre las que se incluyen los tumores benignos y malignos de origen odontogénico. Existe poca información sobre la prevalencia de esta patología. Afecta con mayor frecuencia al sexo masculino, entre la segunda y la tercera década de la vida. La proporción de pacientes de 6 a 7 años con quistes dentígeros es de solo 9,1%. El quiste dentígero engloba la corona de un diente permanente normal, impactado, no erupcionado. Suele presentar una sintomatología insidiosa y no se descubre hasta que la tumoración afecta a los órganos vecinos. El objetivo es exponer un caso de quiste dentígero. Si bien es de aparición muy poco frecuente, la presentación de este caso sirve para poner al médico pediatra en conocimiento sobre cómo debe actuar ante una tumoración maxilar unilateral en un niño sano. Se remarca la importancia del manejo multidisciplinario de la entidad.

Inflammatory pseudotumour of the maxilla.

Inflammatory pseudotumour (IP), also known as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT), is a rare lesion of the maxillofacial skeleton and a diagnosis by exclusion. We describe three cases which affected the maxilla, two women and one man of ages 67, 56 and 70 years at presentation. All showed the typical, rather non-specific histopathological features. IgG4-positive plasma cells varied greatly in prominence, and none of the three lesions expressed ALK-1. Both women responded to steroids and radiotherapy, though one also required azathioprine. Despite maxillectomy, radiotherapy, steroids and cyclophosphamide, the man suffered intracranial spread and succumbed to persistent disease. The cases described here demonstrate the clinicopathological difficulties presented by this entity and its aggressive, unpredictable behaviour.

Success of Maxillary Alveolar Defect Repair in Rats Using Osteoblast-Differentiated Human Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

PURPOSE: The use of cell-based therapies represents one of the most advanced methods for enhancing the regenerative response in craniofacial abnormalities. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of human dental pulp stem cells, isolated from deciduous teeth, for reconstructing maxillary alveolar defects in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human deciduous dental pulp stem cells were isolated and stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts in culture media. Maxillary alveolar defects were created in 60 Wistar rats by a surgical procedure. Then, on the basis of the type of graft used to repair the bone defect, the rats were divided into 6 equal groups: groups 1 and 2, transplantation of iliac bone graft; groups 3 and 4, transplantation of stem cells derived from deciduous dental pulp in addition to collagen matrix; groups 5 and 6, transplantation of just collagen matrix. Then, fetal bone formation, granulation tissue, fibrous tissue, and inflammatory tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining at 1 month (groups 1, 3, and 5) and 2 months (groups 2, 4, and 6) after surgery, and data were analyzed and compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Maximum fetal bone formation occurred in group 2, in which iliac bone graft was inserted into the defect area for 2 months; there also were significant differences among the groups for bone formation (P = .009). In the 1-month groups, there were no significant differences between the control and stem cell-plus-scaffold groups. There were significant differences between the 2-month groups for fetal bone formation only between the control and scaffold groups (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that human dental pulp stem cells are an additional cell resource for repairing maxillary alveolar defects in rats and constitute a promising model for reconstruction of human maxillary alveolar defects in patients with cleft lip and palate.

Comparison of Australian and New Zealand referral rates for hyperbaric oxygen in oro-facial osteoradionecrosis: evidence-based, funding constraint or clinician whim?

AIM: To compare Australian and New Zealand (NZ) rates of referral to hyperbaric units for patients with, or at risk of developing mandibular or maxillary osteoradionecrosis (ORN) due to a history of radiotherapy for oro-pharyngeal cancer. METHOD: Relevant patient treatment data from all hyperbaric units in Australia and NZ were collated and analysed. RESULTS: The rate of referral to hyperbaric units in Australia for treatment or prophylaxis of patients with, or at risk of oro-facial ORN, was 1.7 times the rate of referral in NZ. Within Australia, there was a greater than three-fold interstate variation. CONCLUSION: There is a significant referral rate difference both within Australia and between Australia and NZ for hyperbaric oxygen therapy for oro-facial ORN. Possible reasons for this difference include access to funding, logistical difficulties, clinician preference for an alternative treatment and clinician attitudes to hyperbaric oxygen.

Interventions for the treatment of keratocystic odontogenic tumours.

BACKGROUND: The keratocystic odontogenic tumours (KCOTs) account for between about 2% and 11% of all jaw cysts and can occur at any age. They are more common in males than females with a male:female ratio of approximately 2:1. Although they are benign, KCOTs are locally very aggressive and have a tendency to recur after treatment. Reported recurrence rates range from 3% to 60%. The traditional method for the treatment of most KCOTs is surgical enucleation. However, due to the lining of the cyst being delicate and the fact that they frequently recur, this method alone is not sufficient. Adjunctive surgical treatment has been proposed in addition to the surgical enucleation, such as removal of the peripheral bone (ostectomy) or resection of the cyst with surrounding bone (en-bloc) resection. Other adjunctive treatments proposed are: cryotherapy (freezing) with liquid nitrogen and the use of the fixative Carnoy's solution placed in the cyst cavity after enucleation; both of which attempt to address residual tissue to prevent recurrence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the available evidence comparing the effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of KCOTs. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 17 March 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2015, Issue 2), MEDLINE via Ovid (1946 to 17 March 2015) and EMBASE via Ovid (1980 to 17 March 2015). We searched the US National Institutes of Health Trials Register (http://clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing one modality of intervention with another with or without adjunctive treatment for the treatment of KCOTs. Adults, over the age of 18 with a validated diagnosis of solitary KCOTs arising in the jaw bones of the maxilla or mandible. Patients with known Gorlin syndrome were to be excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review authors screened trials for inclusion. Full papers were obtained for relevant and potentially relevant trials. If data had been extracted, it would have been synthesised using the fixed-effect model, if substantial clinical diversity were identified between studies we planned to use the random-effects model with studies grouped by action provided there were four or more studies included in the meta-analysis, and we would have explored the heterogeneity between the included studies. MAIN RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no published randomised controlled trials relevant to this review question, therefore no conclusions could be reached about the effectiveness or otherwise of the interventions considered in this review. There is a need for well designed and conducted randomised controlled trials to evaluate treatments for KCOTs.

Decompression as an effective primary approach to large radicular cyst in the maxillary sinus--A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic approach to jaw cysts may depend on their dimensions and localization. Enucleation of cystic lesion is not always preferable in the first act, especially if large cysts are in close proximity to important anatomical structures. The aim of this paper was to present the outcome of the treatment protocol comprising preoperative decompression and subsequent enucleation of a large maxillary cyst. CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old male patient with large asymptomatic radicular cyst in the right maxillary sinus was presented to our clinic. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed a large cyst, which perforated the right anterior maxillary wall by 1.5 cm, and was in the intimate contact with the orbital floor. Surgical treatment of the cystic lesion comprised: preoperative decompression with biopsy in the first act and enucleation, performed under general anesthesia, 6 months after the observation period. CONCLUSION: Decompression with subsequent enucleation proved to be effective treatment of large radicular cyst in maxillary sinus with low-morbidity.

Conservative management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla with an obturator prosthesis.

Advanced maxillary medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw can cause extensive hard and soft tissue destruction that results in long-term oroantral fistulae. The surgical treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw may relieve acute symptoms and eliminate the signs of inflammation, but the primary and sustained plastic closure of these defects can challenge both the clinician and the patients. Although the use of obturator prostheses for maxillary defects after ablative oncologic surgery is well documented, studies about this treatment for similar medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-related defects are missing. This presentation of clinical situations describes the use of obturators as a conservative alternative to repetitive surgery for the rehabilitation of selected maxillary defects with oroantral communications.

Palatal Mucormycosis in An Infant.

The maxilla rarely undergoes necrosis due to its rich vascularity. Maxillary necrosis can occur due to bacterial infections, viral infections, or fungal infections. Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fulminant fungal infection that mainly infects immunocompromised patients. The fungus invades the arteries, leading to thrombosis that subsequently causes necrosis of hard and soft tissues. The occurrence of mucormycosis is not considered rare in the jaws of adults, but involvement of the maxilla in infants is not usually seen. The purpose of this report is to discuss the diagnosis and management of a rare case of mucormycosis in the palate of a two-month-old boy.

[Complex treatment of a large radicular cyst in the anterior region of the maxilla. Case report]. / A maxilla front régiójában elhelyezkedo nagy kiterjedésu radikuláris ciszta komplex ellátása. Esetismertetés.

As opposed to other odontogenic cysts, the radicular cyst is always produced by intraradicular infection, therefore it is important to eliminate the cause of the inflammation as well. During the healing of the radicular cyst, the infected tooth should be treated by extraction or root canal treatment completed by surgical intervention. The presented case is a 77 year-old male patient with Type II Diabetes, who required oral surgery and endodontic treatment. Despite of the age and diabetes of the patient, the bone regeneration was rapid and complete. Seven months after starting the treatment, the size of the cyst decresed significantly and by 12th month it was perfectly healed.

Dentigerous cyst of inflammatory origin.

There is an association between persistent, prolonged inflammation of a primary tooth and the development of an inflammatory dentigerous cyst involving the succedaneous tooth. The purpose of this case report is to describe the management of an inflammatory dentigerous cyst of the permanent maxillary left central incisor in a nine-year-old boy caused by a long-term inflammation/infection of its predecessor. The treatment consisted of conservative decompression, which allowed for rapid healing and the eruption of the permanent tooth. The patient was followed up with periodic clinical and radiographic evaluations for several years.