Nineteen years of radiographic screening: Impact of sepsis and evolution of osteochondrosis dissecans prevalence in Walloon sport horses born between 2004 and 2022.

Osteochondrosis dissecans is a particularly common developmental orthopaedic disorder in equines. Among its causes, the hereditary component is no longer a matter of debate, and, for several decades, the various studbooks for sport horses have been selecting stallions in order to limit the prevalence of this condition in the population. However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated changes in the prevalence of osteochondrosis dissecans over time through longitudinal monitoring of a population of sport horses. The study presented here is part of a large screening programme for developmental orthopaedic pathologies in Wallonia (Belgium) and assessed the presence of these lesions over a period of 19 years in the Walloon sport horse population according to constant and standardised sampling and diagnostic criteria. The effects of breeding conditions and infection in foals were also assessed by means of questionnaires. The results showed no significant change in the prevalence of osteochondrosis dissecans in a population of 1099 individuals born between 2004 and 2022. Furthermore, individuals who had suffered from sepsis during their growing period were very significantly predisposed (p < 0.001) to the development of osteochondrosis dissecans compared to a control group, with respectively 14/21 (67%) and 103/364 (28%) of individuals affected. This study suggests that the selection programmes applied to the population studied are not sufficiently strong or adapted to reduce the prevalence of osteochondrosis dissecans in the population over a period of 19 years. Moreover, this study confirms that foals with sepsis and concurrent osteochondrosis dissecans lesions should not necessarily be excluded from breeding programmes on this basis.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee Associated With Mechanical Overload.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a rare but potentially incapacitating disorder in which subchondral bone detaches, leading to an osteochondral fragment that can become unstable and progress into a loose body. The exact cause is unknown, although several biological and mechanical factors have been described. PURPOSE: To provide insight into epidemiological data of a large cohort of patients affected by OCD of the knee and to identify potential factors contributing to the cause of this disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 236 patients (259 knees) affected by OCD were included in our Knee Registry (2005-2022) and retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics were extracted from the medical records. Location and International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society grade (1-4) of OCD were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. If available, a full-leg standing radiograph was used to assess alignment. Additionally, a statistical scoring system for instability risk was created. RESULTS: A total of 263 OCD lesions were identified in 259 knees, 66.2% on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), 26.6% on the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), 3.8% on the trochlea, 2.7% on the patella, and 0.8% on the lateral tibia plateau. Male patients made up 57.6% of the sample, which had a mean age of 21.8 years. A very high percentage of patients (77.1%; n = 182) practiced sports, of whom 67.6% (n = 123) were engaged in high-impact sports. The location of the OCD lesions and the leg alignment (n = 110) were significantly correlated: MFC lesions were associated with more varus than valgus alignment (47.5% vs 11.3%) and patients with LFC lesions had more valgus than varus alignment (46.7% vs 20.0%; P = .002). Based on age, smoking, sports activity, and preceding trauma, a multivariable scoring system (0-11 points) was created. An increased risk of lesion instability was associated with an increased score: 29.0% at 0 points and 97.0% at 11 points. CONCLUSION: This study provides detailed epidemiological data for 236 patients affected by OCD of the knee. Older age, smoking, inactivity, and preceding trauma were predictive for instability of OCD lesions. There was an association between OCD of the MFC and varus malalignment and between OCD of the LFC and valgus malalignment. This finding, in combination with the high percentage of patients practicing high-impact sports, suggests an important role for mechanical overload in the pathogenesis of OCD.

Patella and Trochlea Osteochondritis Dissecans: Demographics and Treatment Paradigms.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research on patellar and trochlear groove osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is limited by small sample sizes. This study aims to describe the presentation of patients with OCD lesions of the patella and trochlea and characterize the outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatments. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified all patients from a single institution from 2008 to 2021 with patellar and/or trochlear OCD lesions. Patients were excluded from the study if surgical records were unavailable or if the patient had knee surgery for a different injury at index surgery or in the 12 months postoperative. Minimum follow-up was 12 months. Outcomes included a return to sports (RTS), pain resolution, radiographic healing, and treatment "success" (defined as full RTS, complete pain resolution, and full healing on imaging). RESULTS: A total of 68 patients (75 knees) were included-45 (60%) with patellar OCD and 30 (40%) with trochlear. Of the patients, 69% were males. The median age at knee OCD diagnosis was 14 years. At the final follow-up, 62% of knees (n = 44) recovered sufficiently to allow a full RTS and 54% of knees (n = 39) had full pain resolution. Of the 46 knees with radiographic imaging at least 1 year apart, 63% had full healing of the lesion. There was no significant difference in RTS, pain resolution, radiographic healing, or overall success when comparing treatments. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable epidemiologic demographic and outcome data regarding the scarcely reported patellar and trochlear OCD. While over half of patients fully returned to sports and reported full pain resolution, a large proportion continued to experience symptoms over a year after presentation. Future research should aim to better define the treatment algorithms for these OCD subtypes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Osteochondritis dissecans.

Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition characterised by acquired pathological subchondral bone lesions and its incidence is unknown. It has a multifactorial aetiology, with a combination of genetic and acquired risk factors. It commonly presents in adolescents and young adults. Patients have variable presentations, including trauma, insidious onset and pain exacerbated by exercise. The joints primarily affected are the knee, ankle and elbow joint. Early identification is key to treatment and to prevent future osteoarthritis of the joint. This article gives an overview of the presentation, assessment and management of the juvenile form of osteochondritis dissecans.

Stand-up test could be a helpful adjunct for screening elbow disorders in Little League baseball players.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to justify the result of the modified Stand-Up test (MSUT) in Little League baseball players and to clarify the association with sports related disorders in the elbow. METHODS: A total of 245 (240 boys and 5 girls) Little League baseball players aged 9 to 12 underwent physical examination, elbow ultrasonography and questionnaires during a routine medical checkup. In addition, the MSUT, based on the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA)'s original Stand-Up test to evaluate the risk of Locomotive syndrome, was performed. RESULTS: Seventeen osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of capitellum and 4 medial epicondylar fragmentation (MEF) cases were diagnosed with ultrasonography in 242 players. Based on the MSUT, five boys could not stand up from 40 cm platform with the single leg stance, two of whom complained of current elbow pain, three of whom diagnosed with a positive finding with ultrasonography. Odds ratio (95% confidence limits) of risk factors for failing to the 40 cm-MSUT with the single leg stance were: incidence of current elbow pain 5.7 (0.9-35.5); OCD (Grade 1b and 2) 8.2 (0.8-83); and MEF 19.5 (1.7-230). CONCLUSION: Two percent of Little League baseball players were unable to stand up from a 40 cm high platform/stool with the single leg stance by the MSUT and it was associated with an increase in MEF or OCD diagnosis by ultrasonography and presence of elbow pain. These results suggest that players who failed to the 40 cm-MSUT with the single leg stance are at risk of elbow disorders. Also, these results are consistent with previous research on throwing injuries that have associated poor control in the legs or trunk with pain and injury involving the upper extremities. MSUT, a relatively simple procedure, may be a helpful adjunct for screening to estimate readiness for resuming general physical activity in Little League baseball players.

Effect of introducing ultrasonography in medical examinations for elbow injuries among young baseball players.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the usefulness of ultrasonography in medical examinations for detecting elbow injuries, especially capitellar osteochondritis dissecans, among young baseball players. METHODS: Players with current or previous elbow joint pain were enrolled. Medical examinations (range of motion, tenderness, and stress tests) were performed with (2012-2016) or without (2007-2011) ultrasonography. Players with abnormal examination results were advised to undergo additional examinations at a local orthopedic clinic. Differences in the rates of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans detection, secondary examination, and elbow injury prevalence were compared between players who did and did not undergo ultrasonography. RESULTS: We identified 1045 baseball players, aged 9-12 years, who required medical examinations for elbow injuries. Medical examinations without ultrasonography were performed in 346 players (group A), and examinations with ultrasonography were performed in 556 players (group B). Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans was present in 0.3% (1/346) of group A players and 3.0% (17/556) of group B players (p = 0.003). The secondary examination consultation rates were 51.2% (62/121) and 66.0% (270/409) in groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography performed as a part of a medical examination can help detect elbow injuries, especially capitellar osteochondritis dissecans, in baseball players. Using ultrasonography in conjunction with medical examinations may contribute to a better understanding of elbow injuries in baseball players and improve consultation rates. Thus, ultrasonography is essential for the evaluation of elbow injuries in young baseball players.

Incidence of Subsequent Surgical Intervention at Short-term Follow-up in Previously Healing and Stable Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a defect of subchondral bone seen primarily in active children and adolescents. Studies have evaluated the incidence of surgery in knee OCD, but the incidence of subsequent surgery in patients with stable, healing lesions cleared to return to activities is unknown. This study sought to determine the incidence of surgery in participants with knee OCD lesions cleared to return to activities and evaluate predictors of subsequent surgery. METHODS: A single center, retrospective review was performed of participants aged 7 to 18 with knee OCD. Inclusion criteria were stable lesion, skeletal immaturity, no history of previous knee surgery, release to activity without surgery, and at least 12 months of follow-up. Documentation of subsequent surgery was queried in the electronic health record. Participants with no recorded surgery were contacted through phone. Analysis included bivariate and logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty-five individuals were included in this study, with 7 undergoing surgery after returning to activity. Medial femoral condyle lesions were less likely to undergo surgery (B=-2.6, P=0.038). Average lesion size for the Surgery and No Surgery groups was 1.76±0.65 and 1.32±0.81 cm2, respectively, though not significantly different (P=0.21). The Surgery group returned to activity sooner (3.7 mo, range 1.1 to 6.4) than the No Surgery group (8.1 mo, range 1.8 to 35.4), though not significantly different (P=0.18). Mean follow-up time for the study was 42.7 (range 12.6 to 77.6) months. No participants contacted by phone progressed to surgery or reported symptoms that limited their activities. CONCLUSIONS: While the majority of participants with stable, healing, and asymptomatic knee OCD lesions have favorable outcomes with nonoperative management, some lesions may progress to surgery. Lesions on the medial femoral condyle may be predictive of lower likelihood of progression to surgery. Our study provides insight on the outcomes of nonoperative management of OCD lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-prognostic study.

Descriptive Epidemiology From the Research in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) Prospective Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) occurs most commonly in the knees of young individuals. This condition is known to cause pain and discomfort in the knee and can lead to disability and early knee osteoarthritis. The cause is not well understood, and treatment plans are not well delineated. The Research in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) group established a multicenter, prospective cohort to better understand this disease. PURPOSE: To provide a baseline report of the ROCK multicenter prospective cohort and present a descriptive analysis of baseline data for patient characteristics, lesion characteristics, and clinical findings of the first 1000 cases enrolled into the prospective cohort. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Patients were recruited from centers throughout the United States. Baseline data were obtained for patient characteristics, sports participation, patient-reported measures of functional capabilities and limitations, physical examination, diagnostic imaging results, and initial treatment plan. Descriptive statistics were completed for all outcomes of interest. RESULTS: As of November 2020, a total of 27 orthopaedic surgeons from 17 institutions had enrolled 1004 knees with OCD, representing 903 patients (68.9% males; median age, 13.1 years; range, 6.3-25.4 years), into the prospective cohort. Lesions were located on the medial femoral condyle (66.2%), lateral femoral condyle (18.1%), trochlea (9.5%), patella (6.0%), and tibial plateau (0.2%). Most cases involved multisport athletes (68.1%), with the most common primary sport being basketball for males (27.3% of cases) and soccer for females (27.6% of cases). The median Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKCD) score was 59.9 (IQR, 45.6-73.9), and the median Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (Pedi-FABS) score was 21.0 (IQR, 5.0-28.0). Initial treatments were surgical intervention (55.4%) and activity restriction (44.0%). When surgery was performed, surgeons deemed the lesion to be stable at intraoperative assessment in 48.1% of cases. CONCLUSION: The multicenter ROCK group has been able to enroll the largest knee OCD cohort to date. This information is being used to further understand the pathology of OCD, including its cause, associated comorbidities, and initial presentation and symptoms. The cohort having been established is now being followed longitudinally to better define and elucidate the best treatment algorithms based on these presenting signs and symptoms.

Osteochondritis dissecans of the talar dome in patients with tarsal coalition.

OBJECTIVE: Tarsal coalition is known to cause abnormal talocrural stress, hindfoot malalignment, and ankle sprains. These can all be associated with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the talar dome. We present the first detailed description of a series of talar OCDs occurring in patients with tarsal coalition, with the goal of determining whether there is an increased prevalence of OCDs among patients with tarsal coalition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied ankle MRIs in 57 patients with tarsal coalitions, excluding those with a reported inciting traumatic event. The MRIs were performed on magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 T and included axial, coronal, and sagittal T1 and T2 or PD fat-suppressed sequences. We evaluated the morphology and location of classically described OCDs in these patients, type and location of concomitant tarsal coalition, and, when available, the presence of pes planus and hindfoot valgus on weight-bearing radiographs. Chi-squared analysis was used to compare categorical variables and a Student's t test was used for parametric continuous variables. Additionally, logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratio of talar OCD associated with patient age, gender, laterality, pes planus status, hindfoot valgus status, and coalition type. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of tarsal coalitions were non-osseous coalitions and the calcaneonavicular space was the most common site of abnormal tarsal connection (54.4%). In the 29 patients with tarsal coalitions and talar OCDs, OCDs commonly occurred medially (75.9%). In the sagittal plane, talar OCDs occurred centrally, with only one case sparing the central talar dome. The mean surface area of the 29 OCDs was 89.7 mm2. Both osseous coalition and hindfoot valgus were associated with smaller talar OCD mean surface area (p = 0.015 and p = 0.0001, respectively). There was no association between depth and surface area of talar OCD with either coalition location or presence of pes planus (coalition location: p = 0.455 for depth and p = 0.295 for surface area; presence of pes planus: p = 0.593 for depth and p = 0.367 for surface area). CONCLUSION: Talar OCD prevalence is higher in patients with tarsal coalition than that reported for the general population. This occurrence may relate to altered biomechanics and repetitive talocrural stress owing to altered subtalar motion, particularly given the findings of increased odds of talar OCD in older patients, as well as weak associations between OCD surface area and both non-osseous coalition and hindfoot alignment. However, we did not find any specific OCD morphologic features attributable to the precise location of the tarsal coalition.

The incidence and risk factors of osteoarthritis following osteochondritis dissecans of the knees: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The current systematic review and meta-analysis aim to pool together the incidence and risk factors of osteoarthritis following osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library with the keywords being "knee" and "osteochondritis dissecans" or "osteochondral lesion". All original human studies that reported the incidence or risk factors of osteoarthritis following osteochondritis dissecans of the knee were included. RESULTS: Nine studies with 496 patients were included. The incidence of osteoarthritis following osteochondritis dissecans is 0.39 (95% CI 0.19-0.59). Patients with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 had a significantly increased risk of osteoarthritis. Fragment excision had an increased relative risk of 1.89 (95% CI 1.19-3.01) of osteoarthritis as compared to fragment preservation. Significant heterogeneity was identified when comparing between juvenile and adult osteochondritis dissecans. The size of the lesions moderated the between-study heterogeneity with regards to the incidence of osteoarthritis, with the relative risk of osteoarthritis in lesions bigger than 4 cm2 being 2.29 (95% CI 1.24-4.23). No other risk factors, including gender of the patient, location of osteochondritis dissecans, stability of osteochondritis dissecans, and surgical versus non-surgical management were significant risk factors. CONCLUSION: Significant risk factors for osteoarthritis were increased body mass index and fragment excision. Probable but inconclusive risk factors were the age of the patients and the size of the osteochondritis dissecans. The gender of the patient, location of osteochondritis dissecans, the stability of osteochondritis dissecans, and surgical versus non-surgical management of osteochondritis dissecans when appropriate were not significant risk factors.

Predictive factors for developing osteochondritis dissecans after surgery for discoid lateral meniscus are younger age and shorter meniscal width.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the predictive factors for postoperative osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in juvenile and adolescent knees with discoid lateral meniscus (DLM). METHODS: In total, 242 patients with symptomatic DLM who underwent surgery were identified. Inclusion criteria were set as follows: (1) age ≤ 17 years with an open growth plate, (2) follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, and (3) absence of preoperative OCD. Consequently, 52 patients were retrospectively investigated. Average age during surgery, body mass index (BMI), and follow-up duration were 12 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 11-13], 19.2 kg/m2 (95% CI 18.4-20.1), and 27.3 months (95% CI 20.9-33.7), respectively. Age, sex, sports activities, BMI, symptomatic OCD in other joints, postoperative rehabilitation, preoperative shift of DLM by Ahn's classification, surgical procedures (saucerization alone or with stabilization, and subtotal meniscectomy), and postoperative meniscal width were analyzed as possible predictive factors. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 42 patients without OCD and 10 with OCD were observed. In univariate analysis, younger age [odds ratio (OR) 1.5; p = 0.003], subtotal meniscectomy (OR 6.3; p = 0.027), and shorter meniscal width (OR 2.7; p = 0.005) were predictive factors for postoperative OCD. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that younger age (OR 1.6; p = 0.009) and shorter meniscal width (OR 1.5; p = 0.003) were predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent postoperative OCD after DLM surgeries, achieving stabilization with adequate meniscal width is necessary for juvenile knees. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum†:Review of the Literature.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a leading cause of elbow disability in adolescent baseball players. Previous studies have not found an association of player position with capitellar OCD. Elbow pain and a longer playing history might be related to progression of capitellar OCD but do not in themselves increase the risk of development of the condition. The cause of capitellar OCD is likely to include a combination of repetitive microtrauma and internal factors, such as ischemia and genetic predisposition. A combination of radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography have aided our understanding of the pathology of capitellar OCD. Screening using ultrasonography enables early detection and provides an opportunity for successful conservative treatment. Treatment has conventionally included both operative and nonoperative measures based on the stage and size of the lesion, skeletal maturity, subjective symptoms, and structural integrity of the cartilage. Early-stage lesions respond better to nonoperative treatment than those in more advanced stages. Operative indications include persistent symptoms despite nonoperative treatment, symptomatic loose bodies, and displacement or detachment of fragments. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 217-221, August, 2020.

Is There a Connection Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Osteochondritis Dissecans?

Background: To determine if children with Osteochondritis Dessicans (OCD) lesions of the distal femur are more likely to have a co-morbid diagnosis of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than age matched controls and to assess the impact of ADHD on OCD outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients treated at a single tertiary care hospital between 2000-2012 was performed. Charts were reviewed for a diagnosis of OCD of the distal femur in all skeletally immature patients (males < 16 years and females < 14 years). These were then screened for a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD. Age-matched controls with anterior knee pain without OCD were then reviewed to determine if ADHD was more common in the OCD population. Treatment and outcomes of the OCD lesions were then compared in children with and without ADHD. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 23% in patients with OCD lesions and was significantly greater than the 11% found in the anterior knee pain age-matched controls (p<0.05). The average grade of lesions at presentation was similar in both groups (2.2 ADHD vs 2.1 no ADHD) however, at final follow-up, the average OCD grade was significantly worse for children with ADHD (1.4 vs 0.7, p<0.004). Conclusion: There is a significantly higher prevalence of ADHD in children with OCD lesions compared with age-matched controls. This study suggests children that with osteochondritis dessicans and ADHD may not have as favorable treatment course as children without the hyperactivity disorder.Level of Evidence: III.

Factors Related to Postoperative Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Lateral Femoral Condyle After Meniscal Surgery in Juvenile Patients With a Discoid Lateral Meniscus.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to assess the incidence of postoperative osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and the related epidemiologic factors following meniscal surgery for juvenile discoid lateral meniscus (DLM). METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of 103 knees in 89 patients with a mean age of 12.1 years who underwent arthroscopic meniscal surgery for DLM. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years. The surgical procedures were either saucerization, saucerization with repair or subtotal meniscectomy, depending on the type of DLM tear. Postoperative OCD lesions were identified radiographically. Age, sex, weight, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, exercise frequency, and surgical procedure were compared between the postoperative OCD diagnosis group and non-OCD control group. RESULTS: Postoperative OCD was diagnosed in 8/103 (7.8%) knees following DLM surgery. The incidence of postoperative OCD was significantly greater for patients age less than 10 years old, and male sex, low weight, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale preinjury and after returning to sports, and exercise frequency per week on univariate analyses. On multivariate analyses, postoperative OCD occurred more commonly with subtotal meniscectomy than with saucerization or saucerization with repair, and in patients less than 11 years of age. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a cutoff value of age at surgery of 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Subtotal meniscectomy and patients younger than 10 years at the time of surgery are at greater risk for postoperative OCD. To decrease this risk, if possible, we recommend performing saucerization or saucerization with repair in patients undergoing surgery for DLM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Osteochondral Reconstruction of the Capitellum.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a relatively rare condition, with a higher incidence in adolescents who participate in repetitive overhead sports. The surgical treatment approach for this uncommon problem has varied from microfracture, loose body removal, abrasion chrondroplasty, lesion fixation, osteochondral allograft transplantation surgery, and osteochondral autologous transplantation surgery. The purpose of this study is to present the authors' preferred surgical technique for the treatment of unstable OCD lesions of the capitellum with osteochondral autologous transplantation surgery using autograft from the ipsilateral knee.

Cumulative Incidence of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Preadolescent Baseball Players.

PURPOSE: To quantify the 1-year cumulative incidence of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in preadolescent baseball players and identify the risk factors associated with this condition. METHODS: In total, 1,275 school-aged baseball players (aged 6-11 years) without an established diagnosis of capitellar OCD were enrolled in this longitudinal, observational study. One year later, all players underwent ultrasonographic examination of the throwing elbow on the playing field. Elbows with abnormal ultrasonographic findings at this time then underwent radiographic examination. Data for the groups with and without capitellar OCD were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: The 1-year cumulative incidence of capitellar OCD was 1.8% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-2.7%). On multivariate analysis, players aged 10 to 11 years were 3.96 times more likely to have capitellar OCD (95% confidence interval, 1.10-18.97) than those aged 6 to 9 years; however, starting baseball at an earlier age, number of years played, training hours per week, player position, and history of elbow pain were not significantly associated with capitellar OCD. Only 34.8% of players with capitellar OCD reported elbow pain. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of OCD of the capitellum developing within a 1-year period in preadolescent baseball players was 1.8%. Players aged 10 to 11 years had a significantly greater risk of capitellar OCD development than those aged 6 to 9 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, local nonrandom sample cohort.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee - Conservative Treatment Strategies: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions are a relevant problem that affects the long-term prognosis of young patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the evidence on potential and indications of nonsurgical treatment strategies for knee OCD. DESIGN: The search was conducted on 3 medical electronic databases according to PRISMA guidelines, including reports of any level of evidence dealing with the conservative management of knee OCD. Of 1688 identified records, 55 full-text articles were screened: 27 studies met the inclusion criteria, for a total of 908 knees, and were used for the analysis. RESULTS: No high-level studies were found: 24 articles were case series and 3 case reports, reporting on different treatments summarized in (1) restriction of physical activity, (2) physiokinesitherapy and muscle-strengthening exercises, (3) physical instrumental therapies, (4) limitation of weightbearing, and (5) immobilization. The analysis showed an overall healing rate of 61.4%, with large variability (10.4%-95.8%). A conservative treatment based on restriction of sport and strenuous activities seems a favorable approach, possibly combined with physiokinesitherapy. Negative prognostic factors were also identified: larger lesion size, more severe lesion stages, older age and skeletal maturity, discoid meniscus, and clinical presentation with swelling or locking. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on conservative treatments for knee OCD is scarce. Among different non-surgical treatment options, strenuous activity restriction seems a favorable approach, whereas there is no evidence that physical instrumental therapy, immobilization, or weightbearing limitation could be beneficial. However, further studies are needed to improve treatment potential and indications for the conservative management of knee OCD.

Vitamin D Deficiency: The Missing Etiological Factor in the Development of Juvenile Osteochondrosis Dissecans?

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency can result in rickets and hypocalcemia during infant and childhood growth. There is an increasing interest in the role of vitamin D with regards to childhood bone health. Osteochondrosis dissecans (OD) is a common disease affecting different joints. To date, the exact etiology of OD still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible association of vitamin D deficiency and juvenile OD. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of the years 2010 to 2015 of all orthopaedic patients with an initial diagnosis of juvenile OD admitted to undergo operative treatment of the OD was performed. Patient demographics, medical history, information on sports activity (if available) and serum vitamin D (25-OH-D) level on admission date were obtained. For statistical comparison, we measured baseline prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in age-matched orthopaedic patients presenting at the department of pediatric orthopaedics. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients were included in this study. Overall, 97.5% (n=78) of tested patients in the OD group had serum vitamin D levels below the recommended threshold of 30 ng/mL (mean value of 10.1 ng/mL (±6.7 ng/mL)). Over 60% (n=49) were vitamin D deficient, 29 patients (37%) showed serum levels below 10 ng/mL corresponding to a severe vitamin D deficiency. Of note, only 2 patients (2.5%) reached serum vitamin D levels above the recommended threshold of 30 ng/mL. No statistical difference was found in respect to sports activity level before onset of the symptoms (P=0.09). Statistical analysis found a significant difference in vitamin D levels between patients with OD and patients without an OD (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: We found an unexpected high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in juveniles diagnosed with OD presenting with significant lower mean 25-OH-D level compared with a control group. These results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is potentially associated with the development of OD. Thus, vitamin D deficiency might be an important cofactor in the multifactorial development of juvenile OD. For this reason, supplementation of vitamin D might not only be a potential additional therapy but also be a possible preventative factor in patients with juvenile OD. However, future prospective studies are needed to confirm this preliminary data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-this is a case-control study.

Epidemiology and patient-reported outcome after juvenile osteochondritis dissecans in the knee.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the epidemiology and patient reported outcomes following juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) of the knee. METHODS: Medical records and radiographs of patients aged 10-18years diagnosed with JOCD between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The lesions were classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society's classification. The results were evaluated with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Lysholm score and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. RESULTS: Seventy patients with 87 JOCDs were identified. The annual incidence was 11.5 (95% confidence interval 10.7-12.2) per 100,000 inhabitants younger than 19years. Fifty-two (74.3%) of the 70 patients returned the questionnaires on average 48months (five to 117) after diagnosis. The median Lysholm score was 84 for patients with grade I-II lesions and 80 for patients with grade III-IV lesions. The median Lysholm score was 84.5 for patients who were treated conservatively and 79.5 for patients who were treated operatively. The median VAS score was 2.0 for all groups, except for patients treated conservatively (median score 1.5). Conservative treatment was successful in 78% of grade I-II lesions. There was a fivefold increased risk of failing conservative treatment with a stage III-IV lesion, compared to stage I-II (Odds ratio=5.5, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The results following JOCD are good to excellent for the majority of patients. Grade I-II lesions are successfully treated conservatively in 78% of cases. Grade III-IV lesions have a high failure rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort.

Childhood Obesity is Associated With Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee, Ankle, and Elbow in Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a joint disorder of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage whose association with obesity in children is not clearly known. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of the association between childhood obesity and the occurrence of OCD of the knee, ankle, and elbow in children. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of an integrated health system was performed on OCD patients aged 2 to 19 from 2007 to 2011, with over 1 million patients in this cohort. Lesion location, laterality, and all patient demographics were recorded. The body mass index (BMI) for each patient in the cohort was used to stratify patients into 5 weight classes (underweight, normal weight, overweight, moderately obese, and extremely obese) based on BMI-for-age. The associations between the 5 weight classes and OCD of the ankle, knee, and elbow were assessed using multiple logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals using multivariate analysis to adjust for patient demographic variables. RESULTS: In total, 269 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Mean BMI, both absolute and percentile, was significantly higher for patients with OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle than patients without OCD. In the multivariate analysis, extremely obese patients were found to have an increased OR of OCD for all patients, with an 86% increased risk of any OCD compared with normal weight patients. In addition, assessment by different types of OCD revealed that extremely obese patients had an increased OR of OCD of the elbow and ankle individually, with a 3.1 times increased OCD elbow risk and 3.0 times increased risk of ankle OCD in extremely obese patients. Although extremely obese patients did not have a statistically significant increased risk of knee OCD, moderately obese patients did have a 1.8 times increased risk of knee OCD as compared with normal weight children. There were no significantly different risks of any type of OCD seen in overweight or underweight patients as compared with normal weight patients. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based cohort study, extreme obesity is strongly associated with an increased risk of OCD overall and OCD of the elbow and ankle specifically. In addition, moderate obesity is associated with an increased risk of knee OCD. All types of OCD were also found to have a significantly greater average BMI when compared with patients without OCD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-descriptive epidemiology study.