The immunoexpression of aquaporin 1, PAX2, PAX8, connexin 36, connexin 43 in human fetal kidney.

INTRODUCTION: The kidney develops from two mesodermal primordia. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a membrane protein characteristic to epithelial and endothelial cell of the human body. The Pax family of genes encodes transcription factors with important role in intrauterine development. Connexins are transmembrane proteins found in gap junctions. We monitored the changes in the expression of AQP1, paired box gene 2 (PAX2), paired box gene 8 (PAX8), connexin 36 (Cx36) and connexin 43 (Cx43) proteins in fetal renal tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 34 post mortem fetuses of 9 to 24 weeks from the Laboratory of Pathology, Emergency County Hospital of Târgu Mures, Romania, using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: AQP1 expression appeared in the apical and basolateral parts of cells, lining the proximal convoluted tubules and the descending limb of Henle's loop, then in the tubule pole of Bowman's capsule also. Nuclear expression of PAX2 was observed in structures developed both from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme, and of PAX8 was observed in the proximal convoluted tubule's epithelium, Henle's loop, and collecting ducts. Cytoplasmic expression of Cx36 was localized to nephrons in different developmental stages, glomerular vessels and collecting ducts, and of Cx43 was localized to the endothelium of glomerular and peritubular vessels, as well as to the epithelium of the proximal tubules. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Nephrogenesis begins in the embryonic period, and continues into the fetal period as well. It is regulated by a wide array of markers. The current study supplements literature data regarding immunoexpression of these markers during renal development in the fetal period.

Identification of an immunogenic HLA-A*0201-binding T-cell epitope of the transcription factor PAX2.

PAX2 is a transcription factor and member of the highly conserved family of paired box genes. PAX2 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. PAX2 regulates the transcription factor Wilms tumor gene 1, which is a promising target of cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to apply a modified reverse immunology strategy to identify immunogenic epitopes of PAX2 which could be useful for cancer immunotherapy. Thirteen potential HLA-A*0201 epitopes were predicted by a major histocompatibility complex binding algorithm (SYFPEITHI) and a proteasome cleavage algorithm (PAProC) and screened for recognition by T cells from HLA-A*02-positive cancer patients using intracellular cytokine cytometry. Epitope-specific T cells were generated from CD4CD25 regulatory T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell. Nine of 20 colorectal cancer patients, 1 of 13 renal cell carcinoma patients, and 2 of 17 lymphoma patients had a spontaneous CD8 T-cell response toward at least 1 of 6 PAX2 peptide pools. None of the 20 healthy subjects showed reactivity toward PAX2. PAX2.337-345 (TLPGYPPHV)-specific T cells could repeatedly be generated, which specifically lysed the PAX2 expressing colorectal tumor cell line SW480. In this study, a modified reverse immunology strategy was employed to identify a first immunogenic HLA-A*0201 restricted T-cell epitope and natural ligand of the tumor antigen PAX2. Thus, PAX2 is another embryonic transcription factor, which is of potential interest as immunotherapy target antigen.

Comparison of PAX-2, RCC antigen, and antiphosphorylated H2AX antibody (gamma-H2AX) in diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration.

Diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be challenging. Existing antibodies supporting a diagnosis of RCC, including CD10 and RCC-Ma, have problems with specificity and interpretation. In this report, we evaluate the use of two newer immunostains, PAX-2 and gamma-H2AX, which to our knowledge have not been studied in FNA material, in the diagnosis of metastatic RCC and in comparison with RCC-Ma. 29 cases of metastatic RCC were identified as well as a TMA of an additional 30 RCC cases. In the case cohort, RCC-Ma in a membranous pattern of staining identified 15/27 (56%) metastatic RCC, although interpretation was made difficult in many cases due to focality of staining and non-specific cytoplasmic staining. PAX-2 stained 23/29 (79%) of tumors in a nuclear stain, most strongly. Gamma-H2AX stained 19/26 (73%) of metastatic RCC strongly in a nuclear stain. In the TMA, strong, diffuse nuclear staining with gamma-H2AX was present in 22/30 RCC (73%). If weak staining was also included as positive, 26/30 (87%) were positive. PAX-2 stained RCC TMA with a lower percentage at 56%, including weaker staining intensity. Both PAX-2 and gamma-H2AX demonstrated patchy staining of normal renal tubules, PAX-2 to a greater extent. Both PAX-2 and gamma-H2AX are sensitive markers for the diagnosis of metastatic RCC, with improved ease of interpretation when compared with RCC-Ma. A combination of all 3 markers identified 87% of cases, and failure to stain for both PAX-2 and gamma-H2AX suggests against, but does not disprove, a diagnosis of RCC.

Functional analysis of the host defense peptide Human Beta Defensin-1: new insight into its potential role in cancer.

Although it is known that innate immunity is key for protecting the body against foreign agents such as bacteria, little is known about elements of the innate immune system that have anti-tumor activity. Human Beta Defensin-1 (hBD-1), an important component of the innate immune response, is lost at high frequencies in malignant prostatic tissue, while high levels of expression are maintained in adjacent benign regions. In prostate carcinoma, frequent genetic alterations occur in the 8p22-23 region and several studies indicate there may be multiple tumor suppressor genes present within this region. The high incidence of loss of hBD-1 expression in prostate cancer, along with its chromosomal location of 8p23.2, raised the possibility that it may play a role in tumor suppression. To gain insight as to its function in prostate cancer, hBD-1 was cloned and ectopically expressed in four prostate cancer cell lines. Induction of hBD-1 expression resulted in a decrease in cellular growth in DU145 and PC3 cells. However, hBD-1 has no effect on the growth of androgen receptor (AR) positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, but was again growth suppressive to PC3 cells with ectopic AR expression (PC3/AR+). hBD-1 also caused rapid induction of cytolysis and caspase-mediated apoptosis in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Although the regulation of hBD-1 was not addressed in this study, our preliminary data demonstrated that the pathways involved may include cMYC and PAX2. Data presented here are the first to provide evidence of its potential role in prostate cancer cell death.