Elite mobility and continuity during a regime change.

How does a regime change influence elite mobility? By collecting data on elites after the Meiji Restoration in Japan in 1868, through which Japan transitioned from a feudal regime to a modern regime, we provide new evidence that the impact of the regime change on elite mobility varies across the stages of the regime change. We analyze the impact of the regime change from two aspects: (1) the composition of elites or elite membership and (2) the internal hierarchy within them. The regime change opened an opportunity for commoners to join the elite group. After the Meiji Restoration, the share of elites whose fathers were commoners in the former regime increased, as did the influence of meritocracy on elite ranks. However, once the new regime was established, the elite hierarchy started to reflect the social stratum of the former regime and the influence of meritocracy declined.

A puzzling marriage? UNESCO and the Madrid Festival of Science (1955).

From 17 to 22 October 1955, Madrid hosted the UNESCO Festival of Science. In the early years of the Cold War, in a dictatorial country that had recently been admitted into the international community, the festival aimed to spread science to the public through displays of scientific instruments, public lectures, book exhibitions, science writers professional associations, and debates about the use of different media. In this context, foreign visitors, many of whom came from liberal democracies, seemed comfortable in the capital of a country ruled by a dictatorship that had survived after the defeat of fascism in the Second World War and was struggling to gain foreign recognition after years of isolation.This article analyzes the political role of science popularization in Madrid at that time. It approaches the apparently puzzling marriage between UNESCO's international agenda for peace and democracy and the interests of the Francoist elites. Shared views of technocratic modernity, the fight against communism, and a diplomacy that served Spanish nationalism, paved the way for the alliance.

The Lifelong Mysterious Relapsing "Kidney" Disease of the Founder of Turkey; Atatürk (1881-1938) in Connection with European Medical and Political History.

INTRODUCTION: Although Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) was a national hero with his intrepid and enlightened attempts to establish modern Turkey from the remnants of Ottoman heritage, he had been suffering from lifelong "kidney disease" that appeared with intermittent flank pain and fever without an identified source. However, we think that this physical pain that he endured only increased his motivation to focus on his military and political aims. Methods & Results: In this historical review article, we have focused on his personal medical life and specifically his "kidneys" from the beginning of the complaint till his death through European medical and political history with geographic locations and speculated upon it via past, near past, and recent medical literature. CONCLUSION: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the great military and political leader for his country, had always suffered from uro/nephrological problems throughout his life. We think that this was one of the reasons that urology has been privileged and thus to be the oldest separated medical surgical branch in Turkey and to some significant extent with European urological history.

Readings about developmentalist health and interpretations for the Brazilian health reform and public health. / Leituras sobre o sanitarismo desenvolvimentista e interpretações para a reforma sanitária brasileira e a saúde coletiva.

In the Brazilian public health literature, an association has been drawn between the 1970s health reform movement and what has been called developmentalist health. By investigating the discourse of two sanitarians from the developmentalist period - Mario Magalhães da Silveira and Carlos Gentile de Mello - we seek to unpick how their status of "precursors" of the health reform was constructed, analyzing the interfaces between public health, developmentalist thinking, the strategy for the construction of the developmentalist health and the health reform. Without refuting the pioneering nature of the sanitarians' ideas, we argue that the Brazilian Unified Health System, Sistema Único de Saúde, was created not simply in continuation of developmentalist thinking.

Na literatura do campo da saúde coletiva há uma construção que sustenta a associação entre o movimento pela reforma sanitária dos anos 1970 e o que se denominou sanitarismo desenvolvimentista. A partir dos discursos de dois sanitaristas do período desenvolvimentista ­ Mário Magalhães da Silveira e Carlos Gentile de Mello ­, buscou-se reconhecer como se deu a construção desse lugar de "precursor" da reforma sanitária. Foi feita a análise das interfaces entre a saúde coletiva, o pensamento desenvolvimentista, a estratégia de construção do "sanitarista desenvolvimentista" e a reforma sanitária. Sem negar o papel precursor daqueles sanitaristas, argumenta-se que a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde não é uma mera continuidade do pensamento desenvolvimentista.

Leituras sobre o sanitarismo desenvolvimentista e interpretações para a reforma sanitária brasileira e a saúde coletiva / Readings about developmentalist health and interpretations for the Brazilian health reform and public health

Resumo Na literatura do campo da saúde coletiva há uma construção que sustenta a associação entre o movimento pela reforma sanitária dos anos 1970 e o que se denominou sanitarismo desenvolvimentista. A partir dos discursos de dois sanitaristas do período desenvolvimentista - Mário Magalhães da Silveira e Carlos Gentile de Mello -, buscou-se reconhecer como se deu a construção desse lugar de "precursor" da reforma sanitária. Foi feita a análise das interfaces entre a saúde coletiva, o pensamento desenvolvimentista, a estratégia de construção do "sanitarista desenvolvimentista" e a reforma sanitária. Sem negar o papel precursor daqueles sanitaristas, argumenta-se que a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde não é uma mera continuidade do pensamento desenvolvimentista.

Abstract In the Brazilian public health literature, an association has been drawn between the 1970s health reform movement and what has been called developmentalist health. By investigating the discourse of two sanitarians from the developmentalist period - Mario Magalhães da Silveira and Carlos Gentile de Mello - we seek to unpick how their status of "precursors" of the health reform was constructed, analyzing the interfaces between public health, developmentalist thinking, the strategy for the construction of the developmentalist health and the health reform. Without refuting the pioneering nature of the sanitarians' ideas, we argue that the Brazilian Unified Health System, Sistema Único de Saúde, was created not simply in continuation of developmentalist thinking.

The Barbarians Are at the Gate!

Nicholas Martin's contribution to science is well known. This article reviews one small part of his pioneering work that integrated political and social attitudes with behavior genetics. Nick Martin, in part, led to a paradigm shift in the social sciences, and in political science in particular. These fields were previously wed to behavioralist approaches and now routinely include genetic influences in both theoretical and empirical study. This article also celebrates a part of Nick's contribution that many do not know. Nick Martin does not just build science, he builds scientists. There are many who would not be academics or scholars without Nick's guidance, mentorship and friendship. This review was written to express the deepest appreciation for what he has done and continues to do for science and the scientist.

The Degenerating Sex: Female Sterilisation, Medical Authority and Racial Purity in Catholic Brazil.

This article examines female sterilisation practices in early twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It argues that the medical profession, particularly obstetricians and psychiatrists, used debates over the issue to solidify its moral and political standing during two political moments of Brazilian history: when the Brazilian government separated church and state in the 1890s and when Getúlio Vargas's authoritarian regime of the late 1930s renewed alliances with the Catholic church. Shifting notions of gender, race, and heredity further shaped these debates. In the late nineteenth century, a unified medical profession believed that female sterilisation caused psychiatric degeneration in women. By the 1930s, however, the arrival of eugenics caused a divergence amongst physicians. Psychiatrists began supporting eugenic sterilisation to prevent degeneration - both psychiatric and racial. Obstetricians, while arguing that sterilisation no longer caused mental disturbances in women, rejected it as a eugenic practice in regard to race. For obstetricians, the separation of sex from motherhood was more dangerous than any racial 'impurities', both phenotypical and psychiatric. At the same time, a revitalised Brazilian Catholic church rejected eugenics and sterilisation point blank, and its renewed ties with the Vargas regime blocked the medical implementation of any eugenic sterilisation laws. Brazilian women, nonetheless, continued to access the procedure, regardless of the surrounding legal and medical proscriptions.

Medical knowledge and moral reflections during the Rosas era: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847. / Saberes médicos y reflexiones morales durante el período rosista: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847.

This article analyzes how medical discourse incorporated a series of reflections on moral behaviors in Buenos Aires in the early nineteenth century. Based on the study of three texts authored by the physicians Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson and Francisco Javier Muñiz, it identifies a series of discursive registers that stress the role of organ functions, the question of heredity and the influence of climate in reflections on the morality of individuals and populations. This phenomenon of knowledge transfer is due to the presence of the French medical tradition, in addition to local factors stemming from the intense process of politicization of society under the second administration of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Este artículo analiza cómo el discurso médico incorpora una serie de reflexiones sobre las conductas morales en Buenos Aires en la primera parte del siglo XIX. A través del estudio de tres textos, cuyos autores son los médicos Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson y Francisco Javier Muñiz se identifican una serie de registros argumentales que resaltan el funcionamiento de los órganos, la cuestión de la herencia y la gravitación del clima en función de reflexionar sobre la moralidad de los individuos y las poblaciones. Este fenómeno de transferencia de saberes se debe a la presencia de la tradición médica francesa sumándose a factores locales derivados del intenso proceso de politización de la sociedad bajo el segundo gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Saberes médicos y reflexiones morales durante el período rosista: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847 / Medical knowledge and moral reflections during the Rosas era: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847

Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo el discurso médico incorpora una serie de reflexiones sobre las conductas morales en Buenos Aires en la primera parte del siglo XIX. A través del estudio de tres textos, cuyos autores son los médicos Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson y Francisco Javier Muñiz se identifican una serie de registros argumentales que resaltan el funcionamiento de los órganos, la cuestión de la herencia y la gravitación del clima en función de reflexionar sobre la moralidad de los individuos y las poblaciones. Este fenómeno de transferencia de saberes se debe a la presencia de la tradición médica francesa sumándose a factores locales derivados del intenso proceso de politización de la sociedad bajo el segundo gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Abstract This article analyzes how medical discourse incorporated a series of reflections on moral behaviors in Buenos Aires in the early nineteenth century. Based on the study of three texts authored by the physicians Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson and Francisco Javier Muñiz, it identifies a series of discursive registers that stress the role of organ functions, the question of heredity and the influence of climate in reflections on the morality of individuals and populations. This phenomenon of knowledge transfer is due to the presence of the French medical tradition, in addition to local factors stemming from the intense process of politicization of society under the second administration of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

'We Won't Ban Castrating Pervs Despite What Europe Might Think!': Czech Medical Sexology and the Practice of Therapeutic Castration.

The Czech Republic holds one of the highest numbers of men labelled as sexual delinquents worldwide who have undergone the irreversible process of surgical castration - a policy that has elicited strong international criticism. Nevertheless, Czech sexology has not changed its attitude towards 'therapeutic castration', which remains widely accepted and practised. In this paper, we analyse the negotiation of expertise supporting castration and demonstrate how the changes in institutional matrices and networks of experts (Eyal 2013) have impacted the categorisation of patients and the methods of treatment. Our research shows the great importance of historical development that tied Czech sexology with the state. Indeed, Czech sexology has been profoundly institutionalised since the early 1970s. In accordance with the state politics of that era, officially named Normalisation, sexology focused on sexual deviants and began creating a treatment programme that included therapeutic castration. This practice, the aim of which is to protect society from sex offenders, has changed little since. We argue that it is the expert-state alliance that enables Czech sexologists to preserve the status quo in the treatment of sexual delinquents despite international pressure. Our research underscores the continuity in medical practice despite the regime change in 1989. With regard to previous scholarship on state-socialist Czechoslovakia, we argue that it was the medical mainstream that developed and sustained disciplining and punitive features.

Psychiatrists and mental health activism during the final phase of the Franco regime and the democratic transition.

In the final years of the Franco dictatorship and during the period known as the democratic transition, there were a significant number of protests in the sphere of mental health in Spain. This article analyses the origins and functioning of the Psychiatric Network, which emerged in 1971, its connection to the formation of professional organizations and its role in the reception of anti-psychiatry ideas in Spain. We reach the conclusion that, although the Network's activities took place within a left-wing political and ideological framework, and at such an important time of social change as the end of the dictatorship, its discourse and practices always demonstrated a marked professional approach.

A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley.

The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including environmental, linguistic, and sociopolitical changes over a great deal of time. This study seeks to evaluate the relationships of Nubian and Egyptian groups in the context of the original peopling event. Cranial nonmetric traits from 18 Nubian and Egyptian samples, spanning Lower Egypt to Lower Nubia and approximately 7400 years, were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 as a measure of biological distance. A principal coordinates analysis and spatial-temporal model were applied to these data. The results reveal temporal and spatial patterning consistent with documented events in Egyptian and Nubian population history. Moreover, the Mesolithic Nubian sample clustered with later Nubian and Egyptian samples, indicating that events prior to the Mesolithic were important in shaping the later genetic patterning of the Nubian population. Later contact through the establishment of the Egyptian fort at Buhen, Kerma's position as a strategic trade center along the Nile, and Egyptian colonization at Tombos maintained genetic similarity among the populations.

["Epidemic" or Peripheral Phenomenon? : A Medical History of the "Cocaine Wave" in the Weimar Republic]. / "Volksseuche" oder Randerscheinung? : Die "Kokainwelle" in der Weimarer Republik aus medizinhistorischer Sicht.

An empirical investigation refutes the popular conception that excessive drug usage was a widespread social phenomenon in the Weimar Republic. Although physicians warned the public and politicians of a "cocaine wave" that threatened the public health, there is no evidence that indicates a significant increase of cocaine use during the twenties. The decisive cause for this moral panic was caused instead by the disease pattern of "Cocainism". The addiction carried the imprint of an infectious disease and would destroy the body, the will, and the civic life of its victims. According to medical doctrine, chronic cocaine consumption also produced the tendency towards deviant sexual activities and criminal activity. For this reason, the use of this substance was in particular linked to deviant social milieus like the so-called Bohemian or demimonde. However, historical sources in fact show that it was primarily a problem of the medical professions. Against the background of the desperate political, social and economic situation in Germany after the First World War, physicians regarded cocaine and morphine addictions as a threat to the hoped for political and biological renewal of the nation.

On Social and Political Effects of Plant Pest and Disease Epidemics.

Selected historical pest and disease outbreaks in the Old World are discussed in view of their social and political consequences. Large-scale epidemics always caused social unrest, and often hunger, pestilence, and death. When coming on top of deeply rooted and widely spread social unrest such epidemics contributed to political change. Examples are the revolts following epidemics in 1789 and 1846. Epidemics, regardless of causal and target organisms, have elements in common. The notion of a common concept grew into a firmly established discipline: epidemiology.

The political use of psychiatry: A comparison between totalitarian regimes.

BACKGROUND: After the end of Second World War, the recent experience of the Nazi horrors stimulated a debate about the political use of psychiatry. Over the years, the focus shifted on major dictatorships of the time and especially on Soviet Union. AIMS: This article aims to provide a critical review of the ways in which psychiatry was used by totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. METHODS: We summarized relevant literature about political use of psychiatry in totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, with particular focus on Fascism, Nazism, Argentina dictatorship, Soviet Union and China. RESULTS: One of the features that are common to most of the dictatorships is that the use of psychiatry has become more prominent when the regimes have had the need to make more acceptable the imprisonment of enemies in the eyes of the world. This for example happened in the Nazi regime when sterilization and killing of psychiatric patients was explained as a kind of euthanasia, or in the Soviet Union after the formal closure of the corrective labor camps and the slow resumption of relations with the capitalistic world, or in China to justify persecution of religious minorities and preserve economic relations with Western countries. CONCLUSION: Psychiatry has been variously used by totalitarian regimes as a means of political persecution and especially when it was necessary to make acceptable to public opinion the imprisonment of political opponents.

Subnormality under debate: discourses and policies on intellectual disability during the late Franco regime. / La subnormalidad a debate: discursos y prácticas sobre la discapacidad intelectual en el segundo franquismo.

During the last two decades of the Franco dictatorship, intellectually disabled people became an object of concern on the part of Spanish society and the center of a debate involving the state, the church, certain professional groups and families of those affected. This debate was stoked by ideas circulating in the international setting about the right of the intellectually disabled to integrate into society and enjoy the same opportunities as other individuals. This article seeks to identify the circumstances that led to the emergence of this concern and to note the elements that helped construct the discourses and govern the practices on intellectual disability that developed during the later years of the Franco regime.