Evaluación de las necesidades de recursos humanos en salud: aplicación a la estimación de nefrólogos en Uruguay / Assessing the need for human resources in health: Nephrologist supply forecast in Uruguay / Avaliação das necessidades de recursos humanos em saúde: aplicação à estimativa de nefrologistas no Uruguai

Introducción: mejorar la salud de la población, considerando acceso universal con equidad, requiere de un número de profesionales y una distribución de los mismos adecuada a los problemas de salud de las personas. Las metodologías rigurosas deberían incorporar la identificación de las necesidades en salud para poder cumplir con este principio. Objetivo: estimar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos para la población de Uruguay en 2020. Método: se conformó un grupo de referentes en nefrología procedentes de la academia y/o Sociedad Científica, se recabaron antecedentes y fuentes de la especialidad vinculadas a los problemas de salud renal en la población. Se definieron un conjunto de supuestos y condiciones iniciales. Se estimó la necesidad de nefrólogos de Uruguay para el año 2020, total del país y por departamento, expresada en valores absolutos y en términos de tasas de profesionales respecto a la población. Se identificaron escenarios alternativos de necesidad a partir de modificaciones de las condiciones iniciales. Resultados: para todo el país la necesidad de nefrólogos se estima entre 139 y 192 profesionales, esto implica una tasa de necesidad en un rango de 39 a 54 por millón de habitantes. Conclusiones: el estudio es el primero en Uruguay en reportar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos expresados en términos de tasas de especialistas por población en diferentes escenarios definidos a partir de criterios que han sido explicitados y fundamentados.

Introduction: improving the health of populations by means of favoring universal access with equity requires the appropriate number and right distribution of professionals, according to the different health problems people face. Rigorous methodologies should include identification of health requirements in order to comply with this principle. Objective: to estimate the demand for nephrologists in the Uruguayan population in 2020. Method: a group of reference nephrologists - scholars or members of the scientific society - was formed to forecast the demand for these specialists. To that end they reviewed historical data and sources of this field of knowledge that have some connection with kidney diseases in the studied population. Subsequently, a number of assumptions and initial conditions were defined to conduct the study. The demand for nephrologists in Uruguay by 2020 was estimated for the whole country and by department, and it was expressed in absolute values and professional-to-population ratio. Alternative requirement scenarios were identified based on modifications to the initial conditions. Results: the demand for nephrologists is between 139 and 192 professionals, which implies a 39 to 54 per 1 million inhabitants ratio. Conclusions: this is the first one of this kind of studies conducted in Uruguay to report standards for nephrologists requirement in specialists per one million inhabitants, for different scenarios defined based on criteria that have been made explicit and backed.

Introdução: melhorar a saúde da população, considerando o acesso universal com equidade, requer um número de profissionais com uma distribuição adequada aos problemas de saúde das pessoas. Para cumprir este princípio são necessárias metodologias rigorosas que incorporem a identificação das necessidades de saúde. Objetivo: estimar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas para a população do Uruguai em 2020. Método: formou-se um grupo de referência em nefrologia da academia e/ou Sociedade Científica, que pesquisaram os antecedentes e as fontes da especialidade ligados a problemas de saúde renal na população. Um conjunto de premissas e condições iniciais foi definido. A necessidade de nefrologistas no Uruguai foi estimada para o ano de 2020, para o total do país e por departamento, expressa em valores absolutos e em termos de proporção de profissionais para a população. Cenários alternativos de necessidade foram identificados com base em modificações das condições iniciais. Resultados: para todo o país, a necessidade de nefrologistas está entre 139 e 192 profissionais, o que implica uma taxa de necessidade na faixa de 39 a 54 por milhão de habitantes. Conclusões: o estudo é o primeiro no Uruguai a relatar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas expressos em termos de taxas de especialistas por população, em diferentes cenários definidos com base em critérios explicados e fundamentados.

La oferta de médicos especialistas en Uruguay, 2020. El caso de la nefrología / Medical specialists supply in Uruguay in 2020. A study that focuses on nephrologists / Oferta de médicos especialistas no Uruguai, 2020. O caso da nefrologia

Resumen: Objetivo: estimar la oferta de nefrólogos en Uruguay en 2020. Método: Se plantea analizar las fuentes de información de acceso público como insumo para estimar la oferta de especialistas médicos en Uruguay, su completitud, fiabilidad y limitaciones. Resultados: en 2020, se identifican 178 médicos con desempeño profesional activo en el área de la nefrología en Uruguay. Es una especialidad con una pirámide feminizada (más del 70% son mujeres), y con más de la mitad de los médicos con edades por encima de los 49 años. Si se restringe el universo a los de 65 años o menos, el país cuenta con una oferta de 173 especialistas. Más allá de las limitaciones, es la mejor aproximación a la cantidad y estructura demográfica de la profesión en el país. Conclusiones: el estudio aporta una estimación sobre la oferta de recursos humanos en nefrología. El poder realizar este tipo de trabajo es un avance sustantivo para el Uruguay. La información y los sistemas de información se conciben como un insumo fundamental para el proceso de toma de decisión y gestión en salud. En tal sentido cobra relevancia la optimización del uso de los datos y la información disponible en cada momento, así como la identificación de los datos necesarios y no disponibles, de manera de promover su incorporación en próximas innovaciones de los sistemas de registros sistemáticos de datos.

Abstract: Objective: to estimate nephrologists´ supply in Uruguay in 2020. Method: an analysis of information sources of public access was performed to estimate medical specialists supply in Uruguay, as well as its completeness, reliability and limitations. Results: in 2020, 178 physicians were identified as active nephrology professionals in Uruguay. This area of specialization may be represented as a feminized pyramid, 70% of nephrologists are women and over 50% of them are over 49 years old. If you further restrict these specialists' universe to those who are 65 years old or younger, we find there are 173 medical specialists in Uruguay. Beyond limitations in the method, this is the most accurate survey in terms of the number of nephrologists in the country and the demographic structure of this medical specialization. Conclusions: the study provides an estimation on the human resources supply in nephrology. The ability to conduct this kind of study constitutes a significant progress in Uruguay. Information and information systems are seen as a key input to manage health issues and make decisions in the field of healthcare. As a matter of fact, optimization in the use of data and information available at any time, as well as identifying required data that are not available in order to promote its collection in future innovations of data recording systems is highly relevant.

Resumo: Objetivo: estimar a oferta de nefrologistas no Uruguai no ano de 2020. Método: propor a análise das futuras informações de acesso público como entrada para estimar a oferta de especialistas médicos no Uruguai, sua completitude, fiabilidade e limitações. Resultados: em 2020, foram identificados 178 médicos com desempenho profissional ativo na área da Nefrologia no Uruguai. É uma especialidade com uma pirâmide feminizada - mais de 70% são mulheres, e mais da metade dos médicos com mais de 49 anos. Se este universo for restringido a profissionais com 65 anos ou menos, o país conta com uma oferta de 173 especialistas. Mesmo considerando as limitações, esta é a melhor aproximação à quantidade e estrutura demográfica da profissão no país. Conclusões: o estudo aporta uma estimativa sobre a oferta de recursos humanos em nefrologia. A possibilidade de realizar este tipo de análise é um avanço importante para o Uruguai. A informação e os sistemas de informação são concebidos como um insumo fundamental para o processo de tomada de decisões e o processo de gestão em saúde. Sendo assim, a otimização do uso de dados e informações disponíveis em cada momento, bem como a identificação dos dados necessários e não disponíveis, para promover sua incorporação nas próximas inovações dos sistemas de registros sistemáticos de dados.

Current State of the Workforce in Nephrology.

The number of individuals with CKD and end-stage kidney disease continues to rise as the interest in nephrology as a career choice is declining among internal medicine residents. Simultaneously, the emergence of integrated healthcare delivery models encompassing multiple levels of nonphysician healthcare workers plus advanced technological capabilities offer innovative mechanisms for the delivery of optimal care for patients at risk for and suffering from CKD. Critical to the success of these models is the identification of aspects of nephrology care specific to and appropriate for each type of kidney care professional and the development of organizational structures that both define and facilitate the flow of patient care. However, several factors in addition to the declining interest in nephrology pose significant obstacles to the development of the optimal nephrology work force including gender imbalance in leadership and nonleadership positions, gender disparity in compensation, inadequate diversity in ethnicity of nephrologists, and perceptions of inadequate compensation and a poor work life balance. Recent studies suggest that some, but not all, of these challenges are being addressed, though full resolution will require creative and concerted efforts.

Current Paradigms and Emerging Opportunities in Nephrology Training.

Nephrology is facing a period of remarkable and unprecedented change. The pipeline of device and therapeutic drug development, the growing success of clinical trials, and the emergence of novel clinical practice and training pathways each hold the promise of transforming patient care. Nephrology is also at the forefront of health policy in the United States, given the recent Advancing American Kidney Health initiative. Despite these developments, significant barriers exist to ensure a robust pipeline of well-qualified nephrologists, including but not limited to trainees' declining trainee interest in the specialty, lower board pass rates, and a perceived erosion in stature of the subspecialty. There is a lack of consensus among training program directors regarding procedural training requirements, the number of fellowship positions needed, and the value of the match. There is widespread agreement, however, that any initiative to reassert the value of nephrology must include significant focus on reinvigorating the trainee experience before and during fellowship. We discuss the current state of education in nephrology (from medical school to beyond fellowship) and highlight ways to increase interest in nephrology to reinvigorate the specialty.

The Transplant Nephrology Workforce in the United States: Current State and Future Directions.

The population of patients with kidney transplants in the United States is growing. The delivery of transplant care is complex, involves a multidisciplinary transplant team, and care coordination between transplant and community providers. The transplant nephrologist is central to the delivery of this care and assumes a multitude of clinical and nonclinical roles and responsibilities. With a growing population of patients requiring transplant care that spans a continuum from pretransplant referral to long-term posttransplant management, an understanding of the current state of the transplant nephrology workforce in the United States and the future that it faces is important in ensuring that current and future needs of both patients and physicians are met. In this article, we (1) review the scope of practice of the transplant nephrologist, (2) discuss the state of training in the field of transplant nephrology, (3) review the role of the referring primary nephrologist in the care of patients undergoing kidney transplant, and (4) discuss challenges and opportunities facing the transplant nephrology workforce.

Palliative Care in Nephrology: The Work and the Workforce.

Kidney palliative care is a growing subspecialty of clinical practice, education, and research in nephrology. It is an essential aspect of care for patients across the continuum of advanced kidney disease who have high symptom burden, multidimensional communication needs, and limited life expectancy. Training in kidney palliative care can occur in a variety of ways, from didactic curricula and clinical experiences embedded in nephrology fellowship training to the pursuit of additional dedicated fellowship training in palliative care. At this time, a minority of nephrologists pursue formal fellowship training in specialty palliative care. This article will discuss opportunities and challenges in building a skilled workforce that will address the palliative needs of patients living with advanced kidney disease.

Developing nephrology services in low income countries: a case of Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: The burden of kidney diseases is reported to be higher in lower- and middle-income countries as compared to developed countries, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa are reported to be most affected. Health systems in most sub-Sahara African countries have limited capacity in the form of trained and skilled health care providers, diagnostic support, equipment and policies to provide nephrology services. Several initiatives have been implemented to support establishment of these services. METHODS: This is a situation analysis to examine the nephrology services in Tanzania. It was conducted by interviewing key personnel in institutions providing nephrology services aiming at describing available services and international collaborators supporting nephrology services. RESULTS: Tanzania is a low-income country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of more than 55 million that has seen remarkable improvement in the provision of nephrology services and these include increase in the number of nephrologists to 14 in 2018 from one in 2006, increase in number of dialysis units from one unit (0.03 unit per million) before 2007 to 28 units (0.5 units per million) in 2018 and improved diagnostic services with introduction of nephropathology services. Government of Tanzania has been providing kidney transplantation services by funding referral of donor and recipients abroad and has now introduced local transplantation services in two hospitals. There have been strong international collaborators who have supported nephrology services and establishment of nephrology training in Tanzania. CONCLUSION: Tanzania has seen remarkable achievement in provision of nephrology services and provides an interesting model to be used in supporting nephrology services in low income countries.

[Methodology for determining workforce in health nephrologic unit in ITALY. Update of lows].

Nephrology continues to be in transition. While rates of kidney diseases and injury continue to rise, changes in the general health care system and the delivery of kidney care make it unclear how increases in need will be translated into demand for nephrologists. The changes in the delivery system also raise questions as to the future roles and career paths for nephrologists. There a major interrelated workforce issues to be watched closely : how many nephrologists are needed ? The supply of nephrologists does not reflect the distribution of patients with kidney diseases or the activity and job description related to end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Looking forward, more needs to be done to systematically measure need and access, and to identify clinical areas and activity of high need for nephrologists. This review examines the laws that govern the measure of work and the needs of personnel of the Italian state and in particular in health care. Therefore, once the method is accepted and established, it will be possible communicate those findings to policy makers and fellows and to involve the politicians.

Distribution of nephrologists and regional variation in the clinical severity of IgA nephropathy at biopsy diagnosis in Japan: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical severity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) at the time of biopsy diagnosis differs significantly among cases. One possible determinant of any such difference is the time taken for referral from the primary care physician to a nephrologist, but the definitive cause remains unclear. This study examined the contribution of the number of nephrologists per regional population as a potential social factor influencing the clinical severity at diagnosis among patients with IgAN in Japan, which has an ethnically homogeneous population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients were registered in the Japan Renal Biopsy Registry (J-RBR), a nationwide multicentre registry, and 6426 patients diagnosed with IgAN were analysed. The facilities registered to the J-RBR were divided into 10 regions and the clinical features of IgAN at biopsy diagnosis, including renal function and level of proteinuria, were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Renal prognosis risk at the time of biopsy diagnosis defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guideline 2012. RESULTS: Among the regions, there were significant differences in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (67.5-91.4 mL/min/1.73 m2), urinary protein excretion rate (0.93-1.93 g/day) and renal prognosis risk group distribution at diagnosis. The severity of all clinical parameters was inversely correlated with the number of nephrologists per regional population, which showed an up to 2.7-fold difference among regions. A generalised linear mixed model revealed that a low number of nephrologists per regional population were significantly associated with fulfilment of clinical criteria indicating a very-high-risk renal prognosis (ß=-0.484, 95% CI -0.959 to -0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Among Japanese patients with IgAN, significant regional differences were detected in clinical severity at the time of diagnosis. Social factors, such as an uneven distribution of nephrologists across regions, may influence the timing of biopsy and determine such differences.

Resuscitation for the specialty of nephrology: is cardionephrology the answer?

The specialty of nephrology faces major fellowship recruitment challenges, with ongoing declining interest among internal medicine residents. The field of Cardionephrology can help instill new interest and enthusiasm in choosing nephrology as a career amongst trainee physicians.

[Nephrologic workforce. Who we are? Where do we go? A project by SIN]. / La Workforce nefrologica in Italia. Chi siamo e dove andiamo: un progetto SIN.

The SIN Workforce Working Group has carried out an initial demographic study project that highlights the situation of nephrological workforce in European and non-European countries, noting in particular the apparent discrepancies between the number of nephrologists in other health systems and in the Italian one. Italy seems to have the highest number of nephrologists per capita: in fact, the number of nephrologists has decreased in recent years due to the number of retirements far higher than the entry of new specialists. The project arises from the need to define the actual number of nephrologists in Italy in relation to the population and the epidemiology of chronic renal disease, taking into account the trends of ageing and feminization of our specialty. The tools used to collect data on the demographics of Italian nephrologists are a database for demographic data collection by presidents of SIN regional sections and a questionnaire for a survey to describe demography, workload, the adhesion to the discipline and the recruitment and retirement programs of the Italian nephrological community.

[Dialysis care in Germany - demand, outpatient care and challenges]. / Dialyseversorgung in Deutschland : Bedarf, Angebot und Herausforderungen.

BACKGROUND: Dialysis is the mostly used renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the present dialysis care system and to scrutinize future changes regarding the need of dialysis as well as the system of care. METHODS: The study is based on a structured literature search in Pubmed; selecting relevant studies by predefined criteria. Prevalence of ESRD and the share of nephrologists in outpatient care were modeled until 2020. Guideline-based interviews with experts including a two-round Delphi survey were conducted to identify options for action. RESULTS: The number of dialysis-dependent patients will increase by one fifth from 83,000 in 2013 to 100,000 in 2020 while the share of nephrologists in outpatient care will decrease by 8% simultaneously. Therefore, young nephrologists and team-building in dialysis care need to be promoted. Home therapy should be used more often to cover the increasing need of dialysis in the future. Besides changes in the structures of care, shared-decision-making needs to be strengthened. CONCLUSIONS: The study offers concrete options to strengthen outpatient care by nephrologists (a) and to use home therapy more often (b) in order to provide adequate and appropriate dialysis care until 2020.