Victor McKusick: Father of Medical Genetics and his Impact on Orthopaedics.

Victor McKusick, an iconic figure in medicine and considered the founding father of medical genetics, lived an exemplary life bound to inspire others. As a geneticist, McKusick was heavily involved in the Human Genome Project and the development of the widely used Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. As a researcher and prolific writer, he published more than 700 research articles, reviews, and books. McKusick educated and inspired thousands of students, doctors, and scientists while performing landmark studies in hereditary disorders and skeletal dysplasias. This brief history describes the life of Dr. Victor McKusick and his tremendous impact on orthopaedic surgery. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 33(2):068-071, 2024).

[A brief history of the use of Gypsum in orthopedics].

Humans processed gypsum for their everyday use at least 7000 years ago. They have been using fixed limb methods for fracture treatment for nearly 5000 years. Hippocrates recognized the importance of the splint and the "roller bandage" for fracture treatment, and made the bandage hard by adding wax, pitch, lard or resin to the multi-layer cloth bandage, but not gypsum. Arabian physician El Zahrawi (936 -1013) also described a clay glue mixture, and flour and egg white as fracture fixation materials. From 970, Persian physician Muwafak used gypsum as the exclusive material for fracture fixation. The rudimentary form of modern plaster bandages was developed in the mid-19th century and spread widely after that, using methods from the Russian Pyrogov by soaking canvas in a gypsum slurry and Dutchman Massson wrapped gypsum powder in cotton cloth strips.

The History of Orthopedics in the Long Term: From General Medicine to Medical Specialties.

A thorough literature search was done in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in physical books in libraries to summarize the literature on the history and evolution of medicine and orthopedics. The philosophical ideas that emerged in ancient Greece served as a foundation for the development of medicine. In the 5th century BC, the schools of Knidos and Kos emerged as influential centers for the development of medical thinking. The field of orthopedics can be traced back to early human civilizations. Ancient Egyptians perpetuated the tradition of employing splinting techniques. Hippocrates provided insights for the diagnosis, correction and treatment of many musculoskeletal entities. The field of medicine experienced a period of limited advancement during the Middle Ages. The Renaissance provided for the foundation of modern orthopedics and important contributions to the understanding and implementation of antisepsis. The discovery of x-ray and advancements in infection control and anesthesia have shown substantial progress in the domain of orthopedics and have contributed to the development of orthopedic subspecialization. Orthopedic surgery holds a historical lineage deeply entrenched in ancient practices and early human civilizations. Physicians specializing in orthopedics should be aware of the historical origins of their discipline and continue to evolve through further subspecialization and enhanced research.

Professor Andrzej Zembaty (1935-2022) - Visionary and Co-founder of Polish Physiotherapy.

Based on an analysis of source materials from the private collection of the Zembaty family, the Medical Library of the Marian Weiss Rehabilitation Center in Konstancin, articles from daily press, and a few publications, we present the professional career, and academic and organizational activities of the late Professor Andrzej Zembaty (1935-2022), Doctor Habilitatus in Physical Culture Studies. While working at the Capital City Rehabilitation Center in Konstancin (Stoleczne Centrum Rehabilitacji), he served as an assistant to and close collaborator of Professor Marian Weiss. Affiliated with the Warsaw University of Physical Education for many years, he was known as a scholar, demanding teacher, author of well-known textbooks, and organizer of physiotherapy education. His vision of the professional development and role of physiotherapists in healthcare was realized only after the enaction of the Physiotherapist Profession Act. He undoubtedly ranks among the pioneers and founders of Polish physiotherapy.

Nursing, history, and orthopedics in manuals (1875-1928).

OBJECTIVES: to discuss the content of manuals, with emphasis on orthopedics, in support of the development of nursing care culture. METHODS: cultural-historical method articulated with document analysis technique. The sources were nursing manuals - Portuguese, French, English, and Spanish - from 1875 to 1928. RESULTS: this study pointed to 12 works - 6 authored by physicians, 2 by nurses, 3 institutional, and 1 by a Sister of Charity - that presented, in a transversal way, the professionalization process initiated in Europe. The manuals addressed first aid care and immobilization methods, from the simplest, such as improvised splints, to the application of plaster casts. CONCLUSIONS: the nurses' work, even in a limited capacity, showed that they were able to observe warning signs so that doctors could act, with some exceptions.

Gabriel Nové-Josserand, co-founder of the SICOT.

Gabriel Nové-Josserand (1868-1949) studied medicine in Lyon under Professor Louis Léopold Ollier at the very end of Ollier's career. He wrote his thesis on a subject close to his master's heart, bone growth disorders due to growth plate alteration, with an experimental and a clinical part, following the principles of Claude Bernard. In 1894, he came top in the first ever recruitment examination for surgeons in Lyon and became head of paediatric surgery at the Hôpital de la Charité, where he spent most of his surgical career. A brilliant and sought-after teacher, his work on congenital hip dislocation led to very early national and international recognition. After training with Lorenz in Vienna, he imported and improved on Lorenz's technique for surgical reduction, highlighting the importance of the labrum. He worked on a variety of conditions including tuberculous arthritis, coxalgia, poliomyelitis and clubfoot. He helped establish the French Society of Orthopaedics (Société Française d'Orthopédie) in 1918. In 1921, he became the first chair of paediatric surgery in Lyon, and in 1929, he and Prof. Louis Ombrédanne from Paris were among the ten French cofounders of the SICO(T), a society he chaired at its second conference in London in 1933. He was received on this occasion as an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. A brilliant surgeon with a keen analytical sense, he left his mark on the Lyon school of orthopaedic surgery founded by his mentor, Ollier, which he helped to perpetuate.

The Work of Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska, Associate Professor of Medical Sciences, Towards the Development of Rehabilitation in Poland in the Years 1948-1978.

Based on an analysis of archival materials from the private collections of Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewskas family, the Document Repository of Wiktor Dega Memorial Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Hospital in Pozna, articles from daily press and some publications, the authors present the work of Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska (19111998), Associate Professor of Medical Sciences, towards the development of rehabilitation in Poland in the years 19481978. Her organizational, educational and scientific activity in the early years of the development of rehabilitation medicine in our country contributed significantly to the establishment of the Polish school of rehabilitation. The 30 years of her activity allow Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska to be counted among the pantheon of founders of rehabilitation in Poland.

Historia de la Ortopedia y Traumatología en la provincia de Matanzas / History of Orthopedics and Traumatology in Matanzas Province

Introducción: El presente trabajo aborda la historia de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología desde el momento de su aparición en la provincia de Matanzas en el período pre revolucionario, hasta la actualidad. Objetivos: Exponer las evidencias históricas que muestran el derrotero de esta especialidad, y las figuras que jugaron y juegan un papel importante en la formación de especialistas. Métodos: Se utilizó el método de revisión documental sobre el tema, que contempló los documentos editados de 1941 al 2020. Se confeccionó un cuestionario para recoger la información aportada por los testigos entrevistados. Se revisaron los artículos publicados en la revista Médica que se encuentran en la Biblioteca Gener del Monte, de Matanzas (ejemplares únicos), así como otras investigaciones sobre la historia de la medicina matancera. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo desarrollado por la provincia desde el punto de vista asistencial, docente e investigativo ha contribuido a la preservación de la historia de la Ortopedia matancera y de sus actores para las actuales y futuras generaciones(AU)

Introduction: The present work addresses the history of the specialty of Orthopedics and Traumatology from the moment of its appearance in Matanzas province during the pre-revolutionary period, to the present day. Objectives: To show the historical evidence the historical evidence that displays the course of this specialty, and the personalities who played and play important roles in the training specialists. Methods: The document review method on the subject was used, considering the documents published from 1941 to 2020. A questionnaire was made to collect the information provided by the interviewed witnesses. The articles published in the Medical Journal found in Gener del Monte Library in Matanzas (single copies) were reviewed, as well as other investigations on the history of medicine in Matanzas. Conclusions: The effort established by the province, in care, teaching and research has contributed to the preservation of the history of Matanzas Orthopedics and its players for current and future generations(AU)

The history of orthopaedic surgery in India: from antiquity to present.

Indian orthopedists have a legacy dating back more than 4000 years. Starting with the Harappan civilization, ancient orthopaedic surgeons reduced fractures and conducted therapeutic trepanations. Since then, Indian physicians have pioneered many of the orthopaedic techniques still used today - including the use of prosthetics, fracture tables, and rehabilitative physical therapy. Today, orthopaedic surgeons coexist with traditional Indian bonesetters. Although bonesetting practices can have complication rates as high as 40%, bonesetters still handle a majority of fractures in India and are often culturally preferred. Importantly though, bonesetters are often the only expedient option available in both rural and urban settings.

Albin Lambotte: Pioneer of Osteosynthesis (Bone Fixation).

Stamp Vignettes focus on biographical details and accomplishments related to science and medicine, and not individual views and prejudices except when they had a major impact on the subject's life. The authors of Stamp Vignettes do not intend to imply any endorsement of such views when discussing a Stamp Vignette on Medical Science.

Alberto Jiménez Plá, ortopédico matancero / Alberto Jiménez Plá, a Matanzas Orthopedists

Introducción: En la búsqueda de la historia del desarrollo de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología en la provincia de Matanzas, aparece el nombre del Dr. Alberto Jiménez Pla, un profesional que no se conoce como debería, si se tiene en cuenta la importancia del trabajo que desarrolló en las primeras cuatro décadas del siglo pasado en la atención de esta población, y el ejemplo que constituye su desarrollo profesional. Objetivo: Exponer las evidencias históricas que muestran la vida profesional del destacado ortopédico matancero Alberto Jiménez Plá. Método: Se utilizó el método de revisión documental que contempló documentos editados desde 1941 hasta 2009. Se revisaron los artículos del Dr. Jiménez Plá publicados en la Revista de Médica que se encuentran en la Biblioteca Gener del Monte, de Matanzas (ejemplares únicos), y otras investigaciones sobre la historia de la medicina matancera. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo constituye un homenaje de los ortopédicos matanceros a la memoria de Alberto Jiménez Plá, para llevar su vida y obra a las nuevas generaciones de ortopédicos(AU)

Introduction: Searching in the history of the development of Orthopedics and Traumatology as an specialty in Matanzas province, the name of Dr. Alberto Jiménez Plá rises, a professional who is not known as he should, if one takes into account the importance of his work during the first four decades of the last century in the care of Matanzas population, he is an example of professional growth. Objective: To show the historical evidence of the outstanding professional life of Matanzas orthopedic Alberto Jiménez Plá. Method: The document review method was used, which included documents published from 1941 to 2009. We reviewed the articles by Dr. Jiménez Plá published in Revista de Médica found in the Gener del Monte at Matanzas Library (unique copies), and other investigations on the history of Matanzas medicine. Conclusions: This paper constitutes a tribute from Matanzas orthopedists to the memory of Alberto Jiménez Plá, to bring his life and work to new generations of specialists(AU)

Emile Letournel: Pioneer of Acetabular Surgery.

Stamp Vignettes focus on biographical details and accomplishments related to science and medicine, and not individual views and prejudices except when they had a major impact on the subject's life. The authors of Stamp Vignettes do not intend to imply any endorsement of such views when discussing a Stamp Vignette on Medical Science.

An inquiry into Kjølstad's self-straightening orthopedics in 19th century Norway - One historical root of physiotherapy.

Enhancing and facilitating change or optimization of body awareness and movement behaviors have been sustained throughout history as central objectives in physiotherapy. Focus will be on the thoughts and practice of orthopedist Gunder Nielsen Kjølstad (1794-1860). He is, in a Norwegian context, one of the forefathers of physiotherapy. Kjølstad was unique for his time in the sense that he did not limit himself to medicine, but drew on vast array of disciplines, among them philosophy, geometry, physics, and dance. Fundamental to his treatment method was a pedagogy that rested on the active participation of the patient; an approach that stood in stark contrast to the established clinical practices. Through this approach, he developed a treatment for 'crooked backs' which constituted a historic break with the common treatment regimens of the nineteenth century.

40º aniversario de una publicación introduciendo un implante aún vigente: "ENDO model" / 40th anniversary of a publication presenting an implant that is still in use: "ENDO model"

En 2021, se cumplen 40 años de la publicación original que describió al implante "intracondilar con capacidad rotatoria Endo-Model", evolución del diseño precedente St. George, ahora capaz de proveer doble grado de libertad de movimiento y reducir la tensión en la interfase cemento-hueso. Condición singular es que dicha publicación no es referida en estudios bibliométricos, a pesar de lo cual su indicación electiva está aún vigente tras cuatro décadas. Un trabajo merece la calificación de "clásico" no exclusivamente por el volumen de citaciones, sino fundamentalmente por la confianza que inspira la aplicación de su contenido en el largo plazo. Contemporáneamente, todas las compañías de la industria de implantes que lideran el mercado internacional han incorporado en sus catálogos un modelo propio de implante a bisagra rotacional. La magnitud de constricción comparativa es un dilema y, por ende, materia de discusión. Contemporáneamente aplicando la tecnología de sensores inerciales se ha logrado resolver la cuestión: la bisagra rotacional ofrece menor constricción que el implante de constricción condilar. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The year 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the original publication describing the "Endo-model intracondylar rotational" implant, the evolution of the previous St Georg design, now providing two-degree-of-freedom motion and reducing stress on the cement-bone interface. A unique condition is that the publication is not reported in bibliometric studies, although its elective indication still exists after four decades. A work deserves the qualification of "classic" not only for the volume of citations but fundamentally for the confidence that the application of its content inspires in the long term. Currently all the leading international companies in the implant industry have included in their catalogs their own rotating hinge implants. The scale of comparative constriction is a dilemma and thus a topic for discussion. Currently, the matter has been solved applying inertial sensors technology: the rotating hinge provides less constriction than the condylar constriction implant. Level of Evidence: V