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1.
J Comp Neurol ; 518(18): 3836-47, 2010 Sep 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20653037

RESUMEN

Recent interest has been focused on the opioid regulation of heart performance; however, specific allocation of opioid receptors to the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervations of the heart is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize such specific target sites for opioids in intracardiac ganglia, which act as a complex network for the integration of the heart's neuronal in- and output. Tissue samples from rat heart atria were subjected to RT-PCR, Western blot, radioligand-binding, and double immunofluorescence confocal analysis of mu (M)- and kappa (K)-opioid receptors (ORs) with the neuronal markers vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP). Our results demonstrated MOR- and KOR-specific mRNA, receptor protein, and selective membrane ligand binding. By using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity were colocalized with VAChT in large-diameter parasympathetic principal neurons, with TH-immunoreactive small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and on nearby TH-IR varicose terminals. In addition, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity were identified on CGRP- and SP-IR sensory neurons throughout intracardiac ganglia and atrial myocardium. Our findings show that MOR and KOR are expressed as mRNA and translated into specific receptor proteins on cardiac parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory neurons as potential binding sites for opioids. Thus, they may well play a role within the complex network for the integration of the heart's neuronal in- and output.


Asunto(s)
Fibras Adrenérgicas/metabolismo , Corazón/inervación , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Receptores Opioides kappa/metabolismo , Receptores Opioides mu/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriales/metabolismo , Animales , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Opioides kappa/genética , Receptores Opioides mu/genética , Células Receptoras Sensoriales/citología
2.
J Clin Neurosci ; 15(9): 1023-6, 2008 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18617399

RESUMEN

Sympathetic catecholaminergic fibers in the vagus nerve were immunohistochemically examined in formalin-fixed human cadavers using an antibody against the noradrenalin-synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-positive fibers were extensively distributed in the vagal nerve components, including the superior and inferior ganglia, the main trunk and the branches (superior and recurrent laryngeal, superior and inferior cardiac, and pulmonary branches). The inferior ganglion and its continuous cervical main trunk contained numerous TH-positive fibers with focal or diffuse distribution patterns in each nerve bundle. From these findings, we conclude that sympathetic fibers are consistently included in the human vagus nerve, a main source of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the cervical, thoracic and abdominal visceral organs.


Asunto(s)
Fibras Adrenérgicas/ultraestructura , Catecolaminas/biosíntesis , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Nervio Vago/citología , Nervio Vago/enzimología , Fibras Adrenérgicas/enzimología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Ganglios Sensoriales/citología , Ganglios Sensoriales/enzimología , Ganglios Simpáticos/citología , Ganglios Simpáticos/enzimología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Nervios Laríngeos/citología , Nervios Laríngeos/enzimología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/enzimología , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/análisis , Vísceras/inervación
3.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 36(2): 98-106, 2008 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18571894

RESUMEN

To better understand the local neuronal network of the gastro-duodenal junction in ruminants, we identified the components of the enteric nervous system (ENS) innervating the pyloric sphincter (PS) of the lamb abomasum. The neurons were labelled after injecting the tracer Fast Blue (FB) into the wall of the PS, and the phenotype of the FB-labelled neurons was immunohistochemically investigated using antibodies against nitric oxide synthase (NOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tachykinin (substance P) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The FB-labelled abomasal myenteric plexus (MP) neurons, observed up to 14cm from the PS, were NOS-immunoreactive (IR) (82+/-12%), ChAT-IR (51+/-29%), SP-IR (61+/-33%), and also TH-IR (2%). The descending nitrergic neurons were also SP-IR (64%) and ChAT-IR (21%); the cholinergic descending neurons were SP-IR (3%). The FB-labelled duodenal neurons were located only in the MP, up to 8cm from the sphincter and were ChAT-IR (79+/-16%), SP-IR (32+/-18%), NOS-IR (from 0 to 2%), and also TH-IR (4+/-3%). The cholinergic ascending neurons were also SP-IR (60%) whereas no ChAT-IR cells were NOS-IR. The findings of this research indicate that the sheep PS is innervated by long-projecting neurons of the abomasal and duodenal ENS.


Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Entérico/citología , Neuronas/citología , Píloro/inervación , Ovinos/anatomía & histología , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Animales , Colina O-Acetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Digestión/fisiología , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/metabolismo , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Inmunohistoquímica , Plexo Mientérico/citología , Plexo Mientérico/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas Nitrérgicas/citología , Neuronas Nitrérgicas/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Píloro/fisiología , Ovinos/fisiología , Especificidad de la Especie , Plexo Submucoso/citología , Plexo Submucoso/metabolismo , Sustancia P/metabolismo , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Nervio Vago/citología , Nervio Vago/metabolismo
4.
J Mol Neurosci ; 36(1-3): 292-8, 2008 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18509761

RESUMEN

The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases excitability of guinea pig cardiac neurons, an effect mediated through activation of PAC1 receptors. The signaling cascades that couple activation of the PAC1 receptor to alterations in membrane ionic conductances responsible for the PACAP effect are unknown. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons in kinase inhibitor-treated cardiac ganglia preparations to determine which of the intracellular cascades activated by PAC1 receptor stimulation mediate the PACAP effect. In control cells, long depolarizing-current steps elicited one to three action potentials. In contrast, during the application of 10 nM PACAP, depolarizing-current pulses elicited multiple action potential firing (greater than or equal to five action potentials) in 79% of the neurons. Pretreatment with an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, SQ 22536 (100 microM), suppressed the PACAP-induced increase in excitability, whereas the presence of U-73122 (10 microM), a potent phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, had no effect. Thus, the activation of adenylyl cyclase, but not PLC, was a critical step mediating the PACAP effect. Pretreatment with H-89 (1 microM), a protein kinase A inhibitor, and PD 98059 (50 microM), a MEK kinase inhibitor, also significantly blunted the PACAP-induced increase in excitability. Furthermore, treatment with forskolin (5 microM), an activator of adenylyl cyclase, or exposure to the cell-permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue, 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM), partially recapitulated the effect of PACAP on excitability. We conclude that the activation of signaling cascades downstream of cAMP mediate the PACAP-induced increase in cardiac neuron excitability.


Asunto(s)
Miocardio/citología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/efectos de los fármacos , Polipéptido Hipofisario Activador de la Adenilato-Ciclasa/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Adenilato Ciclasa , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Estrenos/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Cobayas , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/fisiología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/fisiología , Pirrolidinonas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología
5.
Brain Res ; 1112(1): 106-13, 2006 Sep 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16928362

RESUMEN

Previous studies have indicated that the geniohyoid (GH) muscle receives innervation via both the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) and the ansa cervicalis. Our recent studies revealed that the efferent root that contributes to the ansa cervicalis is a parasympathetic pathway and contains postganglionic cell bodies. Afferent axons from the GH muscle also travel via the ansa cervicalis, and afferent cell bodies are located in spinal ganglia. The present study attempts to locate the central terminations of these afferents. From the peripheral cut end of the ansa cervicalis, we recorded afferent discharges that coincided with inspiration and these were elicited by stretch of the GH muscle. After cutting CNXII proximal to its union with the ansa cervicalis, we applied horseradish peroxidase to the branch of CNXII that innervates the GH muscle. This procedure labeled cells ipsilaterally in the C2 spinal ganglia but not in the brainstem or upper spinal cord. Substance P-reactive terminals in the peripheral CNXII trunk were in apparent contact with vasoactive intestinal peptide-reactive cell bodies. Addition of the NK1 receptor agonist SP(NK1) excited parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and the specific NK1 receptor antagonist GR82334 blocked these effects in vitro. These results suggest that GH primary afferents synapse on parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the CNXII trunk and that activation of SP(NK1) receptors modulates activity in these neurons.


Asunto(s)
Vías Aferentes/fisiología , Nervio Hipogloso/fisiología , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Receptores de Neuroquinina-1/metabolismo , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electromiografía/métodos , Nervio Hipogloso/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Hipogloso/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Técnicas In Vitro , Modelos Biológicos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiología , Antagonistas del Receptor de Neuroquinina-1 , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Fisalemina/análogos & derivados , Fisalemina/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Neuroquinina-1/agonistas , Sustancia P/análogos & derivados , Sustancia P/metabolismo , Sustancia P/farmacología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Aglutinina del Germen de Trigo-Peroxidasa de Rábano Silvestre Conjugada/metabolismo
6.
J Neurophysiol ; 93(2): 678-86, 2005 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15653783

RESUMEN

The inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN) contains parasympathetic neurons controlling the parotid and von Ebner salivary glands. To characterize the neurophysiological and morphological properties of these neurons, intracellular recordings were made from anatomically identified ISN neurons in rat brain slices. Neurons were also filled with Lucifer yellow and morphometrically analyzed. Based on responses to membrane hyperpolarization followed by depolarization, three types of repetitive discharge patterns were defined for neurons innervating the parotid gland. The regular, repetitive discharge response to membrane depolarization was changed by hyperpolarization resulting either in a delay in the occurrence of the first spike or to an increase in the length of the first interspike interval in the action potential train. Membrane hyperpolarization had little effect on the discharge pattern of some neurons. Similar response discharge patterns were found for neurons innervating the von Ebner salivary gland, which also included a further group of neurons that responded with a short burst of action potentials. Neurons innervating the parotid salivary glands differed morphologically from the von Ebner salivary glands having significantly larger soma and more and longer dendrites than von Ebner gland neurons. In addition, the mean membrane input resistance, time constant, and spike half-width of parotid gland neurons was significantly lower than in von Ebner gland neurons. These differences in intrinsic membrane properties and morphology may relate to the functions of the von Ebner and parotid glands. von Ebner glands are involved in taste stimulus delivery and removal from posterior tongue papillae while the parotid glands contribute saliva to the entire mouth.


Asunto(s)
Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/fisiología , Glándula Parótida/fisiología , Glándula Sublingual/fisiología , Animales , Tamaño de la Célula , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Glándula Parótida/citología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Glándula Sublingual/citología
7.
Cell Tissue Res ; 314(3): 351-9, 2003 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14557870

RESUMEN

Purinergic P2X receptors associated with the parasympathetic nerves supplying human bladder smooth muscle (detrusor) are implicated in control of detrusor contractility. The relative abundance of all seven subtypes colocalised with synaptic vesicles on parasympathetic nerves was examined in specimens from normal adult bladder and in adults with the urodynamics findings of sensory urgency (SU) to determine how receptor distribution varied in patients with a small bladder capacity. Alteration in control of detrusor innervation was examined with P2X subtype-specific antibodies and an antibody (SV2) against synaptic vesicles, using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Detrusor samples were taken from: controls, at cystectomy for cancer or cystoscopic biopsy for haematuria (n=22, age 33-88 years) and adults with sensory urgency at cystoscopy/cystodistension (n=11, age 37-70 years). Normal adult specimens contained detrusor muscle innervated by parasympathetic nerves possessing large varicosities (1.2 microm) distributed along their length. These mostly all showed colocalised patches of presynaptic P2X(1,2,3,5) subtypes while presynaptic subtypes P2X(4,6,7) were present in only 6-18% of varicosities. Detrusor nerve varicosities from SU patients revealed general loss of all presynaptic P2X subtypes with the proportion containing receptors reducing to only 0.5-5% depending on P2X subtype. The same loss was recorded from the sensory nerves in the surrounding lamina propria. This specific loss of P2X receptors may impair control of detrusor distension and contribute to the pathophysiology of sensory urgency.


Asunto(s)
Músculo Liso/inervación , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/deficiencia , Células Receptoras Sensoriales/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , Incontinencia Urinaria/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Epitelio/inervación , Epitelio/fisiopatología , Femenino , Dosificación de Gen , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Liso/patología , Músculo Liso/fisiopatología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/genética , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X , Valores de Referencia , Células Receptoras Sensoriales/patología , Umbral Sensorial/fisiología , Vesículas Sinápticas/metabolismo , Vesículas Sinápticas/ultraestructura , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Incontinencia Urinaria/fisiopatología
8.
Exp Brain Res ; 153(3): 302-9, 2003 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-13680040

RESUMEN

Previous studies have indicated that the geniohyoid (GH) muscle is innervated by efferent axons from both the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) and ansa cervicalis. To clarify the physiological significance of this dual innervation of the GH muscle, we examined properties of efferent innervations in rat GH muscle using electrophysiological, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing and immunohistochemical techniques. Recordings from the branch of the XII nerve that innervates the GH (GH.Br) revealed that bursts of impulses during fictitious swallowing were conducted via the XII nerve trunk, in which neuronal cell bodies were labeled in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the XII nucleus by HRP tracing. In contrast, in vivo experiments demonstrated that tonic discharges in GH.Br were conducted via the ansa cervicalis. However, HRP-labeled efferent neurons were observed in neither brainstem nor upper spinal cord, but sensory neurons were labeled in the most rostral cervical spinal ganglia via the ansa cervicalis. Tonic activity was abolished in vitro by mecamylamine, an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and by pirenzepine, an antagonist of muscarinic M1 receptors. Incubation of isolated XII nerve segments with antisera to vasoactive intestinal peptide, nAChR, and muscarinic M1 receptor yielded small numbers of labeled neurons with each antiserum. All labeled neurons displayed similar diameters and were located approximately 1.5 mm proximal to the bifurcation of the XII nerve into medial and lateral branches. Our findings indicate that GH muscle in the rat is innervated by both somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems.


Asunto(s)
Ganglios Parasimpáticos/citología , Nervio Hipogloso/citología , Nervio Hipogloso/fisiología , Músculos Masticadores/inervación , Neuronas/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Animales , Deglución/efectos de los fármacos , Deglución/fisiología , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/fisiología , Ganglios Espinales/citología , Ganglios Espinales/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Espinales/fisiología , Nervio Hipogloso/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Masticadores/fisiología , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/farmacología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo
9.
Cells Tissues Organs ; 175(4): 223-8, 2003.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14707402

RESUMEN

Parasympathetic nerves of pterygopalatine ganglion origin are considered to enter the orbit and distribute to the nasal mucosa with the anterior ethmoidal nerve. As their distribution has never been demonstrated the present study was undertaken to seek evidence of their passage and to identify their relationship with the ethmoidal nerves. The soft tissues of the pterygopalatine fossa and orbit from sixteen sides of twelve cadavers were removed in one piece and either dissected or cut coronally into slabs and prepared histologically using montages of thin resin-embedded sections at intervals suitable for nerve path tracing. Several of the rami orbitales passing mediodorsally from the ganglion enter the orbit apically, branch and enter the posterior ethmoidal foramen terminating in the lining of the paranasal sinuses and others advance to enter the anterior ethmoidal canal to reach the nasal mucosa. No junctions were made with ethmoidal nerves within the orbit or the canal. Failure of surgical lesions of the anterior ethmoidal nerve as a treatment for vasomotor rhinitis may be attributed to the sparing of the separate parasympathetic nerves. Appropriate chemical lesions, on the other hand, could ensure destruction of isolated parasympathetic nerves while limiting damage to the larger anterior ethmoidal nerve.


Asunto(s)
Hueso Etmoides/inervación , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/citología , Mucosa Nasal/inervación , Órbita/inervación , Senos Paranasales/inervación , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Hueso Etmoides/fisiología , Nervio Facial/citología , Nervio Facial/fisiología , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/fisiología , Humanos , Aparato Lagrimal/inervación , Nervio Maxilar/citología , Nervio Maxilar/fisiología , Moco/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Nervio Oftálmico/citología , Nervio Oftálmico/fisiología , Nervio Oftálmico/cirugía , Órbita/fisiología , Paladar Duro/anatomía & histología , Paladar Duro/fisiología , Senos Paranasales/fisiología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/fisiología , Rinitis Vasomotora/fisiopatología , Rinitis Vasomotora/cirugía , Hueso Esfenoides/anatomía & histología , Hueso Esfenoides/fisiología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/fisiología
10.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 22(3): 147-55, 2001 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11522437

RESUMEN

It is generally considered that parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers innervating the lacrimal gland (LG) arise from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG), while sympathetic and sensory innervations arise from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and trigeminal ganglion (TG), respectively. Recently, we reported for the first time that the parasympathetic innervation of the cat LG was also provided by the otic ganglion (OG) and ciliary ganglion (CG), and that the sensory innervation was also provided by the superior vagal ganglion (SVG) and superior glossopharyngeal ganglion (SGG). To determine if nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter of the autonomic and sensory neurons innervating the LG, we injected the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as a retrograde tracer into the cat LG, and used double-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry for CTB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We found that NOS-/CTB-immunofluorescent double-labeled perikarya were localized in the PPG, OG, TG, SVG and SGG, but not in the CG and SCG. The highest numbers of NOS-/CTB-immunofluorescent double-labeled neurons were found in the PPG and TG. In addition, we examined the presence of nitrergic nerve fibers in the LG using NADPH-d histochemistry and found that a large amount of NADPH-d-stained nerve fibers were distributed around the glandular acini and in the walls of glandular ducts and blood vessels. This study provides the first direct evidence showing that NO may act as a neurotransmitter or modulator involved in the parasympathetic and sensory regulation of lacrimal secretion and blood circulation, but may not be implicated in the sympathetic control of LG activities, and that nitrergic nerve fibers in the LG arise mainly from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the PPG and sensory neurons in the TG. The present results suggest that NO plays an important role in the regulation of LG activities.


Asunto(s)
Ganglios Parasimpáticos/enzimología , Ganglios Sensoriales/enzimología , Aparato Lagrimal/enzimología , Aparato Lagrimal/inervación , Neuronas/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/enzimología , Animales , Gatos , Recuento de Células , Toxina del Cólera/farmacocinética , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/citología , Ganglios Sensoriales/citología , Ganglios Simpáticos/citología , Ganglios Simpáticos/enzimología , Nervio Glosofaríngeo/citología , Nervio Glosofaríngeo/enzimología , Aparato Lagrimal/citología , Masculino , NADPH Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/enzimología , Ganglio del Trigémino/citología , Ganglio del Trigémino/enzimología , Nervio Vago/citología , Nervio Vago/enzimología
11.
Auton Neurosci ; 83(1-2): 49-57, 2000 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11023628

RESUMEN

Innervation of rat submandibular and parotid glands by the autonomic nervous system regulates saliva volume, its rate of secretion and its composition. The autonomic nervous system also plays a regulatory role in the differentiation and growth of salivary glands, and in the expression of specific sets of genes. Rat cystatin S, a member of family 2 of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily, is expressed in submandibular and parotid glands of human and rat. In the rat, cystatin S gene expression is tissue- and cell type-specific, is temporally regulated during postnatal development, and not observed in adult animals. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) induces hypertrophic and hyperplastic enlargements of rat salivary glands and the expression of a number of genes including cystatin S. Sympathectomy reduces, but does not completely block, IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in submandibular glands of adult female rats, indicating the participation of sympathetic factor(s) in its regulation. Bilateral parasympathectomy also reduces IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting a role of the parasympathetic nervous system in its regulation. Experiments described in this paper suggest that similar factor(s) arising from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system simultaneously participate in IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression in submandibular glands.


Asunto(s)
Vías Autónomas/metabolismo , Cistatinas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Glándula Submandibular/inervación , Animales , Vías Autónomas/citología , Vías Autónomas/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de la Célula/fisiología , Femenino , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Hipertrofia/etiología , Hipertrofia/fisiopatología , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Tamaño de los Órganos/fisiología , Parasimpatectomía/efectos adversos , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Cistatinas Salivales , Glándula Submandibular/citología , Glándula Submandibular/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Submandibular/metabolismo , Simpatectomía/efectos adversos , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Simpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo
12.
Anat Rec ; 241(4): 554-62, 1995 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7541614

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to elucidate parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord that project axons in pathways to the uterus and to reveal their neurotransmitter phenotype. METHODS: "Uterine-related" neurons were identified by using a combination of retrograde axonal tracers: (1) Fluorogold injected into the ganglia of termination of preganglionic fibers, and (2) a transganglionic axonal tracer (pseudorabies virus) injected into the uterus. Immunohistochemistry was used to reveal virus-labeled neurons and their neurotransmitter marker. RESULTS: Double-labeled (Fluorogold+pseudorabies virus) "uterine" preganglionic neurons were identified in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Subpopulations of neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus were shown to be immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase or nitric oxide synthase. Double-staining immunohistochemistry (for pseudorabies virus+neurotransmitter enzyme) revealed that some of the uterine-related preganglionic neurons were cholinergic and some nitric oxide synthase-containing. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a subpopulation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus that are involved in uterine innervation. In addition, both acetylcholine and nitric oxide could be used to modify activity in the postganglionic neurons, which directly innervate the uterus.


Asunto(s)
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Útero/inervación , Aminoácido Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Animales , Colina O-Acetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Región Lumbosacra/inervación , Microscopía Fluorescente , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa , Fibras Parasimpáticas Posganglionares/citología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Médula Espinal/citología , Útero/metabolismo
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