Inner retinal thickness and optic disc measurements in obese children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate optic nerve head parameters and inner retinal layer thicknesses in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: Forty-one eyes of 41 pediatric obese participants and 41 eyes of 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Body mass index was calculated, based on sex and age, using body weight and height measurements. Blood lipid values (i.e., cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride) were measured in obese participants. Optical coherence tomography was used to examine optic nerve head parameters, including rim area, disc area, cup-to-disc ratio, and cup volume, as well as the thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layers and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers. RESULTS: Optic disc parameters were similar in obese and healthy children (p>0.05). The percentage of binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness symmetry was significantly different between obese and control groups (p=0.003). Compared to the control group, participants in the obese group exhibited thinner retinal nerve fiber layers in the superior quadrants (p=0.04) and thinner ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in the superior-temporal sectors (p=0.04). There were no statistically significant correlations between the ocular parameters and lipid blood test values assessed in this study (p>0.05). Body mass index was significantly negatively correlated with the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (r=-0.33, p=0.03) in the obese group. There was no significant correlation between intraocular pressure and body mass index (r=0.05, p=0.74). CONCLUSION: Compared to healthy children, obese children had greater binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry and thinner retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in several sectors. Blood lipid levels were not associated with retinal thickness or optic disc parameters in obese children.

Inner retinal thickness and optic disc measurements in obese children and adolescents / Espessura retiniana interna e medidas do disco óptico na obesidade pediátrica

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate optic nerve head parameters and inner retinal layer thicknesses in obese children and adolescents. Methods: Forty-one eyes of 41 pediatric obese participants and 41 eyes of 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Body mass index was calculated, based on sex and age, using body weight and height measurements. Blood lipid values (i.e., cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride) were measured in obese participants. Optical coherence tomography was used to examine optic nerve head parameters, including rim area, disc area, cup-to-disc ratio, and cup volume, as well as the thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layers and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers. Results: Optic disc parameters were similar in obese and healthy children (p>0.05). The percentage of binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness symmetry was significantly different between obese and control groups (p=0.003). Compared to the control group, participants in the obese group exhibited thinner retinal nerve fiber layers in the superior quadrants (p=0.04) and thinner ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in the superior-temporal sectors (p=0.04). There were no statistically significant correlations between the ocular parameters and lipid blood test values assessed in this study (p>0.05). Body mass index was significantly negatively correlated with the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (r=-0.33, p=0.03) in the obese group. There was no significant correlation between intraocular pressure and body mass index (r=0.05, p=0.74). Conclusion: Compared to healthy children, obese children had greater binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry and thinner retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in several sectors. Blood lipid levels were not associated with retinal thickness or optic disc parameters in obese children.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros da cabeça do nervo óptico e a espessura da camada interna da retina em crianças e adolescentes obesos. Métodos: Quarenta e um olhos de 41 participantes pediátricos obesos e 41 olhos de 41 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo foram incluídos neste estudo. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado com base no sexo e na idade, utilizando medidas de peso e estatura corporal. Os valores de lipídios no sangue (colesterol, lipoproteína de baixa e alta densidade e triglicérides) foram medidos nos participantes obesos. A tomografia de coerência óptica foi usada para examinar os parâmetros da cabeça do nervo óptico, incluindo a área da borda, área do disco, razão escavação/disco, volume da escavação, espessura s camadas de fibra nervosa da retina e as camadas plexiformes internas das células ganglionares da mácula. Resultados: Os parâmetros do disco óptico foram semelhantes em crianças obesas e saudáveis (p>0,05). A porcentagem da simetria da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina binocular foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos obesos e controle (p=0,003). Comparados ao grupo controle, os participantes do grupo obeso exibiram camadas mais finas de fibras nervosas da retina nos quadrantes superiores (p=0,04) e camadas plexiformes mais finas da célula ganglionar interna nos setores temporal superior (p=0,04). Não houve correlação significante entre os parâmetros oculares e os valores dos exames de sangue lipídico avaliados neste estudo (p>0,05). O índice de massa corporal foi significativamente correlacionado negativamente com a espessura média da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (r=-0,33, p=0,03) no grupo obeso. Não houve correlação significativa entre a pressão intraocular e o índice de massa corporal (r=0,05, p=0,74). Conclusão: Comparadas às crianças saudáveis, as crianças obe sas apresentaram maior assimetria binocular na espessura da ca mada de fibras nervosas da retina e fibras nervosas da retina mais finas e camadas plexiformes internas das células ganglionares em vários setores. Os níveis de lipídios no sangue não foram associados à espessura da retina ou aos parâmetros do disco óptico em crianças obesas.

Morphometric characteristics of the optical disc and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layer using Cirrus 5000 optical coherence tomography in healthy patients attending the National Institute of Ophthalmology. / Características morfométricas de disco óptico y espesor de capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica Cirrus 5000 en pacientes sanos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the morphometric characteristics and thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (CFNR) in healthy patients using optical coherence tomography. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on a total of 184 eyes of 184 people of mestizo origin enrolled after a complete ophthalmological evaluation at the National Institute of Ophthalmology, Lima-Peru. The morphometric parameters of the optic disc and thickness of the CFNR were measured by optical coherence tomography ZEISS CIRRUS™ HD-OCT Model 5000 (Carl Zeiss Inc., Dublin, CA, EE.UU). Megalopapilla was defined as: area of the optical disc greater than 2.5 mm2 and area greater than the mean plus 2 standard deviations. RESULTS: The areas obtained were: optical disc of 2.21±0.43mm2, neuroretinal ring of 1.37±0.25mm2, 0.84±0.48mm2 cup; mean cup/disc ratio of 0.58±0.16, vertical cup/disc ratio of 0.55±0.15, and a CFNR thickness of 100.30±8.54µm. The prevalence of megalopapilla, being considered as a disc area greater than 2.5mm2 and 3.07, was 24% and 4%, respectively. When comparing megalopapilla with normal discs, the area of the ring (P=.08) and thickness of CFNR (P=.73) did not show statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The mean disc area was 2.21±0.43mm2 with a CFNR thickness of 100.30±8.54µm. The prevalence of megalopapilla was 24% and 4%, considering a disc area greater than 2.5 mm2 and 3.07 mm2, respectively. These results show that the megalopapilla and normal discs are similar in terms of ring area and CFNR thickness.

Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in a Brazilian population of healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) minimum rim width (MRW) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements, acquired with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in healthy Brazilian individuals self-reported as African Descent (AD), European Descent (ED) and Mixed Descent (MD). METHODS: 260 healthy individuals (78 AD, 103 ED and 79 MD) were included in this cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinics Hospital of the University of Campinas. We obtained optic nerve head (24 radial B scans) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (3.5-mm circle scan) images in one randomly selected eye of each subject. RESULTS: After adjustment for BMO area and age, there were no significant differences in mean global MRW (P = 0.63) or RNFLT (P = 0.07) among the three groups. Regionally, there were no significant differences in either MRW or RNFLT in most sectors, except in the superonasal sector, in which both MRW and RNFLT were thinner among ED (P = 0.04, P<0.001, respectively). RNFLT was also thinner in ED in the inferonasal sector (P = 0.009). In all races, global MRW decreased and global RNFLT increased with BMO area. AD subjects had higher rates of global RNFLT decay with age (-0.32 µm/year) compared to ED and MD subjects (-0.10 µm/year and -0.08 µm/year, respectively; P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: While we found no significant differences in global MRW and RNFLT among the three races, age-related thinning of the RNFLT was significantly higher in the AD subgroup, which warrants further study.

Interocular Asymmetry of Minimum Rim Width and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Healthy Brazilian Individuals.

PURPOSE: To determine interocular differences in Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in healthy Brazilian individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both eyes of 220 healthy individuals were included in this observational, cross-sectional study. All individuals had normal clinical examination and visual fields. Global and sectorial interocular BMO-MRW and RNFLT differences, acquired and regionalized relative to the fovea to BMO center (FoBMO) axis, were calculated. The effect of age, axial length, and BMO area asymmetry on the parameters' asymmetry was evaluated. RESULTS: The 95th limits for interocular BMO-MRW and RNFLT global differences were 49 and 9 µm, respectively. BMO-MRW asymmetry was negatively correlated (ß=-33.87 µm/mm, R=0.06, P<0.001), whereas RNFLT asymmetry was positively correlated (ß= 6.13 µm/mm, R=0.09, P<0.001) with BMO area asymmetry. Neither BMO-MRW nor RNFLT asymmetries were correlated with axial length asymmetry (ß=-16.90 µm/mm, R=0.00, P=0.15; ß=-1.18 µm/mm, R=0.00, P=0.52, respectively). Similarly, BMO-MRW and RNFLT asymmetries were not correlated with age (ß=0.17 µm/y, R=0.01, P=0.22; ß=0.0 µm/y, R=0.00, P=0.19, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that global BMO-MRW and RNFLT interocular differences exceeding 49 and 9 µm, respectively, may indicate statistically abnormal asymmetry, which may suggest early structural damage. Asymmetry in BMO area should be accounted for when considering interocular asymmetry in BMO-MRW and RNFLT.

Relationship between anterior segment and optic nerve head parameters in healthy subjects.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between anterior segment and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters. METHODS: Two hundred healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The par-ticipants underwent measurement of anterior segment parameters with a Pentacam Scheimpflug system and imaging of the optic disc with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the associations between ONH and anterior segment parameters. Multivariate regression analyses controlling for age and disc area as confounding factors were also conducted. RESULTS: There were significant negative relationships between optic disc area and corneal thickness (p=0.03, r=-0.217) and volume (p=0.017, r=-0.239). Corneal refractive power was significantly correlated with cup area, rim area, rim volume, and cup/disc ratio (p<0.05 for all). An increase of 1 diopter in anterior corneal refractive power corresponded to a decrease of 0.022 in cup/disc ratio. Rim volume was negatively correlated with anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume (p<0.05 for both). A 1-mm3 increase in anterior chamber depth corresponded to a 0.154-mm3 decrease in rim volume. Mean and maximum cup depth measurements were not associated with any of the anterior segment parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In nonglaucomatous eyes, the dimensions and shape of the ONH may be related to anterior segment morphology. Therefore, it may be helpful to take anterior segment parameters into consideration in evaluating the OHN.

Relationship between anterior segment and optic nerve head parameters in healthy subjects / Relações entre os parâmetros do segmento anterior e da cabeça do nervo óptico em indivíduos saudáveis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the relationship between anterior segment and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters. Methods: Two hundred healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The par­ticipants underwent measurement of anterior segment parameters with a Pentacam Scheimpflug system and imaging of the optic disc with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the associations between ONH and anterior segment parameters. Multivariate regression analyses controlling for age and disc area as confounding factors were also conducted. Results: There were significant negative relationships between optic disc area and corneal thickness (p=0.03, r=-0.217) and volume (p=0.017, r=-0.239). Corneal refractive power was significantly correlated with cup area, rim area, rim volume, and cup/disc ratio (p<0.05 for all). An increase of 1 diopter in anterior corneal refractive power corresponded to a decrease of 0.022 in cup/disc ratio. Rim volume was negatively correlated with anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume (p<0.05 for both). A 1-mm3 increase in anterior chamber depth corresponded to a 0.154-mm3 decrease in rim volume. Mean and maximum cup depth measurements were not associated with any of the anterior segment parameters. Conclusions: In nonglaucomatous eyes, the dimensions and shape of the ONH may be related to anterior segment morphology. Therefore, it may be helpful to take anterior segment parameters into consideration in evaluating the OHN.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre os parâmetros do segmento anterior e da cabeça do nervo óptico (CNO). Métodos: Duzentos indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos neste estudo. Os participantes foram submetidos à medição dos parâmetros do segmento anterior com o sistema Pentacam Scheimpflug e à obtenção de imagens de disco óptico com oftalmoscopia a laser de varredura confocal. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado para avaliar as associações entre CNO e os parâmetros do segmento anterior. Realizaram-se também análises de regressão multivariada que controlam a idade e a área do disco como factores de confusão. Resultados: Houve uma relação negativa estatisticamente significativa entre a espessura da córnea, o volume da córnea e a área do disco óptico (p=0,03, r=-0,217 e p=0,017, r=-0,239, respectivamente). As medições do poder de refração da córnea mostraram correlações significativas com a área da escavação, a área da rima, o volume da rima (RV) e a relação escavação/disco (C/D). (P<0,05 para todos). Um aumento de dioptria no poder de refração corneana anterior corresponde a uma diminuição de 0,022 em C/D. O RV mostrou correlação negativa com a profundidade da câmara anterior (PCA) e volume da câmara anterior. (P<0,05 para ambos). O aumento de 1 mm3 na PCA corresponde a uma diminuição de 0,154 mm3 no RV. As médias e as medidas máximas de profundidade de rima não mostraram associação com nenhum dos parâmetros do segmento anterior. Conclusões: Em olhos não glaucomatosos, as dimensões e forma da CNO podem estar relacionadas com a morfologia do segmento anterior. Portanto, pode ser útil levar em consideração os parâmetros do segmento anterior na avaliação da CNO.

Clinical features of optic nerve head in healthy newborns. / Características clínicas de la cabeza del nervio óptico en recién nacidos sanos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the size and clinical features of the optical disc in healthy term infants. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study based on complete medical records of newborns at the Angeles Pedregal Hospital, Mexico DF, from May to August 2015. The measurements of the optical disc and clinical features were obtained from digital photographs and evaluated by 2experts. Frequencies, means and standard deviation were calculated using the SPSS version 17.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The study included a total of 121 patients and 121 eyes. There were 65 males. The mean vertical diameter was 1.60±0.17mm, horizontal diameter 1.31±0.13mm, optical disc area 1.43±0.26mm2, and cup to disc ratio 0.25±0.11. The neuroretinal ring colour was orange in 116 (95.9%) eyes. The cribriform plate was not visible in any patient, and in 90 (74.4%) eyes the appearance of the vessels in the papilla was central, and nasal in the rest. The cilioretinal artery was present in 38 (31.4%) eyes. A hyper- and hypo-pigmented peripapillary ring was observed in 114 eyes (94.2%). CONCLUSION: The mean area of the optic nerve is 1.43±0.26mm2, slightly higher than previously reported. The mean cup to disc ratio is less than 0.3, as reported in the literature, and it is noteworthy that all eyes have a hyper-pigmented and hypo-pigmented peripapillary ring.

Dynamic changes in optic disc morphology, choroidal thickness, anterior chamber parameters, and intraocular pressure during Valsalva maneuver.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the Valsalva maneuver (VM) on optic disc morphology, choroidal thickness, and anterior chamber parameters. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 60 eyes of 60 healthy subjects. The anterior chamber parameters, including central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), anterior chamber volume (ACV), pupil diameter (PD), axial length (AL), subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, optic disc parameters, and intraocular pressure (IOP), were measured at rest and during VM. RESULTS: VM did not have any significant influence on AL, subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, optic disc area, rim area, cup area, cup-to-disc area ratio, vertical cup-to-disc ratio, rim volume, cup volume, and nerve head volume measurements (for all; p >0.05). IOP and PD significantly increased during VM (for both; p <0.001). VM significantly decreased CCT, ACD, ACA, and ACV values (for all; p <0.001). Moreover, the optic nerve cup volume decreased and the horizontal cup-to-disc ratio significantly increased during VM (for both; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VM may cause transient changes in IOP, optic disc morphology, and anterior chamber parameters.

Dynamic changes in optic disc morphology, choroidal thickness, anterior chamber parameters, and intraocular pressure during Valsalva maneuver / Mudanças dinâmicas na morfologia do disco óptico, espessura da coroide, parâmetros de câmara anterior e pressão intraocular durante a manobra de Valsalva

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effects of the Valsalva maneuver (VM) on optic disc morphology, choroidal thickness, and anterior chamber parameters. Methods: This prospective observational study included 60 eyes of 60 healthy subjects. The anterior chamber parameters, including central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), anterior chamber volume (ACV), pupil diameter (PD), axial length (AL), subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, optic disc parameters, and intraocular pressure (IOP), were measured at rest and during VM. Results: VM did not have any significant influence on AL, subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, optic disc area, rim area, cup area, cup-to-disc area ratio, vertical cup-to-disc ratio, rim volume, cup volume, and nerve head volume measurements (for all; p >0.05). IOP and PD significantly increased during VM (for both; p <0.001). VM significantly decreased CCT, ACD, ACA, and ACV values (for all; p <0.001). Moreover, the optic nerve cup volume decreased and the horizontal cup-to-disc ratio significantly increased during VM (for both; p <0.05). Conclusions: VM may cause transient changes in IOP, optic disc morphology, and anterior chamber parameters.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da manobra de Valsalva (VM) sobre a morfologia do disco óptico, a espessura da coroide e parâmetros câmara anterior. Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo incluiu 60 olhos de 60 indivíduos saudáveis. Os parâmetros da câmara anterior, incluindo da espessura central da córnea (CCT), profundidade da câmara anterior (ACD), ângulo da câmara anterior (ACA), volume de câmara anterior (ACV), diâmetro da pupila (PD), comprimento axial (AL), espessura da coroide subfoveal e peripapilar, parâmetros de disco óptico e pressão intraocular (IOP) foram medidos em repouso e durante VM. Resultados: A VM não apresentou influência significativa em AL, espessura da coroide subfoveal e peripapilar, área de disco óptico, área da rima neural, área da escavação, relação da área escavação-disco, a relação vertical escavação-disco, volume da rima neural, volume da escavação, medidas de volume cabeça do nervo (para todos; p >0,05). IOP e PD aumentaram significativamente durante VM (para ambos; p <0,001). A VM diminuiu os valores CCT, ACD, ACA e ACV significativamente (para todos; p <0,001). Além disso, o volume da escavação do nervo óptico diminuiu e a razão horizontal escavação-disco aumentou significativamente durante VM (para ambos; p <0,05). Conclusões: A VM pode causar alterações transitórias na pressão intraocular, na morfologia do disco óptico e em parâmetros câmara anterior.

Prevalence of disc cupping in non-glaucomatous eyes.

This study assessed optic disc size and cupping, using a commercially available ophthalmoscope, in order to show norms of these values for clinical practice. Subjects were office-workers referred from their respective workplaces for a routine medical examination, which included eye examination. The optic disc size was classified as small, medium or large, for having a diameter < 1.0, 1.0-1.5, or > 1.5 times (respectively) the diameter of the ophthalmoscope's selected light spot on the posterior pole. The cupping was classified as the ratio of the vertical cupping diameter and the vertical disc diameter on a relative decimal scale from 0.0 to 1.0.This study included 184 subjects with a mean age of 40.5 ± 9.5 years; 149 (81%) were males. Their mean ocular pressure was 12.4 ± 1.5 mmHg (range 10-17 mmHg). There was a high correlation between optic disc sizes and cupping in the right and left eyes (Pearson Correlation r = 0.866, p < 0.001); therefore, for simplicity only the data for right eyes are presented. According to our definition, the optic discs in these eyes comprised 27 (14.7%) small, 141 (76.6%) medium and 16 (8.7%) large. The small optic discs were rarely cupped, and the large optic discs were always cupped. Optic disc cupping greater than 0.7 was rarely found and should be suspect of glaucoma. Clinical doctors should be aware of this and refer those subjects with abnormal cupping to the specialist.

Prevalence of disc cupping in non-glaucomatous eyes

This study assessed optic disc size and cupping, using a commercially available ophthalmoscope, in order to show norms of these values for clinical practice. Subjects were office-workers referred from their respective workplaces for a routine medical examination, which included eye examination. The optic disc size was classified as small, medium or large, for having a diameter < 1.0, 1.0-1.5, or > 1.5 times (respectively) the diameter of the ophthalmoscope's selected light spot on the posterior pole. The cupping was classified as the ratio of the vertical cupping diameter and the vertical disc diameter on a relative decimal scale from 0.0 to 1.0.This study included 184 subjects with a mean age of 40.5 ± 9.5 years; 149 (81%) were males. Their mean ocular pressure was 12.4 ± 1.5 mmHg (range 10-17 mmHg). There was a high correlation between optic disc sizes and cupping in the right and left eyes (Pearson Correlation r = 0.866, p < 0.001); therefore, for simplicity only the data for right eyes are presented. According to our definition, the optic discs in these eyes comprised 27 (14.7%) small, 141 (76.6%) medium and 16 (8.7%) large. The small optic discs were rarely cupped, and the large optic discs were always cupped. Optic disc cupping greater than 0.7 was rarely found and should be suspect of glaucoma. Clinical doctors should be aware of this and refer those subjects with abnormal cupping to the specialist.

Este estudio fue concebido para desarrollar normas clínicas sobre el tamaño y la excavación de la papila usando un simple oftalmoscopio en una población emétrope sin glaucoma. Los sujetos fueron oficinistas enviados al Centro Médico San Luis para un chequeo general de salud que incluye el examen oftalmológico. El tamaño de la papila o disco óptico fue clasificado en tres diámetros (pequeño, mediano y grande) comparando con el tamaño de la proyección retinal de la luz de un oftalmoscopio de bolsillo. La excavación papilar fue clasificada como la relación entre el diámetro horizontal de la excavación y el diámetro horizontal de la papila en escala decimal de 0.0 a 1.0. El estudio incluye 184 sujetos (edad media de 40.5 ± 9.5 años) y 149 (81%) fueron varones. Su presión ocular promedio fue de 12.4 ± 1.5 mmHg (entre 10-17 mmHg). La correlación tanto de los tamaños de disco óptico como de su excavación, fue alta entre ambos ojos (Correlación de Pearson, r = 0.866, p < 0.001) de modo que se presentan solamente datos de los ojos derechos. Según nuestra definición de tamaños papilares hubo 27 (14.7%) papilas pequeñas, 141 (76.6%) medianas y 16 (8.7%) grandes. Las papilas pequeñas rara vez tuvieron excavación y las grandes estuvieron siempre excavadas. Fue raro hallar papilas ópticas con una excavación mayor a 0.7, las que deberían hacer sospechar una lesión por glaucoma. Los clínicos avezados en oftalmoscopia deberían tener esto en cuenta para referir los sujetos con excavaciones grandes al especialista para su estudio oftalmológico.

Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using Spectral Domain OCT in Brazilian patients / Reprodutibilidade da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina utilizando-se o Spectral Domain OCT em pacientes brasileiros

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements in normal eyes and eyes with glaucoma using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). METHODS: One eye of 79 normal and 72 glaucoma patients was analyzed. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity testing; intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy; and the glaucoma group underwent achromatic perimetry with the 24-2 SITA Fast Humphrey Field Analyzer. All patients' eyes were scanned using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography - Spectralis® and one of them was chosen randomly. Three consecutive circular B-scan centered at the optic disc were performed in one visit. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation and test-retest variability for the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were respectively: 0.94, 2.56% and 4.85 µm for the normal group and 0.93, 4.65% and 6.61 µm for the glaucomatous group. The intraclass correlation coefficient for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in all quadrants were all excellent in both groups, with the superior quadrant having the highest ICCs (0.964) in glaucomatous eyes and nasal quadrant measurements having the lowest (0.800), but still excellent in eyes without glaucoma. The coefficient of variation was between 2.56% - 8.74% and between 4.65% - 11.44% in normal and glaucomatous group respectively. The test-retest variability was between 4.85 µm and 11.51 µm in the normal group and between 6.61 µm and 14.24 µm in the glaucomatous group. The measurements in glaucomatous eyes were more variable than normal eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed excellent reproducibility with regard to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da medida da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR) em olhos sem e com glaucoma utilizando-se tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (spectral domain OCT - SDOCT). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados apenas um olho de 79 pacientes normais e 72 com glaucoma. Todos os pacientes realizaram um exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo acuidade visual, pressão intraocular, biomicroscopia, oftalmoscopia indireta e, para o grupo com glaucoma, perimetria acromática 24-2 SITA Fast Humphrey Field Analyzer. Foram realizados em todos os olhos e em apenas uma visita, três B-scans circulares centrados no disco óptico utilizando-se o SDOCT - Spectralis® RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC), coeficiente de variação e variabilidade teste-reteste para a média de espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram respectivamente: 0,94, 2,56% e 4,85 µm para o grupo sem glaucoma e 0,93, 4,65% e 6,61 µm para o grupo glaucomatoso. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi excelente em ambos os grupos em todos os quadrantes, com o quadrante superior sendo o maior (0,964) no grupo glaucomatoso e o nasal sendo o menor (0,800), mas ainda excelente, em olhos sem glaucoma. O coeficiente de variação foi entre 2,56% - 8,74% e entre 4,65% - 11,44%, nos grupos sem e com glaucoma, respectivamente. A variabilidade teste-reteste variou de 4,85 µm e 11,51 µm no grupo sem glaucoma; e entre 6,61 µm e 14.24 µm no com glaucoma. Olhos com glaucoma apresentaram-se mais variáveis que os sem glaucoma. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia de coerência óptica "spectral domain" apresentou excelente reprodutibilidade da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina em pacientes sem e com glaucoma.

Morfometria comparativa entre discos ópticos de familiares de glaucomatosos e normais pelo HRTII / Heidelberg retina tomograph comparative measurements in relatives of glaucomatous patients and normal

OBJETIVO: Comparar discos ópticos de pacientes normais com história familiar de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA) com um grupo controle sem histórico familiar de glaucoma através da oftalmoscopia confocal a laser (HRTII). MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva da morfometria dos discos ópticos de pacientes com e sem história familiar de GPAA. Cada paciente foi submetido a exame oftalmológico completo, perimetria computadorizada, paquimetria e HRTII. Os pacientes foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com o grau de parentesco: primeiro grau (grupo 1), segundo grau (grupo 2) e grupo controle sem história familiar de glaucoma (grupo 3). Foram analisados: área total do disco óptico (Área Total), área de faixa neural (FxN), área da escavação (Esc.), relação escavação/disco (E/D) e relação E/D linear (L). Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa SPSS 12.0. considerando-se apenas um dos olhos de cada paciente selecionado aleatoriamente. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos setenta e quatro pacientes com idade média de 42,58 anos. Comparando-se os grupos 1 e 2, encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa na variável Área Total, observando-se discos ópticos maiores no grupo 1. Comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3, as diferenças entre as variáveis Área Total, Esc, E/D e L foram estatisticamente significativas com predominância de valores mais elevados no grupo 1. Comparando-se os dados estereométricos entre os grupos 2 e 3 não foram encontradas diferenças de valores estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes normais parentes de primeiro grau de glaucomatosos apresentam maiores valores das variáveis topográficas do disco óptico quando comparados aos dos pacientes sem histórico familiar de glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether there is a difference in topographic characteristics of optic nerve head analyzed by Heidelberg retina tomography (HRTII) in relatives of normal patients with or without history of open angle glaucoma. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing the optic disc morphometry of normal patients with or without family history of glaucoma. Each participant underwent a routine examination, visual field testing, pachimetry and optic nerve head topography. Patients were classified according their family history of glaucoma in groups as first-degree (group 1), far second-degree (group 2) and no siblings with glaucoma (control group). Optic disc analyzed parameters were: disc area, rim area, cup area, cup/disc ratio (E/D) and linear cup/disc ratio. Statistical analysis was made through the SPSS 12.0 program considering only one randomized eye. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients (74 eyes) were included. The average age was 42.58 years. In the stereometric analysis, the comparison between the disc area from the group 1 and group 2 was statistically significant (P < 0.005), with marked overlap in group 1, fact that was repeated for the variables disc area, cup area, cup/disc ratio linear cup/disc ratio comparing first -degree and control group. There was no statistical difference comparing group 2 and 3 in the stereometric analysis. CONCLUSION: First-degree siblings of glaucoma patients present stereometric differences in optic disc when compared with patients without history of glaucoma. These differences were found in patients with no signs of the disease.

Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using spectral domain OCT in Brazilian patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements in normal eyes and eyes with glaucoma using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). METHODS: One eye of 79 normal and 72 glaucoma patients was analyzed. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity testing; intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy; and the glaucoma group underwent achromatic perimetry with the 24-2 SITA Fast Humphrey Field Analyzer. All patients' eyes were scanned using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography - Spectralis(®) and one of them was chosen randomly. Three consecutive circular B-scan centered at the optic disc were performed in one visit. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation and test-retest variability for the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were respectively: 0.94, 2.56% and 4.85 µm for the normal group and 0.93, 4.65% and 6.61 µm for the glaucomatous group. The intraclass correlation coefficient for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in all quadrants were all excellent in both groups, with the superior quadrant having the highest ICCs (0.964) in glaucomatous eyes and nasal quadrant measurements having the lowest (0.800), but still excellent in eyes without glaucoma. The coefficient of variation was between 2.56% - 8.74% and between 4.65% - 11.44% in normal and glaucomatous group respectively. The test-retest variability was between 4.85 µm and 11.51 µm in the normal group and between 6.61 µm and 14.24 µm in the glaucomatous group. The measurements in glaucomatous eyes were more variable than normal eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed excellent reproducibility with regard to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

Simulated cup/disc ratio: a tool for ophthalmologists.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the observers' ability to measure simulations of cup/disc ratios (CDR) as concentric and non-concentric circles. METHODS: In a prospective, random, and masked setting, 43 images representing the CDR spectrum from 0.2 to 0.9 for vertical and horizontal CDR measurements were developed and presented on a computer screen to 171 participants. RESULTS: There were satisfactory agreements according to the kappa coefficient (0.755 and 0.730 for horizontal and vertical cup disc ratios, respectively) and Lin's concordance correlation (R=0.88 and R=0.86 for horizontal and vertical measurements, respectively). However, very poor agreement was found for intermediate CDR values. The worst agreement occurred when the CDR was between 0.4 and 0.6 for both the horizontal and vertical values. The kappa coefficient was 0.37 and 0.39 for 0.4 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively), 0.39 and 0.38 for 0.5 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively) and 0.45 and 0.41 for 0.6 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively). CONCLUSION: Despite a good general agreement between the gold standard and the participants' responses, the absolute agreement for intermediate CDR values was very poor for both horizontal and vertical values.

Factors affecting the variability of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III measurements in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To determine factors associated with the test-retest variability of optic nerve head (ONH) topography measurements with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) in newly diagnosed glaucomatous patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma were prospectively enrolled. Patients presenting with any ocular disease other than glaucoma were excluded. All patients underwent CSLO using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III (HRT-III) in one randomly selected eye (three consecutive scans; performed by the same examiner). For each Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III parameter, repeatability was assessed using within subject standard deviation (Sw) and coefficient of variation (CVw), repeatability coefficient (RC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Scatter plots and regression lines were constructed to identify which factors influenced test-retest measurement variability. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients were included (mean age, 65.4 ± 13.8 years). Most patients were female (65%) and white (50%). Among all Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III parameters evaluated, rim area and mean cup depth had the best measurement repeatability. Vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR, as determined by optic disc stereophotograph examination) was significantly associated (R²=0.21, p<0.01) with test-retest measurement variability. Eyes with larger CDR showed less variable measurements. Other factors, including age, disc area, central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were not significant (p>0.14). CONCLUSION: Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III showed good test-retest repeatability for all ONH topographic measurements, mainly for rim area and mean cup depth. Test-retest repeatability seemed to improve with increasing CDR. These findings suggest that HRT-III topographic measurements should be cautiously interpreted when evaluating longitudinally glaucoma patients with early structural damage (small CDR).

[Cup-to-disc ratio asymmetry in adolescents]. / Assimetria na relação escavação/disco óptico em adolescentes.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of asymmetries greater than 0.2 in the cup-to-disc ratio of a population of adolescents. METHODS: Fundus photographs of both eyes of 123 adolescents were digitized at the resolution of 300 pixels per inch (300 dpi), 8 bits, with a RBG color pattern. The measurements were performed using the Image J software, version 1.42, developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Java platform version 1.6. RESULTS: The values of the differences in the cup-to-disc ratio between the two eyes of the same individual ranged from 0 to 0.30. The mean difference was 0.07, the median 0.06 and the standard deviation 0.05. About 54.4% of the studied population had asymmetries up to 0.06 and 79.7% had asymmetries up to 0.1. Two individuals presented asymmetries of more than 0.2, corresponding to 1.63% of the evaluated subjects. CONCLUSION: The frequency of asymmetries in the group of adolescents studied was similar to that detected in studies of the normal adult population.

Simulated cup/disc ratio: a tool for ophthalmologists / Razão escavação/disco simulada: uma ferramenta para oftalmologistas

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the observers' ability to measure simulations of cup/disc ratios (CDR) as concentric and non-concentric circles. METHODS: In a prospective, random, and masked setting, 43 images representing the CDR spectrum from 0.2 to 0.9 for vertical and horizontal CDR measurements were developed and presented on a computer screen to 171 participants. RESULTS: There were satisfactory agreements according to the kappa coefficient (0.755 and 0.730 for horizontal and vertical cup disc ratios, respectively) and Lin's concordance correlation (R=0.88 and R=0.86 for horizontal and vertical measurements, respectively). However, very poor agreement was found for intermediate CDR values. The worst agreement occurred when the CDR was between 0.4 and 0.6 for both the horizontal and vertical values. The kappa coefficient was 0.37 and 0.39 for 0.4 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively), 0.39 and 0.38 for 0.5 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively) and 0.45 and 0.41 for 0.6 CDR (horizontal and vertical, respectively). CONCLUSION: Despite a good general agreement between the gold standard and the participants' responses, the absolute agreement for intermediate CDR values was very poor for both horizontal and vertical values.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a habilidade de observadores em medir a razão escavação/disco (CDR) por meio de figuras esquemáticas. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e mascarado, 43 imagens representado CDR horizontais e verticais entre 0,2 e 0,9 foram desenvolvidas e apresentadas em uma tela de computador para 171 participantes. RESULTADOS: Para todos os intervalos de CDR a concordância foi satisfatória para análise kappa (0,755 e 0,730 para CDR horizontais e verticais, respectivamente) e para concordância de Lin (R=0,88 e R=0,86 para medidas horizontais e verticais respectivamente). No entanto, a concordância foi fraca para valores intermediários de CDR. A pior concordância ocorreu para CDR horizontais e verticais entre 0,4 e 0,6. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da boa concordância geral entre as respostas corretas e as respostas dadas pelos participantes, a concordância absoluta para valores intermediários de CDR mostrou-se muito fraca tanto para figuras horizontais como verticais.

Factors affecting the variability of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III measurements in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients / Fatores associados com a variabilidade das medidas do Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III em pacientes com glaucoma recém-diagnosticados

PURPOSE: To determine factors associated with the test-retest variability of optic nerve head (ONH) topography measurements with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) in newly diagnosed glaucomatous patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma were prospectively enrolled. Patients presenting with any ocular disease other than glaucoma were excluded. All patients underwent CSLO using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III (HRT-III) in one randomly selected eye (three consecutive scans; performed by the same examiner). For each Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III parameter, repeatability was assessed using within subject standard deviation (Sw) and coefficient of variation (CVw), repeatability coefficient (RC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Scatter plots and regression lines were constructed to identify which factors influenced test-retest measurement variability. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients were included (mean age, 65.4 ± 13.8 years). Most patients were female (65 percent) and white (50 percent). Among all Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III parameters evaluated, rim area and mean cup depth had the best measurement repeatability. Vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR, as determined by optic disc stereophotograph examination) was significantly associated (R²=0.21, p<0.01) with test-retest measurement variability. Eyes with larger CDR showed less variable measurements. Other factors, including age, disc area, central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were not significant (p>0.14). CONCLUSION: Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III showed good test-retest repeatability for all ONH topographic measurements, mainly for rim area and mean cup depth. Test-retest repeatability seemed to improve with increasing CDR. These findings suggest that HRT-III topographic measurements should be cautiously interpreted when evaluating longitudinally glaucoma patients with early structural damage (small CDR).

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores associados à variabilidade (teste-reteste) das medidas topográficas da cabeça do nervo óptico (CNO) utilizando a oftalmoscopia confocal de varredura a laser (CSLO) em pacientes com glaucoma recém-diagnosticados. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto recém-diagnosticados foram prospectivamente incluídos. Aqueles que apresentassem outras doenças oculares (exceto glaucoma) foram excluídos. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo foram submetidos à CSLO usando o aparelho Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III (HRT-III) em um olho aleatoriamente selecionado (três exames consecutivos realizados pelo mesmo examinador). Para cada parâmetro do Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III, a repetibilidade foi avaliada através dos seguintes indicadores: desvio padrão (DP) e coeficiente de variação (CV) individual, coeficiente de repetibilidade (CR) e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Diagramas de dispersão e linhas de regressão foram construídos para identificar quais fatores poderiam influenciar a variabilidade das medidas. RESULTADOS: Trinta e dois pacientes foram incluídos no estudo (idade média, 65,4 ± 13,8 anos). A maior parte era composta por mulheres (65 por cento) e pacientes brancos (50 por cento). Dentre os parâmetros de Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III avaliados, a área da rima e a profundidade média da escavação apresentaram os melhores valores de repetibilidade. A relação escavação/disco (E/D) vertical (baseada na análise de estereofotografia do disco óptico), foi significativamente associada (R²=0.21, p<0.01) com a variabilidade teste-reteste. Pacientes com relação E/D maiores apresentaram medidas menos variáveis. Outros fatores como idade, área do disco, espessura corneana central e pressão intraocular não foram significativas (p>0,14). CONCLUSÃO: O Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III mostrou boa repetibilidade (teste-reteste) para todos os parâmetros topográficos da CNO avaliados, principalmente em relação à área da rima e à profundidade média da escavação. A repetibilidade teste-reteste apresentou melhores resultados com o aumento da relação E/D. Esses achados sugerem que as medidas topográficas do Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III devem ser interpretadas com cautela quando avaliarmos longitudinalmente pacientes glaucomatosos com dano estrutural inicial (relação E/D menor).