[The role of Hungarian-rooted scholars in the development of Otoneurology]. / Magyar származású tudósok szerepe az otoneurológia fejlodésében.

Despite of the symptoms of vertigo have been known since thousands of years, it was evident by the research of the pioneer scientists of the 19th century (Flourens, Ménière, Breuer and others) that dizziness can also be attributed to inner ear disfunctions. The discovery of the vestibulo-ocular reflex was an important milestone (Endre Hogyes, 1884). The vestibulo-ocular reflex stabilizes images on the retina by rotating the eyes at the same speed but in the opposite direction of head motion. The milestone discovery of Hogyes by stimulating individual labyrinth receptors and recording the activity of eye muscles were verified by János Szentágothai in 1950. Low-frequency lesions of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex can be investigated by caloric test (Robert Bárány,1906), high-frequency lesions by head impulse test (Gabor Michael Halmagyi and Ian Stewart Curthoys, 1988).

Margaret Dix, Charles Hallpike and the 'Lagerungs' Manoeuvre.

The main objective of this manuscript is to describe some personal and professional aspects of two outstanding researchers and pioneers in neuro-otology. Among other achievements, Margaret Ruth Dix, and Charles Skinner Hallpike, designed the most-used provocative test for positional nystagmus for the diagnosis of lithiasis in the vestibular posterior semicircular canal.

Margaret Dix, Charles Hallpike and the 'Lagerungs' Manoeuvre / Margaret Dix, Charles Hallpike e a Manobra 'Lagerungs'

ABSTRACT The main objective of this manuscript is to describe some personal and professional aspects of two outstanding researchers and pioneers in neuro-otology. Among other achievements, Margaret Ruth Dix, and Charles Skinner Hallpike, designed the most-used provocative test for positional nystagmus for the diagnosis of lithiasis in the vestibular posterior semicircular canal.

RESUMO O principal objetivo desse manuscrito diz respeito a alguns aspectos pessoais e profissionais de dois excelentes pesquisadores e pioneiros da neuro-otologia. Entre outras descrições, Margaret Ruth Dix e Charles Skinner Hallpike descreveram o teste provocativo mais utilizado de nistagmo posicional para o diagnóstico de litíase no canal semicircular posterior do sistema vestibular.

Evolution of Otology and Neurotology Education in the United States.

: A brief history of the evolution of Otology and Neurotology training in the United States is presented. The development of the Neurotology Fellowship accreditation process by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Education and the certification of neurotology fellows by the American Board of Otolaryngology is outlined.

The origins of vestibular science.

The vestibular system conveys information about body motion and gravity. It was one of the first sensory systems to emerge in evolution; however, it was also the last to be discovered. The causal relationship between diseases of the ear and the symptom of vertigo was not recognized until the mid-19th century. Only a few years later, the basic principle of semicircular canal function was elucidated almost simultaneously by three scientists with completely different backgrounds. This historical review describes the major milestones in the discoveries of the anatomy and the physiology of the vestibular system that paved the way for the establishment of neurotology as a clinical subspecialty.

Robert Bárány, o criador da Neuro-otologia / Robert Bárány the founder of Neuro-otology

O vienense Robert Bárány criou a Neuro-otologia. Este artigo ressalta um pouco da sua vida e obra, que certamente não foram das mais serenas. Cientista por excelência, enfrentou um processo iniciado por seus pares, que alegavam uso impróprio de dados e falta de ética. Alistou-se como médico na guerra austríaco-russa, foi preso e, em 1914 e ainda no campo de prisioneiros, recebeu o Prêmio Nobel. Exilou-se voluntariamente na Suécia, onde passou boa parte de sua vida, e morreu antes de completar 60 anos.

The Viennese Robert Bárány created the Neuro-otology. This article highlights some of his life and work, which certainly were not the most serene. Scientist par excellence, faced a process initiated by his peers, who alleged misuse of data and lack of ethics. He enlisted as a physician in the Austrian-Russian war, and was arrested in prisoners? camp. In 1914 and still in the camp received the Nobel Prize. Volun-tarily went into exile in Sweden, where he spent much of his life and died before completing 60.

The history and future of neuro-otology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The field of neuro-otology has advanced substantially over the past 150 years. The function of the vestibular system was presumed to be audiologic prior to the groundbreaking work of Prosper Ménière in the late 1800s. Since that time, scientific discovery has advanced our knowledge of the physiology and the pathophysiology of the vestibular system. This article describes where we have been, where we are now, and where we need to go from here. RECENT FINDINGS: Some of the important recent advances include: (1) improved imaging of the brain and inner ear, (2) development of new eye movement recording and analysis techniques, (3) development of new tests of otolith function, (4) particle repositioning maneuvers for all types of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and (5) improved bedside diagnosis and treatment of vestibular neuritis. SUMMARY: The cause and treatment for some common neuro-otologic disorders is now well delineated. The diagnosis and management of less common disorders has improved as well. Future work is still required to advance the science of vestibular physiology and pathophysiology and ultimately to discover new ways to improve the health of patients with these disorders.