Successful surgical management of a pyothorax in a Guinea baboon (Papio papio).

A 16-year-old male Guinea baboon (Papio papio) was evaluated for weakness and focal wet fur of 1-week duration. A pyothorax caused by Streptococcus anginosus was diagnosed. A surgical approach was chosen, combined with a systemic antibiotic therapy. Medical imaging and C-reactive protein follow-up revealed the resolution of the pyothorax.

NEOURETEROCYSTOSTOMY AND URETHRAL STENT PLACEMENT IN A BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY (ATELES GEOFFROYI).

A 27-y-old female black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) was evaluated 13 d after an ovariohysterectomy because of abdominal distension, anorexia, and absent urination. The animal was diagnosed with a uroabdomen and urethral obstruction from computed tomographic findings and fluid creatinine levels. During exploratory laparotomy, a defect in the right ureter was confirmed as the source of the uroabdomen. Utilizing intraoperative fluoroscopy, a urethral obstruction with an irregular luminal filling defect was evident. A self-expanding nitinol urethral stent was placed, and a ureteral transposition was performed. Two months after the procedure, the animal developed dysuria, a urinary tract infection, recurrent bladder distension and a partial urethral obstruction. Treatment with prazosin 1 mg/kg PO q12h improved urination. Reobstruction of the urethra occurred 17 mo postsurgery, and the animal was euthanatized. On postmortem examination, the animal had ingrowth into the stent with proliferative granulation tissue, detrusor muscle degeneration, pelvic adhesions, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis.

Diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis in a hooded capuchin (Sapajus apella).

Spontaneous endometriosis is common in women, great apes and Old World monkeys, but rare in New World monkeys. We report on the clinical diagnosis and successful combination of surgical and medical treatment in a case of spontaneous endometriosis in a diabetic hooded capuchin. Addressing this painful condition had a positive welfare impact.

A cervical mass in a laboratory rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): Suspicion of air sacculitis.

A 13-year-old rhesus macaque presented a cervical swelling associated with sudden deterioration of its condition. This mass was surgically removed, and its histopathological examination revealed a stratified squamous epithelium. This appearance has been reported in some case of air sacculitis in others non-human primate species.

Two case reports of unusual phimosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta).

Phimosis is the inability of the penis to protrude from the prepuce. In the present report, we present two cases of phimosis in two rhesus monkeys. Surgical enlargement of preputial orifice was performed for unrestricted movement of penis. The exact cause of this condition is unknown to us.

Primary Myxoid Liposarcoma of the Greater Omentum in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).

We here report a spontaneous case of primary myxoid liposarcoma of the greater omentum with subsequent transperitoneal recurrence. The primary mass was incidentally found during an exploratory laparotomy for a presumed diagnosis of trichobezoar or phytobezoar and was removed surgically. Histopathologic examination of the mass revealed the presence of a myxoid liposarcoma. Eleven months later, recurrence with severe transperitoneal sarcomatosis of the myxoid liposarcoma was noted and confirmed by necropsy and histopathology. A review of the literature revealed that liposarcoma in NHP conforms to the behavior and prognosis of this neoplasm in humans.

Repair of a Large Ventral Hernia in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) by Using an Abdominal Component Separation Technique.

Here we present a 32-y-old rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with a large recurrent ventral incisional hernia. The initial surgery included midline celiotomy for treatment of endometriosis, in which the animal developed a hernia that was repaired with interposition of mesh. Hernia recurrence at 1 y resulted in a defect measuring 7 × 13 cm, with loss of abdominal domain. Skin breakdown was noted with areas of exposed mesh through the skin with associated acute on chronic infection. Clinically, the animal was lethargic, not eating, and failing to thrive. The present surgical treatment included midline celiotomy, removal of mesh, and attempted primary fascial closure. Due to the large defect and high tension, the fascia could not be closed. To facilitate closure, abdominal component separation technique was used and consisted of skin and subcutaneous dissection, external oblique muscle release, and dissection between the external and internal oblique musculature. This technique allowed for primary fascial closure and resection of excess diseased skin. A piece of polypropylene mesh was placed in a sublay fashion to reinforce the primary fascial closure. The animal tolerated the procedure well and has demonstrated steady weight gain, with no recurrence at 12 mo. Large ventral abdominal hernia defects in after surgery or trauma in NHP can present reconstructive challenges to veterinary surgeons. Failure to achieve a dynamic, low-tension closure can result in hernia recurrence, necessitating additional operations. Abdominal component separation is not commonly used in veterinary surgery and may be a helpful tool in cases of difficult abdominal reconstructions.

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, easy-to-handle New World monkey which has a similar anatomy of the temporal bone, including the middle ear ossicular chains and inner ear to humans, than in comparison with that of rodents. Here, we report a reproducible, safe, and rational surgical approach to the cochlear round window niche for the drug delivery to the inner ear of the common marmoset. We adopted posterior tympanotomy, a procedure used clinically in human surgery, to avoid manipulation of the tympanic membrane that may cause conductive hearing loss. This surgical procedure did not lead to any significant hearing loss. This approach was possible due to the large bulla structure of the common marmoset, although the lateral semicircular canal and vertical portion of the facial nerve should be carefully considered. This surgical method allows us to perform the safe and accurate administration of drugs without hearing loss, which is of great importance in obtaining pre-clinical proof of concept for translational research.

Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).

An 8-y-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) presented for swelling of the left lower limb distal to the inguinal region and associated with the femoral artery. Physical and ultrasound examinations suggested an arteriovenous fistula combined with a pseudoaneurysm. After review of possible treatment options, we determined that open surgical repair was the best course of action. The pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula were surgically resected, and the macaque recovered without complication.

Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Rectal Prolapse in an Adult Female Black-crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) by Colopexy.

A 13-y-old, multiparous female black-crested mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) underwent surgical treatment for chronically recurring rectal prolapse by laparotomy and subsequent colopexy. Initially, a laparoscopic approach was attempted but was converted to an open approach after intraabdominal adhesions were noted. The colopexy was performed through a ventral midline incision, with no complications intraoperatively or postoperatively. The predisposing factors responsible for the development of this condition likely were related to pelvic floor weakness due to multiple past pregnancies. Transport-associated stressors likely contributed to the acute worsening of this patient's condition. Rectal prolapse is a common condition in laboratory-housed NHP. This case report describes an effective surgical treatment for recurring or otherwise nonreducible rectal prolapse in these species.

Nonreducible Inguinal Hernia Containing the Uterus and Bilateral Adnexa in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).

Inguinal herniation of abdominal viscera is a relatively common condition in both humans and domestic animal species. In captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), the highest incidence occurs in overweight, aged males. However, inguinal herniation of the uterus with bilateral adnexa is extremely rare in both human and veterinary medicine. Here we report a previously undescribed uterine inguinal herniation with bilateral adnexa in a 3-y-old female rhesus macaque. Although uterine herniation remains a rare condition in rhesus macaques, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in animals with unilateral subcutaneous enlargements in the inguinal region.

Uterus-like Masses in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).

Endometriosis is a relatively common condition in women and some populations of adult female rhesus macaques. However, endometriosis with extensive smooth muscle proliferation, as occurs in endomyometrioma and uterus-like mass (ULM), is rare in women. This report describes a case of endometriosis with extensive smooth muscle metaplasia resembling multiple ULM in a 20-y-old female rhesus macaque. During a protocol-related procedure, a large, smooth, globoid, freely moveable mass was palpated in the midabdomen. Ultrasonography revealed a cystic structure from which dark brown fluid was aspirated. During exploratory laparotomy, an 8-cm spherical mass in the greater omentum and 3 additional masses (diameter, 2 to 5 cm) attached to the omentum were excised. Microscopic examination of the masses revealed numerous foci of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma frequently surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue. The gross and histologic lesions in this macaque bore many similarities to ULM in women. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of endometriosis resembling a uteruslike mass in a NHP.

Computed tomography or necropsy diagnosis of multiple bullae and the treatment of pneumothorax in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Pulmonary bullae and pneumothorax have various etiologies in veterinary medicine. We diagnosed multiple pulmonary bullae combined with or without pneumothorax by computed tomography (CT) or necropsy in seven rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) imported from China. Two of seven rhesus macaques accompanied by pneumothorax were cured by fixation of ruptured lung through left or right 3rd intercostal thoracotomy. Pneumonyssus simicola, one of the etiologies of pulmonary bullae, was not detected from tracheobronchiolar lavage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on the CT-aided diagnosis of pulmonary bullae and the successful treatment of combined pneumothorax by thoracotomy in non-human primates (NHPs).

Well-differentiated Liposarcoma in a Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata).

Here we describe the occurrence of a subcutaneous liposarcoma in a geriatric bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). Clinical presentation was a rapidly growing, ulcerated, subcutaneous mass in the umbilical region of a 28-y-old intact female macaque. The mass was successfully removed through excisional biopsy, and histopathology provided a morphologic diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma. The macaque recovered without complication and displayed no signs of recurrence for at least 18 mo after excision. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of liposarcoma in a bonnet macaque.

Temporary hindlimb paresis following dystocia due to foetal macrosomia in a Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra).

A multiparous Celebes crested macaque presented with dystocia due to foetal macrosomia, causing foetal mortality and hindlimb paresis. After emergency caesarean section, recovery of motor function took 1 month before hindlimbs were weight bearing and 2 months before re-integration with the troop.

Hepatic myelolipoma in two Goeldi's monkeys from South America held captive.

Two cases of hepatic myelolipoma in Goeldi's monkeys from South America are described. One was a female evaluated due progressive abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography detected hepatic mass. Partial hepatectomy was performed, but the monkey died after surgery. Case 2 was a male that died suddenly, showing non-specific clinical signs.

Therapy of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

A rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was presented for anuria. Examination revealed calcium oxalate concrements in the bladder. A cystotomy was performed, and a therapy with alfuzosin was conducted. Over 1 year after the treatment, the rhesus macaque had not shown any more signs of stranguria. This is the first case reporting the successful treatment of urolithiasis in a rhesus macaque.

Invasive ductular carcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

In the United States, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, with an estimated lifetime incidence of approximately 12% in American women. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common form of breast cancer in women, accounting for approximately 60% of all breast carcinomas. Prognostic markers are used to assess aggressiveness, invasiveness, and extent of spread of a neoplasm and thus may be correlated with patient survival. Immunohistochemistry is currently widely used for this purpose, with a variety of prognostication markers available. Classic markers for breast cancer in women include estrogen and progesterone receptor steroid hormone proteins and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Many additional markers have been used in diagnosis and prognostication, including p53, p63, and E-cadherin and cell proliferation markers such as Ki67. Despite an estimated lifetime incidence of approximately 6.1%, naturally occurring mammary neoplasms in nonhuman primates are uncommonly reported, with only sporadic references over the past 75 y. The majority of reported tumors occur in rhesus macaques, although this prevalence has been suggested to be a consequence of their high frequency of usage in biomedical research. Here we present 2 cases of mammary carcinoma in adult female intact rhesus macaques, with cytology, histopathology, and extensive immunohistochemical analysis. According to current classifications for human breast tumors, both tumors were classified as invasive ductal carcinoma. The prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in human breast cancer and in reported cases in nonhuman primates is discussed.