Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov sp. nov a novel bacterial predator.

A novel Gram-stain negative, aerobic, halotolerant, motile, rod-shaped, predatory bacterium ASxL5T, was isolated from a bovine slurry tank in Nottinghamshire, UK using Campylobacter hyointestinalis as prey. Other Campylobacter species and members of the Enterobacteriaceae were subsequently found to serve as prey. Weak axenic growth on Brain Heart Infusion agar was achieved upon subculture without host cells. The optimal growth conditions were 37 °C, at pH 7. Transmission electron microscopy revealed some highly unusual morphological characteristics related to prey availability. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate was related to members of the Oceanospirillaceae family but could not be classified clearly as a member of any known genus. Whole genome sequencing of ASxL5T confirmed the relationship to members the Oceanospirillaceae. Database searches revealed that several ASxL5T share 16S rRNA gene sequences with several uncultured bacteria from marine, and terrestrial surface and subsurface water. We propose that strain ASxL5T represents a novel species in a new genus. We propose the name Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov., sp. nov. with ASxL5T as the type strain.

Neptuniibacter pectenicola sp. nov. and Neptuniibacter marinus sp. nov., two novel species isolated from a Great scallop (Pecten maximus) hatchery in Norway and emended description of the genus Neptuniibacter.

Nine isolates obtained from a great scallop hatchery in Norway were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strains were Gram-negative, aerobic and motile rods with oxidative metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes showed that these strains formed two different groups associated with members of the genus Neptuniibacter. DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) demonstrated that the isolates constituted two novel species of this genus, which can be phenotypically differentiated from their closest relatives. The names Neptuniibacter marinus sp. nov. and Neptuniibacter pectenicola sp. nov are proposed, with ATR 1.1T (=CECT 8938T=DSM 100783T) and LFT 1.8T (=CECT 8936T=DSM 100781T) as respective type strains.

Nitrincola nitratireducens sp. nov. isolated from a haloalkaline crater lake.

The novel, cream coloured, Gram-negative-staining, rod-shaped, motile bacteria, designated strains AK23(T) and AK28, were isolated from sediment samples collected from Lonar Lake, Buldhana district, India. The predominant fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C16:0, C10:0 3OH and C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2OH (summed feature 3). Polar lipid content of strains AK23(T) and AK28 were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphotidylserine (PS), one unidentified phospholipid (PL) and two unidentified lipids (L1 and L2). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated strains AK23(T) and AK28 as the members of the genus Nitrincola and closely related to the type strain Nitrincola lacisaponensis with pair-wise sequence similarity of 97.67% and 97.62% respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain AK23(T) and AK28 showed a relatedness of 91%. Genome of strains AK23(T) and N. lacisaponensis DSM 16316(T) were sequenced. A comparative genomics approach was used to study strains AK23(T), N. lacisaponensis DSM 16316(T) and five other phylogenetic neighbours. The genome size of N. lacisaponensis DSM 16316(T) was found to be 614,784bp smaller than that of the strain AK23(T). This variation could be due to multiple reasons, gene uptake, evolution, mutation, genome reduction phenomenon and draft nature of sequencing. Based on data from the current polyphasic study, strains AK23(T) and AK28 are proposed as novel species of the genus Nitrincola, for which the name Nitrincola nitratireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of N. nitratireducens is AK23(T) (=JCM 18788(T)=MTCC 11628(T)).

Pelagitalea pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new marine bacterium isolated from seawater.

A strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, beige-pigmented, short-rod-shaped, non-motile and chemoheterotrophic bacteria, designated K2-48(T) was isolated from seawater collected in the Western North Pacific Ocean near Japan. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Oceanospirillaceae within the class Gammaproteobacteria and that it showed the highest sequence similarity (93.7 %) to Neptunomonas qingdaonensis P10-2-4(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from recognized members of the family Oceanospirillaceae. The major fatty acids of strain K2-48(T) were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH) and C16:0 as defined by the MIDI system. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 43.2 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone 9 and a polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, a phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospolipid. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic studies, it was concluded that strain K2-48(T) represents a novel genus sp. We propose the name Pelagitalea pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov. for this strain; its type strain is K2-48(T) (=KCCM 90119(T)).

Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater, Fujian Province, China.

A Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped aerobic bacterium with flagella, designated strain Y32(T), was isolated from coastal seawater in Xiamen, Fujian Province of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain Y32(T) is a member of the family Oceanospirillaceae, forming a distinct lineage with species of the genus Litoribacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain Y32(T) and other strains were all less than 94.0 %. Strain Y32(T) was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 4-5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c, 49.4 %), C16:0 (17.7 %), C14:0 (6.9 %) and C18:1 ω9c (5.4 %). The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain Y32(T) was determined to be 55.6 mol%. According to its morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition, polar lipids composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Y32(T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Oceanospirillaceae, for which the name Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litoribrevibacter albus is Y32(T) (=MCCC 1F01211(T)=NBRC 110071(T)).

Oceanospirillum nioense sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from sediment sample of Palk bay, India.

A novel Gram-negative, spiral shaped, motile bacterium, designated strain NIO-S6(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Off-shore Rameswaram, Tamilnadu, India. Strain NIO-S6(T) was found to be positive for oxidase, DNase and lysine decarboxylase activities and negative for catalase, gelatinase, lipase, ornithine decarboxylase, nitrate reductase, aesculinase, amylase and urease activities. The fatty acids were determined to be dominated by C10:0 3OH, C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1. Strain NIO-S6(T) contains Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of the strain NIO-S6(T) was determined to be 49.5 ± 0.6 mol %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NIO-S6(T) indicated Oceanospirillum linum and Oceanospirillum maris of the family Oceanospirillaceae (phylum Proteobacteria) are the closest related species with sequence similarities of 98.4 and 97.8 % respectively. Other members of the family showed sequence similarities <96.4 %. However, DNA-DNA hybridization with Oceanospirillum linum LMG 5214(T) and Oceanospirillum maris LMG 5213(T) showed a relatedness of 31.5 and 46.9 % with respect to strain NIO-S6(T). Based on the phenotypic characteristics and on phylogenetic inference, strain NIO-S6(T) is proposed as a novel species of the genus Oceanospirillum as Oceanospirillum nioense sp. nov. and the type strain is NIO-S6(T) (=MTCC 11154(T) = KCTC 32008(T)).

Litoribacillus peritrichatus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment of an amphioxus breeding zone in Qingdao, China.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, short rod-shaped bacterium with peritrichous flagella, designated JYr12(T), was isolated from sediment of an amphioxus breeding zone in the coastal region of Qingdao, China. Strain JYr12(T) was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The organism was determined to contain C(16:0) (28.3 %) and C(16:1) ω7c and/or C(16:1) ω6c (34.8 %) as the major fatty acids and ubiquinone-8 (90 %) as the predominant isoprenoid ubiquinone. The polar lipids were found to consist of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unknown glycolipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 42.3 mol %. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain JYr12(T) was placed in the class Gammaproteobacteria and shared ~91.20, 91.18, 91.01, 90.95, 90.80 and 90.40 % sequence similarities with representatives of the genus Thalassolituus, Nitrincola, Oceanospirillum, Marinobacterium, Marinomonas and Microbulbifer, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain JYr12(T) is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Litoribacillus peritrichatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litoribacillus peritrichatus is JYr12(T) (=CGMCC 1.10796(T) = JCM17551(T)).

Oleispira lenta sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from Yellow sea coastal seawater in Qingdao, China.

The taxonomic position of strain DFH11(T), which was isolated from coastal seawater off Qingdao, People's Republic of China in 2007, was determined. Strain DFH11(T) comprised Gram-negative, motile, strictly aerobic spirilli that did not produce catalase. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DFH11(T) shared ~97.2, 93.3, 91.8, 91.7 and 91.5% sequence similarities with Oleispira antarctica, Spongiispira norvegica, Bermanella marisrubri, Oceaniserpentilla haliotis and Reinekea aestuarii, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the strain was distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbour, O. antarctica. The strain grew optimally in 2-3% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and between 0 and 30°C (optimum growth temperature 28°C). The strain exhibited a restricted substrate profile, with a preference for aliphatic hydrocarbons, that is consistent with its closest phylogenetic neighbour O. antarctica. Growth of the isolate at different temperatures affected the cellular fatty acid profile. 28°C cultured cells contained C(16:1)ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH (50.4%) and C(16:0) (19.2%) as the major fatty acids. However, the major fatty acids of the cells cultured at 4°C were C(16:1)ω7c and/or C(16:1)ω6c (40.2%), C(16:0) (17.2%) and C(17:1)ω8c (10.1%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.7 mol%. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences together with data from DNA-DNA hybridization, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization revealed that DFH11(T) should be classified as a novel species of the genus Oleispira, for which the name Oleispira lenta sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DFH11(T) (=NCIMB 14529(T) = LMG 24829(T)).

Neptuniibacter halophilus sp. nov., isolated from a salt pan, and emended description of the genus Neptuniibacter.

A bacterial strain designated antisso-13(T) was isolated from a salt pan in southern Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain antisso-13(T) was gram-negative, aerobic, creamy white in colour, rod-shaped and motile by single monopolar flagellum. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain antisso-13(T) belonged to the genus Neptuniibacter and its closest neighbour was Neptuniibacter caesariensis MED92(T), with 96.7 % sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analyses based on rpoB and recA gene sequences and deduced amino acid sequences also revealed that the novel strain and N. caesariensis MED92(T) formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster. Strain antisso-13(T) exhibited optimal growth at 25-30 °C, with 2.0-4.0 % NaCl and at pH 7.0. Cellular fatty acids were C(16 : 1)ω7c (39.8 %), C(18 : 1)ω7c (29.4 %), C(16 : 0) (15.5 %), C(10 : 0) 3-OH (7.5 %), anteiso-C(11 : 0) (1.8 %), C(18 : 0) (1.8 %), C(11 : 0) 2-OH (1.6 %), iso-C(10 : 0) (1.2 %) and C(14 : 0) (1.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized polar lipids and the DNA G+C content was 54.2 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed clear phenotypic differentiation of this isolate from previously described members of the genus Neptuniibacter. It is evident from the genotypic and phenotypic data that strain antisso-13(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Neptuniibacter. The name proposed for this taxon is Neptuniibacter halophilus sp. nov.; the type strain is antisso-13(T) ( = LMG 25378(T) = BCRC 80079(T)). An emended description of the genus Neptuniibacter is provided.

Marinospirillum celere sp. nov., a novel haloalkaliphilic, helical bacterium isolated from Mono Lake.

Two strains of a Gram-negative, helical, haloalkaliphilic bacterium were isolated from Mono Lake (USA). Both strains were mesophilic and grew between 13 and 55 degrees C, with optimum growth at 35-45 degrees C. The optimum pH for growth was 9.5. Growth was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0.5-12% (w/v), with optimum growth at 2% NaCl. Both isolates were motile by means of bipolar tuft flagella, coccoid body-forming and strictly aerobic. It was concluded that they belong to the same species, based on DNA-DNA hybridization values (95% DNA relatedness). DNA G+C contents of the novel strains were 52.1 and 52.3 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, both strains were shown to be related closely to the members of the genus Marinospirillum (family Oceanospirillaceae, class Gammaproteobacteria). Sequence similarity of strain v1c_Sn-redT to the type strains of Marinospirillum alkaliphilum, Marinospirillum minutulum, Marinospirillum megaterium and Marinospirillum insulare was 95.0, 92.7, 91.8 and 91.8%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data [major ubiquinone, Q8; major fatty acids, C18:1(n-7) and C16:0] and physiological and biochemical tests supported the affiliation of the novel strains to the genus Marinospirillum as members of a novel species, for which the name Marinospirillum celere sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain v1c_Sn-redT (=LMG 24610T=VKM 2416T).

Amphritea japonica sp. nov. and Amphritea balenae sp. nov., isolated from the sediment adjacent to sperm whale carcasses off Kagoshima, Japan.

Two novel species were isolated from the sediment adjacent to sperm whale carcasses off Kagoshima, Japan, at a depth of about 230 m. The isolated strains, JAMM 1866(T), JAMM 1548 and JAMM 1525(T), were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile by means of a single polar or bipolar flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains JAMM 1866(T) and JAMM 1548 indicated a relationship to the symbiotic bacterial clone R21 of Osedax japonicus (100 % sequence similarity) and all three isolates were closely related to Amphritea atlantica (97.7-97.8 % similarity) within the class Gammaproteobacteria. The novel isolates were able to produce isoprenoid quinone Q-8 as the major component. The predominant fatty acids were C(16 : 0), C(16 : 1) and C(18 : 1), with C(12 : 1) 3-OH present in smaller amounts. The DNA G+C contents of the three isolated strains were about 47 mol%. Based on differences in taxonomic characteristics, the three isolated strains represent two novel species of the genus Amphritea for which the names Amphritea japonica sp. nov. (type strain JAMM 1866(T)=JCM 14782(T)=ATCC BAA-1530(T); reference strain JAMM 1548) and Amphritea balenae sp. nov. (type strain JAMM 1525(T)=JCM 14781(T)=ATCC BAA-1529(T)) are proposed.

Marinomonas polaris sp. nov., a psychrohalotolerant strain isolated from coastal sea water off the subantarctic Kerguelen islands.

Two aerobic, psychrohalotolerant, motile bacterial isolates, CK13T and CK16, isolated from sea-water samples collected off the subantarctic Kerguelen island, were characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data, the strains were 99.6% similar and exhibited 93-97% similarity with the seven recognized species of Marinomonas. The most closely related species were Marinomonas pontica and Marinomonas primoryensis, with 97 and 96 % similarity at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CK13T and M. pontica and M. primoryensis were only 58 and 40%, respectively. The major fatty acids present in strain CK13T were iso-C(16:0), C(16:0), C(16:1)omega7c and C(18:1)omega7c. The DNA G+C content of strain CK13T was 41.2 mol%. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were identified as the predominant phospholipids. All the above characteristics support the affiliation of strain CK13T to the genus Marinomonas. Phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic and genotypic distinctiveness confirmed that strains CK13T and CK16 are members of a novel species of the genus Marinomonas, for which the name Marinomonas polaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CK13T (=MTCC 6645T=DSM 16579T=JCM 12522T).

Marinomonas dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from sea water.

Two Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacteria (strains DSW10-10T and DSW10-19) were isolated from sea water and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. They grew optimally at 30 degrees C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains DSW10-10T and DSW10-19 were characterized chemotaxonomically as containing Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 17c, C16 : 0 and C16 : 17c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH as the major fatty acids. Their DNA G+C contents were 45 x 3-45 x 7 mol%. Strains DSW10-10T and DSW10-19 exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 100 % and possessed a mean DNA-DNA relatedness level of 85 %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains DSW10-10T and DSW10-19 fell within the radiation of the cluster encompassed by the genus Marinomonas. Strains DSW10-10T and DSW10-19 had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 95 x 7-97 x 7 % with respect to the type strains of Marinomonas species with validly published names. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness were low enough to indicate that the two strains constitute a distinct Marinomonas species. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, strains DSW10-10T (=KCTC 12394T=DSM 17202T) and DSW10-19 were placed in the genus Marinomonas as members of a novel species, Marinomonas dokdonensis sp. nov.

Marinomonas pontica sp. nov., isolated from the Black Sea.

A Gram-negative, polarly flagellated bacterium was isolated from a sea-water sample collected from the Karadag Natural Reserve of the Eastern Crimea and characterized to clarify its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis of this novel organism revealed Marinomonas vaga, Marinomonas communis, Marinomonas mediterranea, Marinomonas primoryensis and 'Marinomonas protea' as its closest relatives (similarity 95-97 %). The G+C content of the DNA was 46.5 mol%. The organism grew between 4 and 33 degrees C, tolerated 10 % NaCl, was slightly alkaliphilic and was not able to degrade starch, gelatin, agar or Tween 80. Phosphatidylethanolamine (53.4 %) and phosphatidylglycerol (46.6 %) were the predominant phospholipids. The major fatty acids were 16 : 0 (15.5 %), 16 : 1omega7 (26.7 %) and 18 : 1omega7 (47.1 %). The phylogenetic, genetic and physiological properties of the organism placed it within a novel species, proposed as Marinomonas pontica sp. nov., the type strain of which is 46-16T (=LMG 22531T=KMM 3492T=UCM 11075T).