Representações sociais do autocuidado na percepção de homens com diabetes / Representaciones sociales del autocuidado en la percepción de hombres con diabetes / Social representations of self-care in the perception of men with diabetes

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as representações sociais de homens com diabetes sobre o seu autocuidado. Método: abordagem processual das representações sociais com amostra por tipicidade (n=50), composta de homens atendidos num serviço ambulatorial mineiro. Coletaram-se dados de caracterização e realizaram-se entrevistas individuais em profundidade durante três meses. Foram tratados os dados, usando softwares SPPS versão 26, NVivo Pro11® e Iramuteq com análise de conteúdo (coeficiente de Pearson ≥0,70), e atendidos os requisitos ético-legais. Resultados: idade predominante ≥50 anos. Emergiram dos discursos duas categorias: 1) Possibilidade do diabetes: atitudes adotadas ou negligenciadas - enfocando adequações em hábitos alimentares; 2) Diabetes e autocuidado: prática social do cuidado enfocando a necessidade de controle da alimentação e prática de atividade física, visando à prevenção de complicações associadas. Conclusão: a adesão/negligência ao autocuidado evidenciadas remetem à necessidade de fortalecimento dos sistemas de apoio ao grupo referente às ações de prevenção de doença e promoção da saúde, visando a controle dos fatores de risco modificáveis e dos níveis glicêmicos e diagnóstico precoce para o adiamento/manejo das possíveis complicações.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sociales de hombres con diabetes sobre su autocuidado. Método: enfoque procesal de las representaciones sociales con muestreo por conveniencia (n=50), compuesta de hombres atendidos en un servicio ambulatorio de Minas Gerais-Brasil. Se recogieron datos de caracterización y se realizaron entrevistas individuales en profundidad durante tres meses. Fueron tratados los datos, usando softwares SPPS versión 26, NVivo Pro11® e Iramuteq con análisis de contenido (coeficiente de Pearson ≥0,70), y atendidos los requisitos ético-legales. Resultados: edad predominante ≥50 años. Surgieron, de los discursos, dos categorías: 1) Posibilidad de la diabetes: actitudes adoptadas u olvidadas - enfocando adecuaciones en hábitos alimenticios; 2) Diabetes y autocuidado: práctica social del cuidado enfocando la necesidad de control de la alimentación y práctica de actividad física, teniendo por objetivo la prevención de complicaciones asociadas. Conclusión: la adhesión/negligencia evidenciada al autocuidado remiten a la necesidad de fortalecimiento de los sistemas de apoyo al grupo referente a las acciones de prevención de enfermedad y promoción de la salud, buscando controlar los factores de riesgo modificables y los niveles glucémicos y diagnóstico precoz para el aplazamiento/manejo de las posibles complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the social representations of men with diabetes concerning their self-care. Method: a procedural approach to social representations with sampling by typicity (N=50), composed of men treated in an outpatient service in Minas Gerais. The study collected characterization data and performed in-depth individual interviews for three months. The data were processed using the software SPPS version 26, NVivo Pro11®, and Iramuteq with content analysis (Pearson's coefficient ≥0.70), and ethical-legal requirements were met. Results: predominant age of 50 years. Two categories emerged from speeches: 1) possibility of diabetes: attitudes adopted or neglected - focusing on adjustments in eating habits; 2) Diabetes and self-care: social practice of care focusing on the need for food control and practice of physical activity, aimed at preventing complications associated. Conclusion: the adherence/neglect to self-care evidenced refer to the need to strengthen the support systems to the group regarding the actions of disease prevention and health promotion, aiming at control of modifiable risk factors and glycaemic levels and early diagnosis for the postponement/management of possible complications.

Prevalence and predictors of coronaphobia among frontline hospital and public health nurses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence as well as the predictors of coronaphobia in frontline hospital and public health nurses. DESIGN: This study used a cross-sectional research study involving 736 nurses working in COVID-19 designated hospitals and health units in Region 8, Philippines. Four structured self-report scales were used, including the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, and the single-item measure for perceived health. RESULTS: The prevalence of coronaphobia was 54.76% (n = 402): 37.04% (n = 130) in hospital nurses and 70.91% (n = 273) in public health nurses. Additionally, nurses' gender (ß = 0.148, p < .001), marital status (ß = 0.124, p < .001), job status (ß = 0.138, p < .001), and personal resilience (ß = -0.167, p = .002) were identified as predictors of COVID-19 anxiety. A small proportion of nurses were willing (19.94%, n = 70) and fully prepared (9.40%, n = 33) to manage and care for coronavirus patients. CONCLUSION: Coronaphobia is prevalent among frontline Filipino nurses, particularly among public health nurses. Interventions to address coronaphobia among frontline nurses in the hospital and community should consider the predictors identified. By increasing personal resilience in nurses through theoretically driven intervention, coronaphobia may be alleviated.

An exploratory survey of public health nurses' knowledge, skills, attitudes, and application of the Quad Council Competencies.

OBJECTIVE: A collaborative research team of community/public health nursing faculty and public health nurses surveyed public health nurses to explore knowledge, skills, attitudes, and application of the Quad Council Competencies for Public Health Nurses (QCC-PHN). METHODS: Evaluate the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and application of the 2011 QCC-PHN by public health nurses. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to answer the hypothesis related to the study objective. A convenience sample of 308 public health nurses completed an online survey. MEASUREMENTS: ANOVA was used to determine the difference between the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and application of community/public health nurses (C/PHNs) regarding the QCC-PHN based on nursing specialty preparation, years of nursing experience, and years of C/PHN experience. RESULTS: C/PHNs are described and differences in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and application are delineated. A statistically significant difference was found in knowledge and attitude based upon years of C/PHN experience. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are proposed for increasing the QCC-PHN awareness, implementation, and evaluation to effectively enhance the practice of nursing C/PHN.

Factors associated with professional confidence in Japanese public health nurses: A cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify factors associated with professional confidence in Japanese public health nurses (PHNs) and to examine the relationship between professional confidence and professional competency. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SAMPLE: Public health nurses (N = 1,512) working in local government agencies. MEASUREMENTS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire with questions on demographic characteristics (sex, age, experience as a PHN, educational background, affiliation, and position) and 34 items on professional confidence developed by the researchers based on a literature review was administered. Factors associated with the professional confidence were extracted through an exploratory factor analysis, and construct validity of the confidence was verified through a confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: In total, 883 responses (response rate, 58.4%) were received; only 467 (30.9%) of them were valid. On the basis of the exploratory factor analysis results, professional confidence included 17 items, with the following four factors: "technical practice," "effortful learning," "exploring the evidence," and "educators in workplace." The goodness-of-fit model in the confirmatory factor analysis proved the construct validity of professional confidence. CONCLUSIONS: Professional confidence was gained by self-improvement that reflects on public health practice. Professional confidence underpinned the generalist level of professional competency among PHNs.

[Relationship between the manpower of full-time and part-time public health nurses and standardized mortality ratios: An ecological study in municipalities in Japan].

Objectives　The purpose of this ecological study was to clarify the relationship between the manpower of full-time and part-time public health nurses (PHNs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in municipalities in Japan.Methods　We divided 1,225 municipalities with a population over 10,000 for which SMRs were officially published into two groups based on whether the municipality had established a public health center (PHC): general municipalities and PHC-established cities. A linear mixed model was used to examine the relationships among the number of full-time PHNs; cumulative total number of workdays for part-time PHNs; and other healthcare and social welfare resources for SMRs for all causes, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, and heart disease.Results　A higher cumulative total number of workdays for part-time PHNs was significantly associated with lower SMRs in both groups for all causes (males and females), lower SMRs in the general municipalities for malignant neoplasms (males) and heart disease (males), and lower SMRs in PHC-established cities for malignant neoplasms (males and females). The number of full-time PHNs had no effect on SMRs.Conclusion　This study suggested that an increase in the manpower of municipal PHNs improves the health and wellbeing of residents.

The Public Health Intervention Wheel in Norway.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored experiences Norwegian public health nurses (PHNs) have with using interventions from the Public Health Intervention Wheel (PHIW). DESIGN AND SAMPLE: The researchers used both quantitative and qualitative measures to explore how Norwegian PHNs use PHIW interventions in their practice. Data were gathered from six focus group meetings with 15 school and 16 family health nurses in Norway. METHOD: Instruments included: (a) demographic data form, (b) the Public Health Intervention Questionnaire developed by the researchers, and (c) focus group questions. RESULTS: Following discussion of PHIW interventions in focus groups, PHNs reported they had a clearer understanding of each intervention and they had performed activities in their practice consistent with each of the Wheel interventions. CONCLUSION: Descriptions of the Wheel interventions provided the PHNs with the terminology and language to identify and explain their work in public health nursing practice. Although there are some differences between the United States and Norway in the structure of public health nursing practice, the PHIW is a framework that is applicable to the work of PHNs in Norway.

Health-related behavior of the people who neglect the specific health guidance for metabolic syndrome control.

In 2008, Japan introduced a metabolic syndrome screening and intervention program specifically targeting individuals aged 40 to 74 years of age. However, the consultation and follow-up rates for the intervention are still low. The present study aims to identify characteristics of health-related behavior of the people who neglect it. We conducted a group interview targeting public health nurses and qualified dieticians of "A" prefectural branch office of the Japan Health Insurance Association who were regularly involved in performing the intervention. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data, and four themes were extracted: Self-taught practices, Defiance, Hesitation, and Resignation. Our results suggest that the public health advisors recognize the importance of modification of clients' health-related misperception, improve their skills to develop a positive rapport with clients, and be involved in creating a supportive environment conducive to a healthy lifestyle.

Organizational commitment and quality of life at work among public health nurses in Israel.

OBJECTIVE: To test the relationship between job satisfaction, professional self-image, work environment, organizational commitment (OC), and quality of life at work (QoLW) among public health nurses in Israel. To determine which variables can predict OC and QoLW among public health nurses. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: One hundred and thirty-two public health nurses participated in this cross-sectional study with a structured self-administered questionnaire that examined OC, professional self-image, job satisfaction, nursing work environment, and QoLW. Pearson correlation tested correlations between variables and multiple regression was conducted to predict OC and QoLW. MEASUREMENTS: The five measurements (job satisfaction, professional self-image, work environment, OC, and QoLW) based on validity questionnaires with high internal confident. RESULTS: All five variables showed a significant positive correlation. Job satisfaction (t = 5.77, p < 0.001) and nursing work environment (t = 4.55, p < 0.001), contributed significantly to the explanation of OC and QoLW variance. Nursing work environment (t = 6.42, p < 0.01) and job satisfaction (t = 2.99, p < 0.01) were the variables that predicted QoLW. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing managers should be proactive and create a professional environment for nurses to encourage their OC and QoLW as factors that may influence public health nurses.

Sexually transmitted disease services and third-party payer reimbursement: Attitudes, knowledge, and current practices among 60 health departments/districts. Why does this matter to public health nurses?

OBJECTIVE: To assess staff attitudes, knowledge, and current practices in billing third-party payers for sexually transmitted disease (STD) services in public health departments/districts. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A cross-sectional, online survey was administered to staff at 60 urban and rural health departments/districts. Snowball sampling was used for greater representation. There were 311 staff responses from 56 agencies represented in the data analysis. Of the 311 responses, 106 were public health nurses and seven of the health directors had nursing backgrounds. MEASUREMENT: The survey measured attitudes, knowledge, and current billing practices for STD services. Analysis of data was performed at both individual and agency level. RESULTS: Almost 90% reported it was acceptable to bill insurance. However, 56% felt these services should remain a "free" service in the agency. Most agencies were billing Medicaid for STD services (95%) and 70% bill private third-party payers. CONCLUSIONS: Current funding for public STD clinics is not sustainable and other viable income streams such as third-party payer reimbursement must be utilized. Public health nurses play a pivotal role in developing policies and procedures in billing third-party payers for STD and other clinical services. Understanding the interactions between attitudes, knowledge and practice are vital in this development.

Machine Learning Methods for Identifying Critical Data Elements in Nursing Documentation.

BACKGROUND: Public health nurses (PHNs) engage in home visiting services and documentation of care services for at-risk clients. To increase efficiency and decrease documentation burden, it would be useful for PHNs to identify critical data elements most associated with patient care priorities and outcomes. Machine learning techniques can aid in retrospective identification of critical data elements. OBJECTIVE: We used two different machine learning feature selection techniques of minimum redundancy-maximum relevance (mRMR) and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and elastic net regularized generalized linear model (glmnet in R). METHODS: We demonstrated application of these techniques on the Omaha System database of 205 data elements (features) with a cohort of 756 family home visiting clients who received at least one visit from PHNs in a local Midwest public health agency. A dichotomous maternal risk index served as the outcome for feature selection. APPLICATION: Using mRMR as a feature selection technique, out of 206 features, 50 features were selected with scores greater than zero, and generalized linear model applied on the 50 features achieved highest accuracy of 86.2% on a held-out test set. Using glmnet as a feature selection technique and obtaining feature importance, 63 features had importance scores greater than zero, and generalized linear model applied on them achieved the highest accuracy of 95.5% on a held-out test set. DISCUSSION: Feature selection techniques show promise toward reducing public health nursing documentation burden by identifying the most critical data elements needed to predict risk status. Further studies to refine the process of feature selection can aid in informing PHNs' focus on client-specific and targeted interventions in the delivery of care.

Public health nurses' activities at a time of specialization in nursing-A national study.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a detailed, up-to-date account of the job description and practice areas of current public health nurses. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A cross-sectional study. A sample of 824 public health nurses, 80% of public health nurses in Israel, participated in a national structured survey. MEASURES: A structured questionnaire eliciting self-reported public health nursing activities, priorities, perceived deficiencies, and job satisfaction was compiled. RESULTS: Nearly 70% of surveyed public health nurses provided individual-level interventions and less population-health-focused activities such as community needs assessments and development and implementation of community-based projects. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced training should be required in several areas of practice and the scope of public health nurses' practice should be expanded, with greater emphasis on population health.

The structure of the perceived professional identity of Japanese public health nurses.

OBJECTIVE: As health problems become more diverse and complicated, the way public health nurses (PHNs) work is changing. Research at the conceptual level of professional identity of PHNs is lacking. This study aimed to explore the structure of the perceived professional identity of Japanese PHNs. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: Grounded theory method was used. Twenty-five PHNs in Japanese municipalities were participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: Three categories emerged: (1) providing support to the consulter directly, (2) working as a member of the administrative organization, and (3) working for all residents to improve community development. The modality of perceived professional identity showed interindividual and intraindividual differences and was either stable or unstable. The perceived professional identities coexisted, but there was a conflict between (1) and (2). CONCLUSION: PHNs should be made aware of the three identities revealed in our study and the possibility of a conflict between identities. Moreover, to ensure working for all residents to improve community development, a population-based approach to education is needed with cooperation of universities and clinical practice.

Relationships between public health nurse-delivered physical activity interventions and client physical activity behavior.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to identify physical activity interventions delivered by public health nurses (PHNs) and examine their association with physical activity behavior change among adult clients. BACKGROUND: Physical activity is a public health priority, yet little is known about nurse-delivered physical activity interventions in day-to-day practice or their outcomes. METHODS: This quantitative retrospective evaluation examined de-identified electronic-health-record data. Adult clients with at least two Omaha System Physical activity Knowledge, Behavior, and Status (KBS) ratings documented by PHNs between October 2010-June 2016 (N=419) were included. Omaha System baseline and follow-up Physical activity KBS ratings, interventions, and demographics were examined. RESULTS: Younger clients typically receiving maternal-child/family services were more likely to receive interventions than older clients (p<0.001). A total of 2869 Physical activity interventions were documented among 197 clients. Most were from categories of Teaching, Guidance, Counseling (n=1639) or Surveillance (n=1183). Few were Case Management (n=46). Hierarchical regression modeling explained 15.4% of the variance for change in Physical activity Behavior rating with significant influence from intervention dose (p=0.03) and change in Physical activity Knowledge (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study identified and described physical activity interventions delivered by PHNs. Implementation of department-wide policy requiring documentation of Physical activity assessment for all clients enabled the evaluation. A higher dose of physical activity interventions and increased Physical activity knowledge were associated with increased Physical activity Behavior. More research is needed to identify factors influencing who receives interventions and how interventions are selected.

Challenges and demands in the population-based work of public health nurses.

AIMS: Government programs and the Norwegian Directorate of Health give public health nurses in Norway an explicit role in population-based health promotion and disease-prevention work. The aim of this paper is to explore Norwegian public health nurses' experiences with population-based work. METHODS: A phenomenological hermeneutic approach was adopted, involving face-to-face interviews with a purposeful sample of 23 public health nurses from urban and rural districts in two counties in Norway. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: the predominance of work at the individual level, a lack of resources, and adherence to administrative directives. The interviews revealed that the public health nurses were mostly occupied with individual problem-solving activities. Population-based work was hardly prioritized, mostly because of a lack of resources and a lack of recognition of the population-based role of public health nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates contradictions between the public health nursing practice related to population-based work and the direction outlined by the government and the public health nursing curriculum, which may mean that the public health nursing role is not sufficiently clarified. The implementation of practice models and administrative directives and resources, as well as an explicit emphasis on population health in public health nursing education, can contribute to increased population-based interventions. Greater knowledge of and emphasis on population-based work in public health nursing are needed.

Caries risk assessment tool and prevention protocol for public health nurses in mother and child health centers, Israel.

OBJECTIVES: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease in children. Caries risk assessment tools enable the dentists, physicians, and nondental health care providers to assess the individual's risk. Intervention by nurses in primary care settings can contribute to the establishment of oral health habits and prevention of dental disease. In Israel, Mother and Child Health Centers provide free preventive services for pregnant women and children by public health nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A caries prevention program in health centers started in 2015. Nurses underwent special training regarding caries prevention. A customized Caries Risk Assessment tool and Prevention Protocol for nurses, based on the AAPD tool, was introduced. A two-step evaluation was conducted which included a questionnaire and in-depth phone interviews. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (out of 46) health centers returned a completed questionnaire. Most nurses believed that oral health preventive services should be incorporated into their daily work. In the in-depth phone interviews, nurses stated that the integration of the program into their busy daily schedule was realistic and appropriate. The lack of specific dental module for computer program was mentioned as an implementation difficulty. DISCUSSION: The wide use of our tool by nurses supports its simplicity and feasibility which enables quick calculation and informed decision making. The nurses readily embraced the tool and it became an integral part of their toolkit. CONCLUSION: We provide public health nurses with a caries risk assessment tool and prevention protocol thus integrating oral health into general health of infants and toddlers.

Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Moral Competence Scale for Public Health Nurses: A Methodological Study.

BACKGROUND: Moral competencies must be improved in nursing area practice. To evaluate the moral competence seems necessary for nurses. AIM: The aims of this study are to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the moral competence questionnaire for public health nurses in Turkey. METHOD: The moral competence scale was translated into Turkish by a skilled translator, after which it was back-translated into English by another translator. We then administered the Turkish version of the moral competence scale to 138 public health nurses working in family and public health centers in Erzurum, a city in eastern Turkey. We analyzed the data using factor analysis and Cronbach's α. RESULTS: Three factors were extracted, which together explained a total of 67.50% of the variance. The Cronbach's α values were .83, .91, .87, and .88 for factors 1, 2, and 3 and for the whole scale, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the moral competence scale for public health nurses is a valid and reliable assessment tool.

Public Health Nursing Practice in the Affordable Care Act Era: A National Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To explore public health nurses' knowledge, perceptions, and practices under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was completed by a sample of 1,143 public health nurses (PHNs) in the United States. MEASURES: Descriptive statistics were analyzed for variables related to general knowledge and perception of the ACA and for the extent of involvement in activities related to the implementation of the ACA. Qualitative analysis was conducted on free text comments to two open-ended questions about current and future PHNs involvement in the ACA. RESULTS: Approximately 45% of PHNs reported changes in their daily work due to the ACA. PHNs reported being very or somewhat involved in these activities of the ACA: integration of primary care and public health (62%), provision of clinical preventive services (60.3%), care coordination (55.4%), patient navigation (55.3%), establishment of private-public partnerships (55.3%), population health strategies (53.6%), population health data assessment and analysis (53.8%), community health assessments (49%), involvement in medical homes (37.8%), provision of maternal and child health home visiting services (32.1%), and involvement in Accountable Care Organizations (29.2%). CONCLUSION: PHNs are making substantial contributions to implementation of the ACA.

Síndrome metabólico, factores de riesgo en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso / Metabolic syndrome, risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight

INTRODUCCIÓN: se asocia al Síndrome Metabólico, la probabilidad de contraer enfermedad cardiovascular, hipertensión, resistencia a la insulina, diabetes y muerte prematura. OBJETIVO: evaluar la presencia de Síndrome Metabólico en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y establecer la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo asociados al Síndrome Metabólico. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso que acudieron a consulta de Endocrinología de los Hospitales Manuel Ascencio Villarroel y Albina Patiño de la ciudad de Cochabamba entre mayo a julio de 2015. Un total de 41 niños y adolescentes de 7 a 16 años de edad (24 hombres y 17 mujeres), fueron sometidos a evaluación antropométrica y laboratorial. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico en niños y adolescentes fue de 41%; el componente más frecuente de SM fue el HDL bajo que alcanzó el 78%, seguido de hipertrigliceridemia con un 48.8 %. Se observa la existencia de una asociación altamente significativa (Sig. 0.021) en la determinación del Índice de HOMA con el sobrepeso y obesidad. De igual forma entre la Insulina y el Índice de HOMA (Sig. 0,009). Al relacionar los criterios para la determinación de Síndrome metabólico, el 41,7% de los pacientes con sobrepeso presenta un solo factor de riesgo, al igual que el 44,83% de los que presentan obesidad, los que presentan 2 factores de riesgo, los valores son similares entre la población que presenta sobrepeso y obesidad (41,7% y 41,4 % respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: desarrollar hábitos y estilo de vida saludables a una edad temprana, para evitar las consecuencias del Síndrome Metabólico, además de reducir los costos de atención a pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares o Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. De ahí la importancia de realizar estudios que confirmen el diagnóstico precoz.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic Syndrome (SM) is associated with the probability developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and premature death. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of Metabolic Syndrome in overweight children and adolescents and besides to establish the prevalence of risk factors associated with the Metabolic Syndrome. METHOD: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study about overweight children and adolescents who were attended at Endocrinology service of the Manuel Ascencio Villarroel and Albina Patiño Hospitals in Cochabamba city during May to July 2015. A total of 41 children and adolescents of 7 to 16 years old (24 men and 17 women) were submitted to anthropometric and laboratory evaluation. RESULTS: The MS prevalence in children and adolescents was 41%; the most frequent component was low HDL, which reached 78%, followed by hypertriglyceridemia with 48.8%. It was observed the existence highly significant association (Sig. 0.021) in the determination of the HOMA Index with overweight and obesity. In the same way were between Insulin and the HOMA Index (Sig. 0.009). Relating the criteria for the determination of metabolic syndrome, 41.7% of the overweight patients presented a single risk factor, it is similar the 44.83% obesity patients, they presented 2 risk factors, The values are similar between the population that is overweight and obese (41.7% and 41.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to developing healthy habits and lifestyle at an early form, to avoid the consequences of the Metabolic Syndrome, in addition to reducing the costs of care for patients with cardiovascular diseases or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It is imperative to perform studies to confirming early diagnostic.

Factors Affecting Participation in the eRedBook: A Personal Child Health Record.

A personal child health record called the eRedBook was recently piloted in the United Kingdom. A qualitative exploratory case study was used to examine how public health nurses engaged or recruited parents and what factors hindered participation. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with those implementing the eRedBook and those taking part in the pilot study. A range of project documentation was also reviewed. Thematic analysis using the framework approach was applied to draw out themes. Numerous socio-technical factors such as the usability of the software, concerns over data protection and costs, poor digital literacy skills and a lack of Internet connectivity emerged. These barriers need to be addressed before the eRedBook is implemented nationwide.

Counseling Immigrant Parents about Food and Feeding Practices: Public Health Nurses' Experiences.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the experiences of public health nurses (PHNs) in counseling immigrant parents on food and feeding practices at child health centers (CHCs). DESIGN AND SAMPLE: In this study employing a qualitative description (QD) approach, the participants (n = 26) were PHNs from five CHCs in the greater Oslo region of Norway. MEASURES: Data were collected through five focus group interviews and examined using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Counseling on food and feeding practices was an important topic in most consultations with immigrant parents. The PHNs were concerned that the child should eat ordinary, healthy food regularly. Immigrant families were often experienced as a "generic group" and the PHNs disclosed that they rarely adjusted their counseling strategy based on enquiries about families' food culture or parents' level of education or knowledge. Time constraints and language and cultural barriers were common challenges. The PHNs suggested that culturally adapted information materials and visual aids from health authorities could improve communication. CONCLUSIONS: Counseling immigrant parents on food and feeding at CHCs is often challenging for PHNs. The study findings could be used in the development of guidelines to assist PHNs in delivering culturally competent counseling about food and feeding practices.