OMA1 and YME1L as a Diagnostic Panel in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Identifying new hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-driven signaling molecules and discovering their molecular mechanisms are crucial for efficient and better outcomes. Recently, OMA1 and YME1L, the inner mitochondrial proteases, were displayed to be associated with tumor progression in various cancers; however, their role in HCC has not yet been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the possible role of OMA1/YME1L in HCC staging and discussed their potential role in cellular apoptosis and proliferation. Our study was performed using four groups of male albino rats: a normal control and three diethyl nitrosamine-treated groups for 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The OMA1 and YME1L, matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and cyclin D1 content were measured in liver tissues, while alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was assessed in serum. Additionally, Ki-67 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The relative hepatic expression of Bax, and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-3) was measured. Herein, we confirmed for the first time that OMA1 is down-regulated while YME1L is up-regulated in HCC in the three studied stages with subsequent inhibition of apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Furthermore, these proteases have a possible role in metastasis. These newly recognized results suggested OMA1 and YME1L as possible diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for HCC management.

LncRNA NNT-AS1 regulates proliferation, ECM accumulation and inflammation of human mesangial cells induced by high glucose through miR-214-5p/smad4.

BACKGROUND: LncRNA NNT-AS1 (NNT-AS1) has been extensively studied as the causative agent in propagation and progression of lung and bladder cancers, and cholangiocarcinoma. However, its significance in proliferation and inflammation of diabetic nephropathy is enigmatic. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms followed by NNT-AS1 to establish diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its potential miRNA target. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential miRNA target of NNT-AS1 and smad4 transcription factor was conducted using LncBase and TargetScan, and was subsequently confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Relative quantitative expression of NNT-AS1 in human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs) was detected through quantitative real-time PCR and WB analysis. Cell proliferation was detected through CCK-8 assay, whereas, ELISA was conducted to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Following this, relative expression of miR-214-5p and smad4 were confirmed through qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS: Results from the experiments manifested up-regulated levels of NNT-AS1 and smad4 in the blood samples of DN patients as well as in HGMCs, whereas, downregulated levels of miR-214-5p were measured in the HGMCs suggesting the negative correlation between NNT-AS1 and miR-214-5p. Potential binding sites of NNT-AS1 showed miR-214-5p as its direct target and NNT-AS1 as potential absorber for this microRNA, in turn increasing the expression of transcription factor smad4. CONCLUSION: The data suggests that NNT-AS1 can be positively used as a potential biomarker and indicator of DN and causes extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and inflammation of human mesangial cells.

Plasma mitochondrial derived peptides MOTS-c and SHLP2 positively associate with android and liver fat in people without diabetes.

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and hypothesised to form part of a retrograde signalling network that modulates adaptive responses to metabolic stress. To understand how metabolic stress regulates MDPs in humans we assessed the association between circulating MOTS-c and SHLP2 and components of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as depot-specific fat mass in participants without overt type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. One-hundred and twenty-five Chinese participants (91 male, 34 female) had anthropometry, whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and fasted blood samples analysed. Chinese female participants and an additional 34 European Caucasian female participants also underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/S) for visceral, pancreatic and liver fat quantification. In Chinese participants (age = 41 ± 1 years, BMI = 27.8 ± 3.9 kg/m2), plasma MOTS-c (315 ± 27 pg/ml) and SHLP2 (1393 ± 82 pg/ml) were elevated in those with MS (n = 26). While multiple components of the MS sequelae positively associated with both MOTS-c and SHLP2, including blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides, the most significant of these was waist circumference (p < 0.0001). Android fat had a greater effect on increasing plasma MOTS-c (p < 0.004) and SHLP2 (p < 0.009) relative to whole body fat. Associations with MRI/S parameters corrected for total body fat mass revealed that liver fat positively associated with plasma MOTS-c and SHLP2 and visceral fat with SHLP2. Consistent with hepatic stress being a driver of circulating MDP concentrations, plasma MOTS-c and SHLP2 were higher in participants with elevated liver damage markers and in male C57Bl/6j mice fed a diet that induces hepatic lipid accumulation and damage. Our findings provide evidence that in the absence of overt type 2 diabetes, components of the MS positively associated with levels of MOTS-c and SHLP2 and that android fat, in particular liver fat, is a primary driver of these associations. MOTS-c and SHLP2 have previously been shown to have cyto- and metabolo-protective properties, therefore we suggest that liver stress may be a mitochondrial peptide signal, and that mitochondrial peptides are part of a hepatic centric-hormetic response intended to restore metabolic balance.

Identification of Reduced Host Transcriptomic Signatures for Tuberculosis Disease and Digital PCR-Based Validation and Quantification.

Recently, host whole blood gene expression signatures have been identified for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Absolute quantification of the concentrations of signature transcripts in blood have not been reported, but would facilitate diagnostic test development. To identify minimal transcript signatures, we applied a transcript selection procedure to microarray data from African adults comprising 536 patients with TB, other diseases (OD) and latent TB (LTBI), divided into training and test sets. Signatures were further investigated using reverse transcriptase (RT)-digital PCR (dPCR). A four-transcript signature (GBP6, TMCC1, PRDM1, and ARG1) measured using RT-dPCR distinguished TB patients from those with OD (area under the curve (AUC) 93.8% (CI95% 82.2-100%). A three-transcript signature (FCGR1A, ZNF296, and C1QB) differentiated TB from LTBI (AUC 97.3%, CI95%: 93.3-100%), regardless of HIV. These signatures have been validated across platforms and across samples offering strong, quantitative support for their use as diagnostic biomarkers for TB.

BIK and GRP78 protein expression as possible markers of response to preoperative chemotherapy and survival in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: BIK and GRP78 have shown differential expression profiles in breast cancer (BC) tissue, in addition to its important participation in the pathophysiology of cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of BIK and GRP78 protein expression with clinical and pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy, recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), in patients with BC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients who received preoperative chemotherapy where included in an observational, analytical and retrospective study to assess the BIK and GRP78 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in microarrays of BC tissue obtained before treatment. Associations between BIK and GRP78 expression with clinicopathological characteristics, clinical and pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy, and recurrence were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. OS and postoperative DFS were assessed at 5-year follow-up by Kaplan-Meir curves, and the difference according to BIK and GRP78 expression was evaluated using the log-rank test. Bivariate analysis was performed using Cox risk proportion model. A p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: BIK and GRP78 staining revealed positive expression in 37 (71.2%) and 35 patients (72.9%) respectively. Association between pathological complete response (pCR) and positive expression of BIK (p = 0.046), as well as between clinical complete response (cCR) and negative expression of GRP78 was observed (p = 0.048). Patients with expression of GRP78 had lower DFS (HR = 3.46; 95% CI 1.01-11.80; p = 0.047) and shorter OS (HR = 3.49; 95% CI 1.04 a 11.72; p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: When finding association of GRP78 and BIK protein expression with the response (clinical and pathologic respectively) to preoperative chemotherapy, and GRP78 with DFS and OS, in patients with BC, our results suggest a potential prognostic value of both proteins; however, a larger sample size is required to confirm this.

Serum Mitochondrial Quality Control Related Biomarker Levels are Associated with Organ Dysfunction in Septic Patients.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the feasibility and the value of using mitochondrial quality control (MQC)-related proteins as biomarkers in septic patients. METHODS: The enrolled subjects were divided into four groups: healthy control group (n = 30), intensive care unit (ICU) control group (n = 62), septic nonshock group (n = 40), and septic shock group (n = 94). Serum levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), fission protein 1 (Fis1), mitofusin2 (Mfn2), and Parkin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the time of enrollment for all groups. Clinical parameters and laboratory test results were also collected. RESULTS: The levels of MQC-related biomarkers between any two of the four groups were significantly different (P < 0.001 for all). The serum levels of PGC-1α, Mfn2, and Parkin were lowest in healthy individuals; the levels were dramatically higher in the ICU control group compared with the others, and they decreased progressively from the septic nonshock group to the septic shock group. However, the pattern for Fis1 was inverse; the more severe the condition was, the higher the level of Fis1. Moreover, there was moderate correlation between MQC-related biomarkers and the SOFA score (PGC-1α, r = -0.662; Fis1, r = 0.609; Mfn2, r = -0.677; Parkin, r = 0.-0.674, P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The serum levels of PGC-1α, Fis1, Mfn2, and Parkin were significantly correlated with organ dysfunction and reflected the disease progression and severity. The dynamic surveillance of these four biomarkers could be beneficial to predict outcome and guide treatment.

MOTS-c reduces myostatin and muscle atrophy signaling.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are metabolic diseases, often associated with sarcopenia and muscle dysfunction. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, acts as a systemic hormone and has been implicated in metabolic homeostasis. Although MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, whether MOTS-c impacts muscle atrophy is not known. Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and also one of the possible mediators of insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Interestingly, we found that plasma MOTS-c levels are inversely correlated with myostatin levels in human subjects. We further demonstrated that MOTS-c prevents palmitic acid-induced atrophy in differentiated C2C12 myotubes, whereas MOTS-c administration decreased myostatin levels in plasma in diet-induced obese mice. By elevating AKT phosphorylation, MOTS-c inhibits the activity of an upstream transcription factor for myostatin and other muscle wasting genes, FOXO1. MOTS-c increases mTORC2 and inhibits PTEN activity, which modulates AKT phosphorylation. Further upstream, MOTS-c increases CK2 activity, which leads to PTEN inhibition. These results suggest that through inhibition of myostatin, MOTS-c could be a potential therapy for insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle atrophy as well as other muscle wasting phenotypes including sarcopenia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide reduces high-fat-diet-induced muscle atrophy signaling by reducing myostatin expression. The CK2-PTEN-mTORC2-AKT-FOXO1 pathways play key roles in MOTS-c action on myostatin expression.

Increased Intracranial Hemorrhage Amid Elevated Inflammatory Markers in Those With COVID-19 Supported With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

ABSTRACT: COVID-19-related coagulopathy is a known complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection and can lead to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), one of the most feared complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We sought to evaluate the incidence and etiology of ICH in patients with COVID-19 requiring ECMO. Patients at two academic medical centers with COVID-19 who required venovenous-ECMO support for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were evaluated retrospectively. During the study period, 33 patients required ECMO support; 16 (48.5%) were discharged alive, 13 died (39.4%), and 4 (12.1%) had ongoing care. Eleven patients had ICH (33.3%). All ICH events occurred in patients who received intravenous anticoagulation. The ICH group had higher C-reactive protein (P = 0.04), procalcitonin levels (P = 0.02), and IL-6 levels (P = 0.05), lower blood pH before and after ECMO (P < 0.01), and higher activated partial thromboplastin times throughout the hospital stay (P < 0.0001). ICH-free survival was lower in COVID-19 patients than in patients on ECMO for ARDS caused by other viruses (49% vs. 79%, P = 0.02). In conclusion, patients with COVID-19 can be successfully bridged to recovery using ECMO but may suffer higher rates of ICH compared to those with other viral respiratory infections.

Relationship between the mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c and insulin resistance in obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: The co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are common. Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) is one of the newly identified mitochondrial derivative peptides that play a role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to examine the serum levels of MOTS-C to help understand the role of the disease in the pathophysiology, thereby investigating whether it can contribute to the appropriate treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients with OSAS and 20 healthy controls were included. The serum MOTS-C level was measured in all patients. For each participant, demographic features, lipid profile, serum glucose levels, and insulin levels were also evaluated. Homeostatic model assessment indicator of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for all participants. RESULTS: Patients with OSAS (n = 70) were grouped as mild (n = 19), moderate (n = 19), and severe (n = 32). Patients with AHI ≤ 5 were considered as the healthy control group (n = 20). Mean age was 50.3 years and 74% (67/90) of the study sample was male. As expected, as the severity of OSA increased, BMI, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased. MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in patients with OSA compared to healthy controls (p < 0.000) and we found that MOTS-C levels decreased as OSA severity increased. There was a negative correlation between serum MOTS-C levels and AHI and BMI (r = - 0.492, p < 0.001, r = - 0.382, p < 0.001, respectively). Serum MOTS-C levels were independently associated with AHI in BMI and HOMA-IR in linear regression analysis (p < 0.010, p < 0.007, p < 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION: Serum MOTS-C level is related to OSA and BMI. MOTS-C may be a useful new marker for early metabolic disorders in patients with OSA.

Both Traditional and Stair Climbing-based HIIT Cardiac Rehabilitation Induce Beneficial Muscle Adaptations.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of knowledge as to how different exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programming affects skeletal muscle adaptations in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We first characterized the skeletal muscle from adults with CAD compared with a group of age- and sex-matched healthy adults. We then determined the effects of a traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise program (TRAD) or a stair climbing-based high-intensity interval training program (STAIR) on skeletal muscle metabolism in CAD. METHODS: Sixteen adults (n = 16, 61 ± 7 yr), who had undergone recent treatment for CAD, were randomized to perform (3 d·wk-1) either TRAD (n = 7, 30 min at 60%-80% of peak heart rate) or STAIR (n = 9, 3 × 6 flights) for 12 wk. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline in both CAD and healthy controls (n = 9), and at 4 and 12 wk after exercise training in CAD patients undertaking TRAD or STAIR. RESULTS: We found that CAD had a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi, 35% ± 25%, P = 0.06) and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange (CFPE) index (23% ± 29%, P = 0.034) in Type II fibers compared with healthy controls. However, 12 wk of cardiac rehabilitation with either TRAD or STAIR increased C/Fi (Type II, 23% ± 14%, P < 0.001) and CFPE (Type I, 10% ± 23%, P < 0.01; Type II, 18% ± 22%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Cardiac rehabilitation via TRAD or STAIR exercise training improved the compromised skeletal muscle microvascular phenotype observed in CAD patients.

Different responses of apoptotic, inflammatory and heat shock protein gene expression to a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise between physically active and inactive men.

High mechanical load of muscles may induce muscular apoptosis on the one hand and adaptation to exercise on the other. This study aimed to explore whether changes of circulatory levels of inflammation, apoptosis and heat shock proteins (HSPs) messenger RNA (mRNA) following single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) differs between physically active (PA) and inactive (PI) men. Nine PA and 9 PI (peak oxygen consumption: 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 L·min-1) healthy men (age: 28.7 ± 6.3 vs. 30.2 ± 4.5 years and body mass index: 2.6 ± 2.1 vs. 23.3 ± 2.8 kg·m-2) performed HIIE, comprising 4 repeats of a Wingate test (load: 0.050 kg·kg-1 body weight). Blood samples were collected before exercise, 5 min after HIIE, and 24 h after HIIE for measuring mRNA of inflammation markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), apoptosis markers including Bcl-2, Bax, and HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Post-HIIE IL-6, TNFα and HSP60 were higher in the PI than the PA group 5 min after exercise (p = 0.003, effect size (ES) = 1.59; p = 0.007, ES = 1.59 and p = 0.027, ES = 1.10 respectively). HSP70 acutely increased only in the PA group (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20). The increase in Bcl-2 (p = 0.047, ES = 1.08) and Bax (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20) levels were higher in the PI group 5 min after HIIE. The present study indicated that the response of inflammatory, apoptosis and HSP gene expressions to HIIE in blood of healthy male volunteers strongly depends on their level of regular physical activity. Novelty: Blood IL-6 and HSP60 mRNA levels following high intensity exercise may indicate metabolic stress. Increased blood HSP70 mRNA in physically active men may show an alternative apoptosis suppression pathway.

Evaluating Serum Heat Shock Protein Levels as Novel Biomarkers for Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Staging of atrial fibrillation (AF) is essential to understanding disease progression and the accompanied increase in therapy failure. Blood-based heat shock protein (HSP) levels may enable staging of AF and the identification of patients with higher risk for AF recurrence after treatment. Objective: This study evaluates the relationship between serum HSP levels, presence of AF, AF stage and AF recurrence following electrocardioversion (ECV) or pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Methods: To determine HSP27, HSP70, cardiovascular (cv)HSP and HSP60 levels, serum samples were collected from control patients without AF and patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), persistent (PeAF) and longstanding persistent (LSPeAF) AF, presenting for ECV or PVI, prior to intervention and at 3-, 6- and 12-months post-PVI. Results: The study population (n = 297) consisted of 98 control and 199 AF patients admitted for ECV (n = 98) or PVI (n = 101). HSP27, HSP70, cvHSP and HSP60 serum levels did not differ between patients without or with PAF, PeAF or LSPeAF. Additionally, baseline HSP levels did not correlate with AF recurrence after ECV or PVI. However, in AF patients with AF recurrence, HSP27 levels were significantly elevated post-PVI relative to baseline, compared to patients without recurrence. Conclusions: No association was observed between baseline HSP levels and the presence of AF, AF stage or AF recurrence. However, HSP27 levels were increased in serum samples of patients with AF recurrence within one year after PVI, suggesting that HSP27 levels may predict recurrence of AF after ablative therapy.

Trimetazidine Improves the Outcome of EECP Therapy in Patients with Refractory Angina Pectoris.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease (CAD) associated with death and disability remains a serious medical problem. In some patients the initial clinical coronary artery disease presentation is stable angina pectoris. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of EECP therapy with or without trimetazidine (TMZ) in patients with refractory angina via modulating peripheral monocyte expression of Toll like receptor2 (TLR2) and its downstream signaling. METHODS: This is a double-blind randomized prospective study in which 88 stable refractory angina patients allocated into two groups, Enhanced External Counter Pulsation (EECP) group: included 44 patients with stable refractory angina, and were treated with EECP-Therapy. TMZ-EECP group: included 44 patients with stable refractory angina, we gave TMZ 35 mg twice daily in addition to EECP-Therapy. RESULTS: TLR2 expression in peripheral monocyte investigated by flow cytometry and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2ß (8-iso-PGF2 ß), interleukin1ß (IL-1ß), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and monocytes chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) were also measured before the EECP-therapy and before giving TMZ to patients, and after 35 hours of EECP treatment (7 consecutive weeks). Inhibition in TLR2 expression in peripheral monocyte was observed among the EECP group (P<0.05). Inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 was remarkably decreased in both study groups but (heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), MCP-1 and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)) significantly decreased levels were observed among the TMZ-EECP group (P<0.05). Also, the oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2ß (8-iso-PGF2ß) was decreased in both study groups but significantly decreased levels were observed among the TMZ-EECP group (P<0.05). TMZ and EECP therapy in patients with stable refractory angina remarkably decreased the inflammatory markers HSP60, MCP-1 and IL-1ß in serum levels also the decreased levels were found in serum levels of oxidative stress marker 8-iso-PGF2ß serum level. CONCLUSION: EECP-therapy decreased the expression of TLR2 on peripheral monocytes in patients with chronic stable refractory angina which yield improvement in the quality of patients' life by decreasing the frequency of angina episodes, decreasing the Short-acting nitrate use and change the exercise tolerance and distance.

Overexpression of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitochondrial structure integrity, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROMO1 expression was reported in various cancer cell lines; however, the possible association between ROMO1 expression and bladder cancer was not well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the rate of ROMO1 expression and the correlation of oxidative stress with the development of bladder cancer. In this study, a total of 35 cancerous and healthy adjacent tissues were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the gene expression of ROMO1. Also, we evaluated the serum level of ROMO1 and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), as well as Total Oxidant Status (TOS) in patients with bladder cancer along with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The ROMO1 gene was significantly higher in cancerous tissues than that of adjacent healthy tissues. Also, the serum levels of ROMO1, TAC, TOS, and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) were increased in patients with bladder cancer compared with healthy subjects. It can be concluded that the overexpression of the ROMO1 gene is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer as well as an increase in oxidative stress conditions. Our findings also suggest that the serum level of ROMO1 might be a promising tumor marker for bladder cancer.

Apoptosis-Inducing Factor, Mitochondrion-Associated 3 (AIFM3) Protein Level in the Sera as a Prognostic Marker of Cholangiocarcinoma Patients.

Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients is absolutely poor. Since improvement of prognosis and/or response to treatment by personalized and precision treatments requires earlier and precise diagnostic markers, discovery of prognostic markers attracts more attention. Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 3 (AIFM3) is highly expressed in several cancers including CCA. The present study investigated whether the serum AIFM3 level can be used as a potential marker for CCA prognosis. For this purpose, we first determined secretory protein nature of AIFM3 using bioinformatic tools. The results show that although AIFM3 lacks signal peptide, it can be secreted into plasma/serum via an unconventional pathway. Then, the AIFM3 levels in the sera of 141 CCA patients and 70 healthy controls (HC) were measured using a semi-quantitative dot blot assay. The results show that the AIFM3 level in the sera of CCA group was significantly higher than that of HC. When correlation between serum AIFM3 levels and the clinicopathological parameters of CCA patients were examined, serum AIFM3 levels correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis, age, and the patients' overall survival (OS). Higher AIFM3 levels were significantly associated with shorter OS, and only AIFM3 was an independent prognostic marker for CCA. In conclusion, AIFM3 can be used as a prognostic marker for CCA.

Novel biomarkers to assess the risk for acute coronary syndrome: beyond troponins.

Current diagnostic biomarkers for ACS are mainly represented by troponin I and troponin T. Dosing of these two molecules often leads to false positive results, since their plasma levels can increase in several different systemic settings. Therefore, identification of new markers able to detect patients with acute coronary syndromes is an emerging priority. On this view, many studies have been performed on different microRNAs, mitochondrial peptides, inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules with very promising results. Besides their introduction in screening programs, further studies are now needed in the acute setting, beyond or in association with troponin levels. This will help to better discriminate the real occurrence of an ACS in many patients accessing the emergency department for chest pain.

Increased expression of the mitochondrial derived peptide, MOTS-c, in skeletal muscle of healthy aging men is associated with myofiber composition.

Mitochondria putatively regulate the aging process, in part, through the small regulatory peptide, mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) that is encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Here we investigated the regulation of MOTS-c in the plasma and skeletal muscle of healthy aging men. Circulating MOTS-c reduced with age, but older (70-81 y) and middle-aged (45-55 y) men had ~1.5-fold higher skeletal muscle MOTS-c expression than young (18-30 y). Plasma MOTS-c levels only correlated with plasma in young men, was associated with markers of slow-type muscle, and associated with improved muscle quality in the older group (maximal leg-press load relative to thigh cross-sectional area). Using small mRNA assays we provide evidence that MOTS-c transcription may be regulated independently of the full length 12S rRNA gene in which it is encoded, and expression is not associated with antioxidant response element (ARE)-related genes as previously seen in culture. Our results suggest that plasma and muscle MOTS-c are differentially regulated with aging, and the increase in muscle MOTS-c expression with age is consistent with fast-to-slow type muscle fiber transition. Further research is required to determine the molecular targets of endogenous MOTS-c in human muscle but they may relate to factors that maintain muscle quality.

ß-Amyloid and mitochondrial-derived peptide-c are additive predictors of adverse outcome to high-on-treatment platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetics with revascularized coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increased ß-amyloid and decreased mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c), are reported in diabetes. We investigated their additive value to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity (HPR) for adverse outcome in type 2 diabetics after recent revascularization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 121 type II diabetics, treated with clopidogrel and aspirin, (93 males, mean age 67.2 years) we measured: (a) maximum platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by light transmission aggregometry (LTAmax), (b) malondialdehyde (MDA), as oxidative stress marker, (c) MOTS-c, (d) ß-amyloid blood levels. Cardiac death and acute coronary syndromes (MACE) were recorded during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Out of 121 patients, 32 showed HPR (LTAmax > 48%,). At baseline, HPR was associated with ß-amyloid > 51 pg/ml (p = 0.006) after adjusting clinical variables, HbA1c, MOTS-c, MDA and medication. During follow-up, 22 patients suffered a MACE. HPR, ß-amyloid > 51 pg/ml and MOTS-c < 167 ng/ml were predictors of MACE (relative risk 3.1, 3.5 and 3.8 respectively, p < 0.05) after adjusting for confounders and medication. There was significant interaction between HPR and ß-amyloid or MOTS-c for the prediction of MACE (p < 0.05). Patients with HPR and ß-amyloid > 51 mg/dl or HPR and MOTS-c concentration < 167 ng/ml had a fourfold higher risk for MACE than patients without these predictors (relative risk 4.694 and 4.447 respectively p < 0.01). The above results were confirmed in an external validation cohort of 90 patients with diabetes and CAD. CONCLUSIONS: Increased ß-amyloid or low MOTS-c are additive predictors to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity for adverse outcome in diabetics with CAD during 2-years follow-up. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT04027712.

Maternal serum mitofusin-2 levels in patients with preeclampsia: the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in preeclampsia.

Purpose: Hypoxia alters mitochondria function and our aim was to measure mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) in patients with preeclampsia.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted including 82 pregnant women, 27 with normal pregnancy and 55 with preeclampsia (27 with early-onset preeclampsia and 28 with late-onset preeclampsia). Maternal serum levels of Mfn2 were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.Results: The mean serum mitofusin-2 levels were higher in women with preeclampsia than in the control group (68.02 ± 8.7 pg/mL vs. 99.72 ± 37.27 pg/mL, p < .0001). The mean serum mitofusin-2 level was found to be the highest in the early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) group (EOPE: 101.6 ± 38.5 pg/mL). Maternal serum mitofusin-2 levels correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as uterine artery pulsatility index. The optimal cutoff value of Mfn2 for determining preeclampsia was 75.3 pg/mL.Conclusion: Mfn2 has regulatory roles in stress response. Maternal serum Mfn2 is higher in patients with preeclampsia suggesting that Mfn2 increases in the maternal system as a stress response against hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction.What do the results of this study add? Hypoxia causes mitochondrial dysfunction that has been linked to the etiology of many diseases including preeclampsia. Mitofusin-2 is a mitochondrial fusion protein, and the levels can be altered in preeclampsia. For the first time, we showed that maternal levels of mitofusin-2 are higher in patients with preeclampsia. Further, we reported the correlation of mitofusin-2 with blood pressures and uterine artery pulsatility index. These findings will open up other avenues for researchers to investigate other mitochondrial molecules while under stress.

Systemic Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Protein Levels Correlate with Neuroimaging Measures in Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals.

Few studies have examined systemic mitochondrial function in conjunction with brain imaging in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Oxidative phosphorylation enzyme protein levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured in association with neuroimaging indices in 28 HIV+ individuals. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging yielded volumes of seven brain regions of interest; diffusion tensor imaging determined fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum (CC). Higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase levels correlated with lower volumes of thalamus (p = .005) and cerebral white matter (p = .049) and, in the CC, with lower FA (p = .011, body; p = .005, genu; p = .009, total CC) and higher MD (p = .023, body; p = .035, genu; p = .019, splenium; p = .014, total CC). Greater cytochrome c oxidase levels correlated with lower thalamic (p = .034) and cerebellar gray matter (p = .021) volumes. The results indicate that systemic mitochondrial cellular bioenergetics are associated with brain health in HIV.