From Charcot's descriptions to the current understanding of neuropsychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis.

Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis have been known since the original clinicopathological description by Charcot in the late nineteenth century. Charcot, in the last decades of his life, became involved in the field of neuropsychiatry. This produced a battle between rival schools in the era that still echoes to this day. Charcot's intuition, including the line of thought of Babinski, one of his most famous disciples, was that there was a connection between mood disorders and many of the diseases of the nervous system. Medicine's concern with establishing a relationship between mood disorders and disease stems from the ancient and middle ages with references found in the Hippocratic doctrine. However, it was only in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, with Charcot's discoveries, that this discussion was established in a structured way, laying the foundations of neuropsychiatry.

From Charcot's descriptions to the current understanding of neuropsychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis / Das descrições de Charcot à compreensão atual dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos na esclerose múltipla

ABSTRACT Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis have been known since the original clinicopathological description by Charcot in the late nineteenth century. Charcot, in the last decades of his life, became involved in the field of neuropsychiatry. This produced a battle between rival schools in the era that still echoes to this day. Charcot's intuition, including the line of thought of Babinski, one of his most famous disciples, was that there was a connection between mood disorders and many of the diseases of the nervous system. Medicine's concern with establishing a relationship between mood disorders and disease stems from the ancient and middle ages with references found in the Hippocratic doctrine. However, it was only in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, with Charcot's discoveries, that this discussion was established in a structured way, laying the foundations of neuropsychiatry.

RESUMO Os distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos na esclerose múltipla são conhecidos desde a descrição clínico-patológica original de Charcot no final do século XIX. Charcot nas últimas décadas de sua vida se envolveu no campo da neuropsiquiatria. Isso produziu uma batalha de escolas rivais na época que ainda ecoa até hoje. A intuição de Charcot, incluindo a linha de pensamento de Babinski, um de seus discípulos mais famosos, foi a teoria correta da conexão entre os transtornos do humor e muitas das doenças do sistema nervoso. A preocupação da Medicina em estabelecer uma relação entre transtornos do humor e doenças vem das idades antiga e média, com referências encontradas na doutrina hipocrática. No entanto, foi apenas na segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX que, com as descobertas de Charcot essa discussão foi realizada de maneira estruturada, estabelecendo os fundamentos da neuropsiquiatria.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 75 years.

This year marks the 75th year of publication of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria (ANP), the official journal of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and one of the most important neuroscience journals in Latin America. ANP was initially edited by Oswaldo Lange, its founder, and subsequently by Antonio Spina-França Netto and, in recent years, by José Antonio Livramento and Luís dos Ramos Machado.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 75 years / Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 75 anos

ABSTRACT This year marks the 75th year of publication of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria (ANP), the official journal of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and one of the most important neuroscience journals in Latin America. ANP was initially edited by Oswaldo Lange, its founder, and subsequently by Antonio Spina-França Netto and, in recent years, by José Antonio Livramento and Luís dos Ramos Machado.

RESUMO Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria (ANP), o periódico oficial da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, completou 75 anos de atividades, reconhecido como um dos jornais de neurociências mais importante da América Latina. Nestes 75 anos de existência o ANP teve como editores os Professores Oswaldo Lange, o seu fundador, seguido por Antonio Spina-França Netto, e nos últimos anos, José Antonio Livramento e Luís dos Ramos Machado.

[The influence of Spanish neuropsychiatry on the improbable medicine of Ramon Gomez de la Serna]. / Influencia de la neuropsiquiatria española en la medicina inverosimil de Ramon Gomez de la Serna.

INTRODUCTION: El doctor inverosimil (The Improbable Doctor) is a novel by Ramon Gomez de la Serna (1888-1963) in which the reader follows, by means of a series of different clinical cases, the adventures of Doctor Vivar. AIMS: To present and discuss, for the first time, the influence that Spanish neuropsychiatry had on this novel, taking the following short stories as study models: 'Casos cerebrales' ('Brain Cases') and 'La risita' ('The Giggles'). DEVELOPMENT: In these two tales, the improbable doctor embodies the three defining elements of Spanish neuropsychiatry. The repetitions of Alzheimer's disease (or in the way in which progressive general paralysis is referred to) hints at its Germanic orientation. The mixed neuropsychiatric component is exemplified in both his neurological ('La risita') and psychiatric skills ('Casos cerebrales'). Doctor Vivar's affinity to things histopathological is apparent in his wide and timely usage of neurohistological terminology, mainly from Cajal. CONCLUSIONS: It can be deduced that the Spanish neuropsychiatric school had a strong influence on Gomez de la Serna's El doctor inverosimil.

TITLE: Influencia de la neuropsiquiatria española en la medicina inverosimil de Ramon Gomez de la Serna.Introduccion. El doctor inverosimil es una novela de Ramon Gomez de la Serna (1888-1963) donde seguimos, a traves de diversos casos clinicos, las andanzas del doctor Vivar. Objetivo. Presentar y discutir, por primera vez, el influjo que tuvo la neuropsiquiatria española en esta novela, tomando como modelos de estudio los siguientes relatos: 'Casos cerebrales' y 'La risita'. Desarrollo. En este par de relatos, el doctor inverosimil encarna los tres elementos definitorios de la neuropsiquiatria española. En sus repeticiones de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (o en la forma en que se refiere a la paralisis general progresiva) insinua su orientacion germanica. El componente mixto neuropsiquiatrico esta ejemplificado en su destreza tanto neurologica ('La risita') como psiquiatrica ('Casos cerebrales'). La afinidad histopatologica del doctor Vivar es evidente en su amplio y oportuno uso de la terminologia neurohistologica, principalmente la cajaliana. Conclusiones. Es valido deducir que hay una influencia notoria de la escuela neuropsiquiatrica española en El doctor inverosimil de Gomez de la Serna.

The first Brazilian neuropsychiatrist, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, tuberculous meningitis and mental disease.

The intersection between infectious diseases, poverty and mental disease was an important subject to the Brazilian Neuropsychiatry in the early 19th century. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802-1878) was engaged in a hygienist approach based on symptomatological and anatomopathological studies. He wrote "Insânia loquaz" (Loquacious insanity), 1831, the first written text about mental illness in Brazil, founded on clinical and pathological data, compatible with tuberculous meningitis. Thus, Jobim deserves the title of the first neuropsychiatrist in Brazil. The authors critically studied the clinical history and the autopsy findings of his cases, and the main health policies at the time.

The first Brazilian neuropsychiatrist, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, tuberculous meningitis and mental disease / O primeiro neuropsiquiatra brasileiro, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, meningite tuberculosa e doença mental

The intersection between infectious diseases, poverty and mental disease was an important subject to the Brazilian Neuropsychiatry in the early 19th century. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802–1878) was engaged in a hygienist approach based on symptomatological and anatomopathological studies. He wrote “Insânia loquaz” (Loquacious insanity), 1831, the first written text about mental illness in Brazil, founded on clinical and pathological data, compatible with tuberculous meningitis. Thus, Jobim deserves the title of the first neuropsychiatrist in Brazil. The authors critically studied the clinical history and the autopsy findings of his cases, and the main health policies at the time.

A intersecção entre as doenças infecciosas, a pobreza e a doença mental foi um assunto importante para a Neuropsiquiatria brasileira no início do século 19. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802–1878) estava engajado em uma abordagem higienista baseada em estudos sintomatológicos e anatomopatológicos. Escreveu “Insânia loquaz”, 1831, o primeiro texto escrito sobre doença mental no Brasil, baseado em dados clínicos e patológicos compatíveis com meningite tuberculosa. Assim, Jobim merece o título de primeiro neuropsiquiatra no Brasil. Os autores estudaram criticamente a história clínica e os resultados da autópsia dos seus casos, bem como as principais políticas de saúde da ocasião.

Meynert and the biological German psychiatry.

Theodor Hermann Meynert (1833-1892), a German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist, is known as one of the founders of the Brain Psychiatry. He was the most arduous defender of the bridge between psychological and neurophysiological events, both dependent on specific neuroanatomical structures. Juliano Moreira (1873-1933), the founder of the Brazilian scientific psychiatry, is also mentioned, as well as the influence he received from the German psychiatry, mainly Emil Kraepelin's (1856-1926). Finally, the rapprochement of Psychiatry and Neurology is considered mostly in common areas as Neuropsychiatry.

Meynert and the biological German psychiatry / Meynert e psiquiatria biológica alemã

Theodor Hermann Meynert (1833-1892), a German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist, is known as one of the founders of the Brain Psychiatry. He was the most arduous defender of the bridge between psychological and neurophysiological events, both dependent on specific neuroanatomical structures. Juliano Moreira (1873-1933), the founder of the Brazilian scientific psychiatry, is also mentioned, as well as the influence he received from the German psychiatry, mainly Emil Kraepelin's (1856-1926). Finally, the rapprochement of Psychiatry and Neurology is considered mostly in common areas as Neuropsychiatry.

Theodor Hermann Meynert (1833-1892), neuropatologista e anatomista alemão-austríaco, é conhecido como um dos fundadores da Psiquiatria Cerebral. Ele foi o defensor mais veemente do vínculo entre eventos psicológicos e neurofisiológicos, ambos dependentes de estruturas neuroanatômicas específicas. Juliano Moreira (1873-1933), o fundador da Psiquiatria científica brasileira, também é mencionado, bem como a influência que recebeu da Psiquiatria alemã, principalmente por meio de Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926). Finalmente, considera-se a aproximação de Psiquiatria e Neurologia, mormente em áreas comuns, como a Neuropsiquiatria.

Wittgenstein, medicine and neuropsychiatry.

A historical review is presented of the link between Ludwig Wittgenstein, considered the most important philosopher of the 20th century, and medicine, particularly neurology and psychiatry. Wittgenstein worked as a porter at Guy's Hospital in London, and then as a technician at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle. He wrote about his important insights into language, and neuroscience. It has been suggested that he had Asperger syndrome and a possible movement disorder (mannerisms).

Wittgenstein, medicine and neuropsychiatry / Wittgenstein, medicina e a neuro-psiquiatria

A historical review is presented of the link between Ludwig Wittgenstein, considered the most important philosopher of the 20th century, and medicine, particularly neurology and psychiatry. Wittgenstein worked as a porter at Guy's Hospital in London, and then as a technician at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle. He wrote about his important insights into language, and neuroscience. It has been suggested that he had Asperger syndrome and a possible movement disorder (mannerisms).

Uma revisão histórica sobre a ligação entre Ludwig Wittgenstein, considerado um dos mais importantes filósofos do século XX, e a medicina, a neurologia e a psiquiatria é apresentada. Ludwig Wittgenstein trabalhou como porteiro no hospital Guy, em Londres e depois como técnico na Royal Victoria Infirmary em Newcastle, no Reino Unido. Ele escreveu importantes insights sobre linguagem e tem sido sugerido que ele tinha a síndrome de Asperger, e possivelmente um distúrbio do movimento (maneirismo).