Experiencia en pacientes operados de roncopatía y apnea obstructiva del sueño / Clinical experience in patients with surgery of rhonchopathy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: La uvulopalatofaringoplastía (UPPP) es un procedimiento ampliamente difundido en el tratamiento del ronquido y el síndrome de apnea e hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS), ya que permite aumentar el área de sección transversal de la vía aérea superior y eliminar tejidos obstructivos. Conocer el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes con la cirugía es importante para nuestro desempeño. Objetivo: Evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes con el procedimiento UPPP con cirugía nasal con datos subjetivos mediante la aplicación de una encuesta para ser respondida de forma anónima. Material y método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo. Se envió vía email una encuesta de 4 preguntas cerradas creada en la plataforma online MonkeySurvey a los pacientes que fueron sometidos a UPPP (faringoplastía de relocalización) con cirugía nasal entre 2015 y 2016. Resultados: 27 pacientes respondieron la encuesta. Sesenta y seis coma seis por ciento tenían ronquido primario y/o SAHOS leve, 33,3% SAHOS severo. La edad media al momento de la cirugía fue 41 años. El tiempo de seguimiento medio fue 10 meses (324 meses). Noventa y dos coma cinco por ciento de los pacientes están satisfechos con la cirugía UPPP; 81,4% refieren que recomendarían la cirugía a otra persona. Noventa y dos coma cinco por ciento refieren mejoría en los ronquidos. Noventa y cinco coma seis por ciento de los pacientes con somnolencia diurna refiere mejoría. Conclusión: La cirugía UPPP con técnica faringoplastía de relocalización combinada con cirugía nasal en pacientes con ronquido primario y SAHOS ha demostrado una alta tasa de satisfacción según la percepción de los pacientes en el seguimiento desde los 3 meses hasta los 2 años posoperatorios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a widely used surgical procedure for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), since it allows to increase of the cross-sectional area of the upper airway and elimination of obstructive tissues. Knowing the degree of satisfaction of patients with surgery is important for our performance. Aim: To evaluate patient satisfaction with UPPP procedure (relocation pharyngoplasty) with nasal surgery with subjective data through the application of a survey to be answered anonymously. Material and method: Observational, descriptive study. A survey of 4 closed questions created in the MonkeySurvey online platform was sent to patients who underwent UPPP with nasal surgery between 2015 and 2016 via email. Results: 27 patients answered the survey. 66.6% had primary snoring and/or mild OSAS, 33.3% severe OSAS. The average age at the time of surgery was 41 years. The mean follow-up time was 10 months (3-24 months). 92.5% of patients are satisfied with UPPP surgery; 81.4% reported that they would recommend surgery to another person. 92.5% reported improvement in snoring. 95.6% of patients with daytime somnolence reported improvement. Conclusion: UPPP surgery with relocation pharyngoplasty technique combined with nasal surgery in patients with primary snoring and OSAS has shown a high satisfaction rate according to the perception of patients at follow-up from 3 months to 2 years postoperative.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del ronquido y la apnea obstructiva del sueño / Snoring and sleep apnea syndrome: surgical treatment

La roncopatía y la apnea obstructiva del sueño son problemas muy comunes en la población general. Su causa es un colapso de la vía aérea superior en cualquiera de sus niveles, nasal, orofaringeo y/o hipofaringeo (base de lengua). La roncopatía es un problema fundamentalmente social. Por otro lado la apnea obstructiva del sueño constituye un problema de riesgo médico por la mayor tasa de accidentes de tráfico, accidentes cardiovasculares, etc. Si bien es cierto ambas entidades son de resolución médica mediante el uso de CPAP, se han descrito un sinnúmero de técnicas quirúrgicas desde 1981 con el fin de ayudar a aquellos pacientes que no desean o no toleran el uso de CPAP.

Snoring and Sleep Apnea Syndrom are common disorders among general population. Both entities are produced by collapse of the Upper airway usually at multiples levels, nose, oropharinx and /or hypopharinx (base of tongue). Whereas snoring is social problem, sleep apnea syndrome is a medical entity because of the higher rates of traffic accidents and cardiovascular diseases. The current mainstay for treating these disorders is the CPAP, however many surgical procedures have been described since 1981 in order to help a group of patients who cannot or will not accept CPAP as a permanent form of management.

Carótida interna retrofaríngea: relato de caso / Retropharyngeal internal carotid artery: case report

Introdução: Anomalias no trajeto das artérias carótidas podem gerar protrusões faríngeas, para as quais o otorrinolaringologista deve estar sempre atento. Objetivo: Descrever um caso de abaulamento orofaríngeo causado por anomalia vascular no trajeto da carótida interna, com revisão da literatura. Relato do Caso: Paciente de 73 anos, sexo feminino, apresentou-se com queixas de bolo cervical e disfonia intermitente. Ao exame, foi evidenciado abaulamento pulsátil em orofaringe à direita, associado aos sinais laringoscópicos de refluxo faringo-laríngeo. Solicitada tomografia computadorizada de faringe, que mostrou carótida interna tortuosa em espaço retrofaríngeo. A paciente foi encaminhada ao cirurgião vascular que, após Doppler de carótidas, que não revelou obstrução significativa, optou por conduta expectante. Os sintomas faríngeos cederam com o tratamento anti-refluxo. Comentários Finais: Anomalias vasculares da carótida interna devem ser sempre lembradas no diagnóstico diferencial de abaulamentos da parede faríngea.

Introduction: Variations to the course of carotid arteries may lead to abnormal pharyngeal protrusions, to which the otorhinolaryngologist should always attentive. Objective: To report a case of abnormal pharyngeal protrusion due to vascular anomaly in the course of the internal carotid artery, with literature review. Case Report: A 73- year-old woman complained of globus pharyngeus and intermittent dysphonia. A pulsating convexity was observed at the right part of the oropharynx, associated to laryngoscopic signals of pharyngo-laryngeal reflux. The pharyngeal computed tomography scan showed an abnormal tortuous internal carotid in the retropharyngeal space. The patient was sent to the vascular surgeon, who, after a normal blood flow finding at the Doppler, opted for an expectation conduct. The pharyngeal symptoms improved with the antireflux treatment. Final Comments: Internal carotid vascular anomalies must always be recalled in the pharyngeal wall convexity differential diagnosis.

Pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap for reconstruction of intraoral defects.

OBJECTIVES: In this report we aim to describe the surgical technique required to utilize the pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap for repair of selected intraoral defects and to report our experience with this type of reconstructive procedure. METHODS: The charts of 6 consecutive patients submitted to reconstruction of intraoral defects using the pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap were reviewed. All of the defects were located in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx. After resection of the oral cancer, the temporoparietal galeal flap, based on the superficial temporal vessels, was raised and transposed to the mouth through a tunnel under the zygomatic arch. The oral defect was repaired, and no skin graft was applied over the flap. RESULTS: There were no flap losses, and the reconstructive goal was achieved in all cases. The patients' deglutition and phonation abilities were restored, and the donor site scars were well hidden by hair growth. CONCLUSIONS: The pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap is another option for selected cases of reconstruction of intraoral defects--mainly those located in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx, in which thin and pliable tissues are usually required.

[Assessment of disease-free survival in patients with loco-regional recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx submitted to salvage treatment]. / Avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença de pacientes com recidiva loco-regional de carcinoma epidermóide de cavidade bucal e orofaringe submetidos a tratamento de resgate.

OBJECTIVE: Salvage surgery is the first therapeutic option for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx, mainly in early stage tumors. This study intends to evaluate the disease free survival interval after salvage treatment for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 276 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx treated with surgery. One hundred and twenty seven patients developed loco-regional recurrence. Ninety-seven were staged as early tumors and 178 as advanced ones. The tumor site was the lip in 25 cases, oral cavity in 173 and oropharynx in 78. Postoperative radiotherapy was indicated in 121 cases with a mean dose of 60.8Gy. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients underwent salvage treatment (surgery in 76 patients). Loco-regional recurrences were treated with salvage surgery in 65% of cases. Disease free survival after salvage surgery was 13% in cases with recurrences diagnosed up to 6 months and 48% in those who recurred after 12 months of follow-up (p=0.0009). Modality of salvage treatment and the disease free interval were independent variables of survival in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In cases clinically staged as I and II, the disease free survival in five years after salvage treatment was 70%.

Avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença de pacientes com recidiva loco-regional de carcinoma epidermóide de cavidade bucal e orofaringe submetidos a tratamento de resgate / Assessment of disease-free survival in patients with loco-regional recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx submitted to salvage treatment

OBJETIVO: A cirurgia de resgate é primeira opção terapêutica, principalmente nas lesões de estadio clínico inicial. O objetivo do estudo é avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença após resgate cirúrgico de tumores de cavidade bucal e orofaringe. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 276 pacientes tratados com cirurgia, sendo que 127 desenvolveram recidiva loco-regional. Noventa e sete pacientes eram de estadiamento clínico inicial e 178 de estadiamento clínico avançado. Vinte e cinco casos de lábio, 173 cavidade bucal e 78 de orofaringe. A radioterapia pós-operatória foi realizada em 121 pacientes com dose média de 60,8 Gy. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e nove pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento de resgate, sendo que 76 destes foram à cirurgia. As recidivas loco-regionais de cavidade bucal foram submetidas ao resgate cirúrgico em 65 por cento casos. A sobrevida livre de doença pós-cirurgia de resgate foi de 13 por cento nas recidivas até seis meses e 48 por cento nas recidivas após 12 meses de seguimento (p=0,0009). O tipo de resgate e o intervalo livre de doença foram fatores independentes de sobrevida na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÃO: A sobrevida livre de doença pós-resgate nos estadios clínicos iniciais (I e II) foi de 70 por cento.

OBJECTIVE: Salvage surgery is the first therapeutic option for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx, mainly in early stage tumors. This study intends to evaluate the disease free survival interval after salvage treatment for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 276 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx treated with surgery. One hundred and twenty seven patients developed loco-regional recurrence. Ninety-seven were staged as early tumors and 178 as advanced ones. The tumor site was the lip in 25 cases, oral cavity in 173 and oropharynx in 78. Postoperative radiotherapy was indicated in 121 cases with a mean dose of 60.8Gy. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients underwent salvage treatment (surgery in 76 patients). Loco-regional recurrences were treated with salvage surgery in 65 percent of cases. Disease free survival after salvage surgery was 13 percent in cases with recurrences diagnosed up to 6 months and 48 percent in those who recurred after 12 months of follow-up (p=0.0009). Modality of salvage treatment and the disease free interval were independent variables of survival in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In cases clinically staged as I and II, the disease free survival in five years after salvage treatment was 70 percent.

Galeal flap based on superficial temporal vessels for oral cavity and pharynx reconstruction--an anatomical study.

PURPOSE: Despite the advances in microvascular free tissue transfer for intraoral reconstruction, this surgery is not recommended for all patients. In specific cases, the pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap may be an option for reconstructive procedures in the head and neck regions. The objective of this paper is to present the anatomical aspects of a galeal flap based on the superficial temporal vessels and to test its potential for reconstructing diverse sites of the oral cavity and pharynx. METHODS: We performed 40 dissections on 34 fresh adult cadavers. The flap vascular anatomy was studied by injecting latex into the superficial temporal vessels. A standardized square-shape flap measuring 10 x 10 cm(2), pedicled on the superficial temporal vessels, was raised. Oral cavity and oropharynx reconstruction simulations were performed after flap transposition into the mouth by passing it under the zygomatic arch. Hypopharyngeal reconstruction was tested by transposing the flap to the neck under the facial nerve. RESULTS: After latex injection, a rich vascular network over the temporoparietal galea was observed directly from the superficial temporal artery, and a well-vascularized flap based on this vessel was raised. In the reconstruction simulations, the flap was shown to be suitable for the coverage of hypothetical defects in most oral cavity and pharyngeal sites, mainly the retromolar trigone, tonsil area, and buccal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: A galeal flap based on the superficial temporal vessels presents favorable anatomical characteristics for oral cavity and pharyngeal reconstruction.

Galeal flap based on superficial temporal vessels for oral cavity and pharynx reconstruction: an anatomical study

PURPOSE: Despite the advances in microvascular free tissue transfer for intraoral reconstruction, this surgery is not recommended for all patients. In specific cases, the pedicled temporoparietal galeal flap may be an option for reconstructive procedures in the head and neck regions. The objective of this paper is to present the anatomical aspects of a galeal flap based on the superficial temporal vessels and to test its potential for reconstructing diverse sites of the oral cavity and pharynx. METHODS: We performed 40 dissections on 34 fresh adult cadavers. The flap vascular anatomy was studied by injecting latex into the superficial temporal vessels. A standardized square-shape flap measuring 10 x 10 cm², pedicled on the superficial temporal vessels, was raised. Oral cavity and oropharynx reconstruction simulations were performed after flap transposition into the mouth by passing it under the zygomatic arch. Hypopharyngeal reconstruction was tested by transposing the flap to the neck under the facial nerve. RESULTS: After latex injection, a rich vascular network over the temporoparietal galea was observed directly from the superficial temporal artery, and a well-vascularized flap based on this vessel was raised. In the reconstruction simulations, the flap was shown to be suitable for the coverage of hypothetical defects in most oral cavity and pharyngeal sites, mainly the retromolar trigone, tonsil area, and buccal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: A galeal flap based on the superficial temporal vessels presents favorable anatomical characteristics for oral cavity and pharyngeal reconstruction.

Modelo predictivo de infecciones en la cirugía oncológica de la boca y orofaringe / Predictive model of postoperative infections in oropharynx surgery

Antecedentes: Las causas de infecciones operatorias son múltiples y los trabajos generalmente no las contemplan en su totalidad. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo predictivo de infecciones postoperatorias. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público terciario especializado en el tratamiento de tumores. Diseño: Prospectivo. Población: 351 pacientes; 64,1 por ciento masculinos, con edad media de 58 años. La localización del primario fue en la boca en el 84,3 por ciento, maligna en el 96,3 por ciento y virgen de tratamiento en el 79,2 por ciento. Método: Análisis uni y multivariado de la muestra estratificada por sexo, edad, localización, características histológicas, estadío, hábitos, patologías, condición general y tratamientos previos, días de pre y postoperatorio, extensión y duración de la cirugía. Resultados: El perfil de riesgo de infección quedó conformado por la duración y extensión de la cirugía, la localización primaria en orofaringe, la menor edad del paciente, la eritrosedimentación acelerada y la mayor internación postoperatoria. Conclusiones: El modelo desarrollado explicó el 65,8 por ciento de las causas del evento, alcanzó una sensibilidad del 90,4 por ciento y una especificidad del 90,3 por ciento (AU)

Retalho galeal baseado nos vasos temporais superficiais para reconstrução dos defeitos da cavidade oral, orofaringe e hipofaringe: estudo anatômico em cadáver / Galeal flap based on superficial temporal vessels for oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx reconstruction: a cadaveric anatomic study

O trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a viabilidade anatômica do retalho constituído pela gálea da região têmporo-parietal que, baseado nos vasos temporais superficiais, seria utilizado para reconstrução dos defeitos pós-excisionais da cavidade oral, orofaringe e hipofaringe. Foram realizadas 40 dissecções em cadáveres nas quais, após infusão de resina nos vasos temporais superficiais, confeccionou-se um retalho galeal pediculado nestes vasos e testou-se a possibilidade deste retalho reconstruir diversos sítios da cavidade oral e faringe. O retalho apresentou bom alcance e cobertura para a maioria das regiões analisadas, além de características favoráveis para as reconstruções propostas.The aim of this paper is to study the anatomic viability of a flap that, based on superficial temporal vessels and constituted by the galea of temporoparietal region, would be used for oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx reconstruction after tumor ablation. Forty cadaveric dissections were performed with latex injection into the superficial temporal vessels. A galeal flap was harvested pedicled on these vessels and simulations of oral cavity and pharynx reconstruction were realized. The flap showed success to reach and cover the majority of analyzed sites as well as favorable characteristics for the proposed reconstructions...

Resultados da vulvopalatofaringoplastia para tratamento do ronco e da apnéia do sono / Results of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring and sleep apnea syndrome

No período de 1988 à 1993, no Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Pellegrin Bordeaux-França, 54 pacientes foram submetidos à uvulopalatofaringoplastia (UPP) para tratamento de ronco habitual. Quarenta e nove pacientes apresentaram eliminaçäo completa ou melhora significativa do ronco. Complicaçäo importante ocorreu em um caso

Emprego de retalho livre radial do antebraço para a reconstruçäo orofaríngea / Radial forearm free flap for reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects

Avaliaçäo de 15 doentes submetidos a reconstruçäo intra-oral com retalho livre proveniente de antebraço. O período de acompanhamento pós-operatório variou de três a 36 meses (média 14). A idade variou de 15 a 58 anos (média 41). Os defeitos tratados eram conseqüência de ressecçäo neoplásica (11 casos), seqüela de tratamento convencional de deformidade congênita (três casos) e ferimento por arma de fogo com lesäo de palato e lábio superior (um caso). O retalho funcionou muito bem na grande maioria dos casos. Após a operaçäo, houve necrose total de um retalho, e um doente foi re-operado, no primeiro dia, para revisäo das anastomoses. Os resultados permitem indicar este tipo de retalho como primeira opçäo na reconstruçäo de defeitos extensos de orofaringe

Posibilidades del autotrasplante de yeyuno para la reconstrucción orofaringoesofágica / Possibilities of jejunal autotransplantation for oropharyngoesophagic reconstruction

El autotrasplante de yeyuno con técnica microquirúrgica fue efectuada en 7 pacientes para reconstruir el defecto creado luego de resecciones orofaringoesofágicas por carcinomas localmente avanzadas. Este procedimiento reemplaza con mayor eficacia a los colgados miocutáneos pediculados, especialmente para las reconstrucciones tubulares. En esta situación (5 casos) se recomienda la anastomosis faringoyeyunal en forma terminoterminal. En los otros el yeyuno se usó abierto como parche orofaríngeo. La técnica detallada es relativamente sencilla, pero la viabilidad del ansa depende tanto de las correctas microanastomosis como de la adecuada elección de los vasos receptores.Los usados preferentemente fueron la vena yugular externa y la arteria tiroidea superior. Es imprescindible el monitoreo inicial y permanente del ansa trasplantada para detectar precozmente la necrosis. Esta ocurrió en 2 enfermos, falleciendo 1 de ellos como consecuencia del procedimiento. El otro sobrevivió reemplazando el parche de yeyuno por colgajo pectoral. Un enfermo falleció por severa celulitis cervical y el otro por recurrencia precoz, pero ambos con el injerto viable. Los 3 enfermos con seguimiento alejado tuvieron deglución normal, no hubo ninguna complicación abdominal. Se destaca la ventaja de esta técnica para las reconstrucciones tubulares faringoesofásicas sobre los procedimientos hasta ahora utilizados. (AU)

Posibilidades del autotrasplante de yeyuno para la reconstrucción orofaringoesofágica / Possibilities of jejunal autotransplantation for oropharyngoesophagic reconstruction

El autotrasplante de yeyuno con técnica microquirúrgica fue efectuada en 7 pacientes para reconstruir el defecto creado luego de resecciones orofaringoesofágicas por carcinomas localmente avanzadas. Este procedimiento reemplaza con mayor eficacia a los colgados miocutáneos pediculados, especialmente para las reconstrucciones tubulares. En esta situación (5 casos) se recomienda la anastomosis faringoyeyunal en forma terminoterminal. En los otros el yeyuno se usó abierto como parche orofaríngeo. La técnica detallada es relativamente sencilla, pero la viabilidad del ansa depende tanto de las correctas microanastomosis como de la adecuada elección de los vasos receptores.Los usados preferentemente fueron la vena yugular externa y la arteria tiroidea superior. Es imprescindible el monitoreo inicial y permanente del ansa trasplantada para detectar precozmente la necrosis. Esta ocurrió en 2 enfermos, falleciendo 1 de ellos como consecuencia del procedimiento. El otro sobrevivió reemplazando el parche de yeyuno por colgajo pectoral. Un enfermo falleció por severa celulitis cervical y el otro por recurrencia precoz, pero ambos con el injerto viable. Los 3 enfermos con seguimiento alejado tuvieron deglución normal, no hubo ninguna complicación abdominal. Se destaca la ventaja de esta técnica para las reconstrucciones tubulares faringoesofásicas sobre los procedimientos hasta ahora utilizados.

[Polysomnographic follow-up of sleep apneas after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]. / Acompanhamento polissonográfico das apnéias do sono após uvulopalatofaringoplastia.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) was performed in 12 patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Pre-surgical clinical and polysomnographic data were compared with those one to three months after surgery. Excessive daytime sleepiness was partially improved in 4 cases and completely abolished in 8. Total sleep time, sleep efficiency, number of arousals and sleep latency were similar in both evaluations. REM latency to stage 2 markedly increased on the follow-up. Stage distributions were similar in both nights except for stage 4 which was more frequently absent on the first recording. SaO2 levels below 80% were seen in 10 cases before UPPP and in 4 after it. Apnea index decreased in all cases but it reached normal levels only in 4.

Acompanhamento polissonográfico das apnéias do sono após uvulopalatofaringoplastia / Polysomnographic follow-up of sleep apneas after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Uvulopalatofaringoplastia (UPFP) foi realizada em 12 pacientes com apnéia do sono tipo obstrutiva. Comparamos aqui dados clínicos e traçados polissonográficos pré-operatórios aos realizados de um a três meses após a cirurgia. Sonolência excessiva diurna foi realizada parcialmente em 4 casos e totalmente em 8. Tempo total de sono, eficiência do sono, número de despertares e latência do sono mantiveram-se constantes. A latência REM foi acentuadamente maior após a cirurgia. A distribuiçäo dos estágios de sono foi semelhante nas duas avaliaçöes exceto pela ausência de estágio 4 verificada em menor número de casos no pós-operatório. Houve melhora da SaO2, encontrando-se valores abaixo de 80% em 10 pacientes no pré e em 4 no pós-operatório. Os índices de apnéia reduziram-se em todos os casos, mas apenas 4 atingiram valores normais