Is the use of Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol effective in the treatment of Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws or for the treatment of medicationosteonecrosis of the jaw? An overview.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine the methodological quality of systematic reviews that evaluated the effectiveness of pentoxifylline and tocopherol (PENTO) in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). METHODS: Searches were performed in Databases including PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, DARE, Cochrane Library, and SIGLE through OpenGrey until March 2024, were evaluated by two independent reviewers to answer the following question: Is the use of PENTO protocol effective in the treatment of ORNJ or for the treatment of MRONJ? RESULTS: A total of 256 articles were initially identified; however, following the use of appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, five systematic reviews were identified for detailed analysis. The final study sample comprised 588 patients: 397 patients with ORN and 197 patients with MRONJ who were treated with PENTO. The total recovery of individuals who used the PENTO protocol was 62,2 % for ORN and 100 % for MRONJ, with a follow-up period of 1 month to 10 years. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool, in which four were of low quality and 1 moderate quality. CONCLUSION: The treatment of ORN and MRONJ with pentoxifylline and tocopherol has shown good results in the studies presented, with a partial or total reduction in bone exposure. However, the low quality of the relevant reports highlights the need for primary and secondary studies with better methodological rigor to reduce bias and provide reassurance for this treatment option.

Extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma nasal type simulating osteoradionecrosis with metachronic B lymphoma in the pelvis: Case report.

Extranodal Natural Killer/T Cell Lymphoma Nasal Type (EN-NK/T-CL-NT) is a non-Hodgkin extranodal lymphoma of unfavorable prognosis due to its aggressive nature. This neoplasm mainly affects the paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, palate, and rarely intestinal, gastric and skin regions. 50-year-old female with a history of lymphoma in nasal and pelvic region. At four years of tumors-free, has facial asymmetry, accompanied by sub-palpebral, nasal and lip edema. Intraoral examination revealed a large ulceration suggestive of osteoradionecrosis. Gum biopsy shows Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Nasal Type (EN-NK/T-CL-NT). In this case we highlight the characteristics of EN-NK/T-CL-NT with a presentation of osteoradionecrosis-like. Unfortunately, the nature of this tumor led to the patient's death. Clinical follow-up of patients with cancer is imperative to mend and/or decrease treatment complications, as well as to identify second primary tumors or the spread of the underlying disease.

Pentoxifylline, tocopherol, and sequestrectomy are effective for the management of advanced osteoradionecrosis of the jaws-a case series.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline and tocopherol for the management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. METHODS: Twenty-five patients diagnosed with osteoradionecrosis of the jaws treated with pentoxifylline 400 mg + tocopherol 400 mg three times daily (tid) were evaluated. Clinical records and image tests were reviewed. All patients were previously submitted to head and neck radiation therapy and presented with a clinical and radiographic diagnosis of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. RESULTS: Following therapy with pentoxifylline and tocopherol, 76% (19/25) of the patients showed complete mucosal healing, in which 47.3% (9/19) did not undergo sequestrectomy. From this particular group, 77.7% (7/9) were in stage I and 33.3% (3/9) used the protocol for up to 3 months. Among those who underwent to sequestrectomy, complete mucosal healing was observed in 52.7% (10/19). Among these, 60% (6/10) were in stage I and 100% of the patients were using the protocol for more than 3 months. In all other patients, partial healing of the mucosa was observed since they presented advanced disease. These represented 24% of the sample (6/25), 66.6% (4/6) were in stage III, and 60% (4/6) used the protocol for over 6 months. CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline and tocopherol may provide effective management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws, and the association with sequestrectomy may avoid major surgical procedures.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoradionecrosis, and osteomyelitis: A comparative histopathological study.

It is largely known that some oral diseases can be diagnosed based upon their clinical manifestation combined with the patient's medical history and generally not depending on examination. This is the case of some bone diseases such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ), osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ), and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The present study aimed to analyze the histopathological features of these specific bone diseases in order to evaluate similarities and differences. Forty-four bone specimens resected from each bone disease (22 cases of ORNJ, 6 cases of OMJ, and 16 cases of MRONJ) were analyzed by two experienced oral pathologists without prior knowledge of the diagnosis, considering bone tissue condition, inflammation, vascularization, and the presence of microorganisms. In addition, the examiners formulated a diagnostic hypothesis for each specimen. Many histopathological similarities were found among the diseases, especially considering the presence of necrotic bone, inflammation, and microorganisms. Statistically significant differences were detected in empty bone lacunae, which was decreased in ORN (p = 0.042), and considering neutrophil count, which was low in the MRONJ group (p ≤ 0.001). The Kappa coefficient was calculated and agreement was detected based on the histopathological parameters, but not for diagnostic suggestion (p=0.23). In conclusion, histopathological aspects of ORNJ, OMJ, and MRONJ do not permit a conclusive diagnosis, emphasizing the necessity of a detailed clinical report.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: case series treated with adjuvant low-level laser therapy and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

BACKGROUND: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is the most severe and complex sequel of head and neck radiotherapy (RT) because of the bone involved, it may cause pain, paresthesia, foul odor, fistulae with suppuration, need for extra oral communication and pathological fracture. We treated twenty lesions of ORNJ using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The objective of this study was to stimulate the affected area to homeostasis and to promote the healing of the oral mucosa. METHODS: We performed aPDT on the exposed bone, while LLLT was performed around the bone exposure (red spectrum) and on the affected jaw (infrared spectrum). Monitoring and clinical intervention occurred weekly or biweekly for 2 years. RESULTS: 100% of the sample presented clinical improvement, and 80% presented complete covering of the bone exposure by intact oral mucosa. CONCLUSION: LLLT and aPDT showed positive results as an adjuvant therapy to treat ORNJ.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: case series treated with adjuvant low-level laser therapy and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy

Abstract Background: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is the most severe and complex sequel of head and neck radiotherapy (RT) because of the bone involved, it may cause pain, paresthesia, foul odor, fistulae with suppuration, need for extra oral communication and pathological fracture. We treated twenty lesions of ORNJ using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The objective of this study was to stimulate the affected area to homeostasis and to promote the healing of the oral mucosa. Methods: We performed aPDT on the exposed bone, while LLLT was performed around the bone exposure (red spectrum) and on the affected jaw (infrared spectrum). Monitoring and clinical intervention occurred weekly or biweekly for 2 years. Results: 100% of the sample presented clinical improvement, and 80% presented complete covering of the bone exposure by intact oral mucosa. Conclusion: LLLT and aPDT showed positive results as an adjuvant therapy to treat ORNJ.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoradionecrosis, and osteomyelitis: A comparative histopathological study

Abstract It is largely known that some oral diseases can be diagnosed based upon their clinical manifestation combined with the patient's medical history and generally not depending on examination. This is the case of some bone diseases such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ), osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ), and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The present study aimed to analyze the histopathological features of these specific bone diseases in order to evaluate similarities and differences. Forty-four bone specimens resected from each bone disease (22 cases of ORNJ, 6 cases of OMJ, and 16 cases of MRONJ) were analyzed by two experienced oral pathologists without prior knowledge of the diagnosis, considering bone tissue condition, inflammation, vascularization, and the presence of microorganisms. In addition, the examiners formulated a diagnostic hypothesis for each specimen. Many histopathological similarities were found among the diseases, especially considering the presence of necrotic bone, inflammation, and microorganisms. Statistically significant differences were detected in empty bone lacunae, which was decreased in ORN (p = 0.042), and considering neutrophil count, which was low in the MRONJ group (p ≤ 0.001). The Kappa coefficient was calculated and agreement was detected based on the histopathological parameters, but not for diagnostic suggestion (p=0.23). In conclusion, histopathological aspects of ORNJ, OMJ, and MRONJ do not permit a conclusive diagnosis, emphasizing the necessity of a detailed clinical report.

Histopathologic and Histomorphometric Analysis of Irradiation Injury in Bone and the Surrounding Soft Tissues of the Jaws.

PURPOSE: Surgery of irradiated tissue has an increased complication rate because of the development of hypovascular, hypocellular, and hypoxic tissue. This study was undertaken to perform histopathologic and histomorphometric analyses of irradiation tissue injury in bone and the surrounding soft tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The histopathologic findings of 40 human mandibular bones and the surrounding soft tissue specimens obtained from different patients who underwent surgical procedures for treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws were reviewed. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination showed 7 processes in the following order of appearance: hyperemia, endarteritis, thrombosis, cell loss, hypovascularity, increase of fat in the bone marrow cavity, and fibrosis. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant hypocellularity (P = .007), hypovascularity (P < .001), and fibrosis (P < .001) in irradiated specimens compared with control specimens. CONCLUSION: These results showed that radiation injuries affect the bone and surrounding soft tissues. However, the irradiation-induced injuries, such as cellular loss (hypocellularity) and fibrosis, were more expressive in bone tissue than in the surrounding soft tissues.

Osteonecrosis after arthroscopic meniscectomy using radiofrequency.

The purpose of this report is to describe a case of osteonecrosis that occurred after arthroscopic meniscectomy associated with a radiofrequency device. The patient developed increasing knee pain and disability 6 months after arthroscopic meniscectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed subchondral osteonecrosis of both femoral condyles with cyst formation.

Estudo histopatológico e histomorfométrico dos tecidos irradiados e tratamento da osteorradionecrose de mandíbula e maxila com cirurgia e oxigenação hiperbárica adjuvante / Management of refractory osteoradionecrosis of the jaws with surgery and adjunctive hyperbaric oxigen therapy. Histopathologic and histomorphometric analysis of irradiation injury of bone and surrouding soft tissues of the jaws

O manejo de pacientes irradiados para tratamento de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço representa um desafio para as equipes multidisciplinares, pois a radioterapia resulta em lesões celulares e vasculares nos tecidos... Este estudo tem como objetivos analisar a efetividade da cirurgia associada à oxigenação hiperbárica adjuvante no tratamento da ORN refratária de mandíbula e maxila, bem como avaliar as alterações histopatológicas e histomorfométricas da radiação no osso mandibular e na mucosa bucal adjacente. Material e Métodos. O presente estudo analisou 18 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento de cirurgia e oxigenação hiperbárica adjuvante, os quais mostraram-se refratários ao tratamento conservador para osteorradionecrose. Para a análise histopatológica utilizou-se 55 amostras irradiadas de osso mandibular e mucosa bucal, resultantes de cirurgias de resgate em pacientes portadores de carcinoma de boca previamente irradiados, e de tratamento de osteorradionecrose de mandíbula... Conclusão. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a cirurgia associada à oxigenação hiperbárica é bastante efetiva no tratamento da osteorradionecrose refratária de mandíbula e maxila. Os resultados histopatológicos mostram que as lesões teciduais da radiação afetam tanto o osso mandibular como também o tecido mole adjacente. Estas alterações foram observadas nas células, no tecido conjuntivo e no sistema vascular dos tecidos irradiados. Todas amostras irradiadas mostraram reduzida capacidade de recuperação tecidual após a radioterapia. As alterações teciduais da radiação parecem progressivas após a radioterapia...

Osteorradionecrosis de hueso temporal / Osteordionecrosis of temporal bone

La osteorradionecrosis (ORN) es la pérdida de hueso viable, posterior a terapia con radiación. Este daño es el resultado directo de la radiación sobre osteocitos y el endotelio vascular. El proceso patológico subyacente, originalmente llamado ®osteítis¼, es una necrosis avascular lentamente progresiva, desencadenada por una endarteritis obliterativa. El diagnóstico de ORN de hueso temporal es histopatológico, aunque clínicamente puede presentarse como otomastoiditis crónica, pérdida auditiva y la presencia de secuestros óseos, la tomografía computada es útil para delimitar la destrucción ósea. El tratamiento está basado en la extensión del hueso temporal involucrado, en la forma localizada el manejo es conservador; la forma más difusa de la enfermedad puede requerir desbridación quirúrgica agresiva con remoción completa de todo el tejido necrótico. Presentamos el caso clínico de paciente femenino de 70 años de edad con ORN de hueso temporal izquierdo, la cual se diagnosticó 17 años después de recibir radioterapia debido a un tumor maligno de parótida, la paciente cursó con destrucción importante de la porción ósea del conducto auditivo externo y la mastoides, manifestándose como proceso infeccioso crónico de oído. Se presentan las características clínicas del caso, su evolución, los hallazgos radiológicos, así como su confirmación histológica y tratamiento

Osteorradionecrose de cravícula / Osteoradionecrosis of clavicle

Resumo: A osterradionecrose após radioterapia para as neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço tem incidência variável. A mandíbula é o osso mais frequentemente afetado, sendo a osterradiocrese de clavícula uma rara ocorrência. O presente trabalho apresenta três pacientes com osteorradionecrose de clavícula subsequente a tratamento cirúrgico e radioterapia para neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. Os três pacientes foram submetidos a esvaziamento cervical, rotaçäo de retalho miocutâneo de músculo peitoral maior e irradiaçäo dos leitos tumorais com campos se estendendo às cadeias e fossas supraclaviculares. Desenvolveram a osteorradionecrose após períodos de noves meses, três anos e sete anos após a radioterapia. Enfatizamos os principais mecanismos envolvidos na produçäo da necrose óssea, os fatores comumente implicados no seu desencadeamento, bem como assinalamos as formas terapêuticas. Embora a osterradionecrose clavicluar apresente baixa incidência, ela deve ser caracterizada em pacientes tratados com grandes ressecçöes cirúrgicas e rotaçöes de retalhos muicutâneos.

Osteorradionecrose de mandíbula e maxila e actinomicose oportunista: incidência, significância clínica e tratamento / Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible and maxilla and opportunistic actinomycosis: incidence, clinical significance and treatment

A actinomicose pode, ocasionalmente, infectar de maneira oportunista, pacientes portadores de osteorradionecrose (ORN) de mandíbula e maxila. O estudo retrospectivo (1992-1997) constituiu-se de 50 pacientes portadores de ORN de mandíbula e maxila, tratados com medidas conservadoras, cirurgia e oxigenação hiperbárica. Foram avaliados a incidência de actinomicose nestes pacientes e sua significância clínica no tratamento da ORN. A actinomicose foi diagnosticada em 12% (6 casos) dos casos de ORN. Dos 50 pacientes, 36 casos evoluíram com cura e resolução completa da ORN após as terapias empregadas. A duração média do tratamento da ORN nos pacientes portadores de actinomicose (29,7 meses) foi significantemente maior que nos pacientes sem actinomicose (13,4 meses) (P=0,007). Concluindo, nos casos de ORN com resposta insatisfatória às terapias especificamente empregadas, deve-se considerar a biópsia de tecido ósseo, com o objetivo de identificar uma possível actinomicose oportunista

Protocolo de tratamiento de cirugía bucal para pacientes irradiados en cabeza y cuello. Presentación de varios casos / Oral surgery treatment protocol for head and neck irradiated patients: report of several cases

Se presenta la revisión de la literatura acerca de los cuidados preventivos y de los tratamientos de la osteorradionecrosis de los maxilares. Se establece un protocolo de trabajo para la atención de estos pacientes ya que se presentan con relativa frecuencia en el Servicio de Postgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la UCV.