Intervención educativa en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus. Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019 / Educational intervention in preconceptional prevention of embryo fetal effects of diabetes mellitus. University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: los efectos embriofetales derivados de la exposición a la diabetes mellitus, durante el período prenatal de la vida, se extienden a la etapa posnatal con importantes repercusiones para la salud, incluyendo el efecto transgeneracional de la enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa para incrementar el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en mujeres en edad fértil, pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención que constó de tres etapas. Un universo de 198 mujeres en edad fértil pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, durante el período señalado. Se empleó la encuesta para medir factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus y conocimientos de las féminas en prevención preconcepcional de los efectos embriofetales de la enfermedad. Resultados: la edad superior a 30 años y la presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo más detectados. Resultó calificado de malo el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes, previo a la intervención. Conclusiones: después de la implementación del programa educativo, se elevó el conocimiento sobre prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en las mujeres en edad fértil del consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, lo que demostró su efectividad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the embryo-fetal effects derived of the exposition to diabetes mellitus during the prenatal period of the life, extend to the postnatal stage, with important repercussions for health, including the disease's transgenerational effect. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention for increasing knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of embryo-fetal effects of diabetes mellitus in fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, municipality of Matanzas, from January 2018 to December 2019. Materials and methods: an interventional study was carried out, divided into three stages. The universe were 198 fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, during the stated period. A survey was used to measure diabetes mellitus risk factors and women's knowledge on pre-conceptional preventing the disease's embryo-fetal effects. Results: age over 30 and being overweight or obese were the most frequently found risk factors. The knowledge level on pre-conceptional preventing diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects was poor before the intervention. Conclusions: after implementing the educational program, knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects increased among fertile-aged women of the Family Doctor's 1, of the policlinic Carlos Verdugo, of the municipality of Matanzas, demonstrating its effectiveness (AU).

Aspectos culturales de la puérpera que influyen en el cuidado del primer hijo / Cultural aspects of the puerpera that influence the care for the first child

Introducción: durante el nacimiento del primer hijo, la madre brinda prácticas de cuidado de acuerdo a sus mitos y creencias, adquiridos por transmisión generacional tanto familiar como cultural. Objetivo: describir los mitos, creencias y prácticas de las puérperas en relación al cuidado de su primer hijo. Métodos: estudio fenomenológico y hermenéutico. Población de 15 madres puérperas primigestantes, con edades entre 14 y 30 años. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevistas. Resultados: mujeres amas de casa con una tipología familiar extensa, con características socioculturales muy marcadas que facilitan la falta de conocimientos frente al cuidado de su primer hijo. De igual manera, el significado de tener un primer hijo se asocia a una experiencia nueva, con sentimientos de felicidad, alegría, amor y unión familiar. Conclusiones: las madres jóvenes presentaron una serie de creencias y mitos que repercuten en el bienestar el niño. Describen la experiencia de su primer hijo como algo nuevo que requiere un proceso de aprendizaje único aunque complicado, se evidenció fuerte influencia de las mujeres cercanas a la familia(AU)

Introduction: During the birth of the first child, the mother provides care practices by her myths and beliefs, generationally transmitted by both the family and the cultural context. Objective: To describe the myths, beliefs and practices of the puerperae regarding the care for the first child. Methods: Phenomenological and hermeneutic study. Target group of 15 first-time puerperae mothers, at ages 14-30. The information was obtained by interview. Results: Housewives women with diverse family typologies, much marked sociocultural characteristics that foster the lack of knowledge regarding the care for the first child. Also, the meaning of having the first child is associated with a new experience, with feelings of happiness, love and family junction. Conclusions: The young mothers presented a series of beliefs and myths that have a repercussion in the child welfare. They describe the first child experience as something new requiring a unique learning process, complicated though. A strong influence was observed from the family close women(AU)

Crecimiento en recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso natal / Growth of very low birthweight pre-term neonates

Introducción: la expectativa de crecimiento óptimo de recién nacidos pretérminos, cuyos pesos al nacer fueron muy bajos, no está totalmente dilucidada, lo cierto es que esta población no crece de forma homogénea. Objetivos: caracterizar el crecimiento posnatal durante el primer año de vida, y determinar los factores asociados al crecimiento recuperador de esos recién nacidos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo, que incluyó a los prematuros con peso natal inferior a 1 500 g nacidos en 4 hospitales ginecobstétricos de Ciudad de La Habana, entre el 1ro. de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 73 pacientes, 37 del sexo femenino (50,7 por ciento). El 60,2 por ciento nació entre las 32-36 semanas de gestación, el 50,6 por ciento con un peso entre 1 200-1 399 g, y el 36 por ciento con una talla entre 38-40,9 cm. A los 3 meses el 70 por ciento se encontró por debajo del 3 percentil de talla/edad y peso/edad, y al año más del 50 por ciento alcanzó percentiles normales. La menor edad gestacional, el embarazo único, la lactancia materna exclusiva (68,5 por ciento), su mayor duración, así como la ausencia de infecciones, se relacionaron con mayor ganancia de peso, con significación estadística. Conclusiones: los recién nacidos pretérmino y de muy bajo peso al nacer tienen un ritmo de crecimiento acelerado durante el primer año de vida. Este crecimiento recuperador está relacionado con factores perinatales, posnatales y nutricionales(AU)

Introduction: the expectations of optimal growth of preterm newborns, whose birthweights were very low, are not totally clear; the real thing is that this population does not show homogeneous growth. Objectives: to characterize the postnatal growth for the first year of life and to determine those factors associated with their catch-up growth. Methods: a prospective longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted, which included preterm infants with birthweight under 1 500 g, born at 4 gynecobstetric hospitals from January 1st 2005 to December 31st, 2007 in Havana. Results: the sample was made up of 73 patients of whom 37 were females (50.7 percent). Of this number, 60,2 percent was born with 32-36 weeks of gestation; 50.6 percent weighing 1 200-1 399 g and 36 percent showed a size of 38 to 40,9 cm. After three months, 70 percent was found to be less than 3 percentile of size/age and weight/age, but at one year, over 50 percent reached normal percentile values. The smaller gestational age, the only pregnancy, the exclusive breastfeeding (68.5 percent), longer duration of breastfeeding as well as lack of infections were all related to statistically significant higher weight gain. Conclusions: the preterm newborns with very low birthweight experience accelerated growth rate in their first year of life. This catch-up growth is linked to perinatal, postnatal and nutritional factors(AU)

[Healthcare and daily needs of expectant Brazilian women residing in Japan. Analysis of fieldwork conducted during prenatal examinations and home visits].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the everyday lives and public healthcare needs of Brazilian nursing mothers and pregnant women residing in Japan, during the pregnancy and postpartum period, and the difficulties experienced in using or accessing the Japanese public healthcare system. METHODS: The participants included 10 Brazilian expectant mothers who were residing in Prefecture A, but did not understand Japanese well, and those who were delivering for the first time in Japan. From August 2007 to July 2009, the researcher and interpreter conducted fieldwork by accompanying participants to medical examinations and making home visits. Analysis of the findings of this field study was carried out by labeling the relevant field note descriptions of each participant's thoughts and feelings concerning pregnancy and childbirth, the state of their everyday lives, and any additional public health-related difficulties encountered during this time. Additionally, individuals with common occurrences were again grouped and categorized for performing the analysis. RESULTS: Among the 10 participants, 8 were in their twenties and 2 were in their thirties; 8 participants had lived in Japan for less than 3 years and 2 of them for less than 10 years. Eight participants had had no prior experience with childbirth, whereas 2 had experienced childbirth. All 10 had resigned from work before entering into the late pregnancy stage, rendering their economic conditions solely dependent upon their husbands' income. In fact, many participants were in a difficult financial state. 6 women lived with their husbands, 2 others lived with husbands and had children, and 2 others were living with their husbands and parents in the same house. Six participants had families nearby that could provide support. However, none of the 10 participants maintained interactions with friends after having resigned from work. Participants were organized into the following 4 major categories based on the state of their everyday lives and the difficulties experienced in terms of public health: (I) women who had strong support from immediate families, but very little everyday interaction with friends and neighbors; (II) women who were forced to lead irregular lifestyles due to demanding workload, which consequently exerted more burden on their bodies; (III) women who did not have sufficient information regarding childbirth in Japan and who were anxious due to lack of information and comprehension; and (IV) women who were confused due to the system and customs that were different from their country of origin. CONCLUSION: The everyday lives of Brazilian pregnant women living in Japan tend to be isolated, and these women have a tendency to maintain irregular living conditions. With respect to the available facilities in the Japanese public healthcare system, these Brazilian women lacked sufficient information concerning pregnancy and childbirth in Japan, and were often perplexed by the different maternity health standards between Japan and Brazil, such as those regarding weight gain. It is important to understand the living conditions of such women residing in Japan, to form stable relationships with them from the beginning of their pregnancies, to formulate a plan to prevent them from being isolated after childbirth, and to create responses that consider information found in their native country Brazil. Furthermore, municipalities, public health centers, obstetric and pediatric medical facilities, international associations, private support organizations, and employers should cooperate with each other to establish a support system that includes the dissemination of side-by-side translation charts and manuals for intercultural understanding of public health regarding pregnancy; in addition, seminars and consultation sessions should be conducted.

A prática da amamentação após o método mãe canguru no Rio de Janeiro: a necessidade de educação em saúde e intervenção de Enfermagem no domicílio / Breastfeeding practices after kangaroo mother method in Rio de Janeiro: the necessity for health education and nursing intervention at home / La práctica de amamantar después del Método Mamá Canguro en Río de Janeiro: la necesidad de educación en salud e intervención de enfermería en el domicilio

O “ensino-aprendizagem” integra o Método Mãe Canguru (MMC) brasileiro para promover as habilidades maternas na amamentação de bebês prematuros ou baixo peso. Por desconhecermos se o que foi ensinado integrou o círculo interno da família, nosso objetivo foi analisar como esse conhecimento sobre amamentação exclusiva foi incorporado no contexto dos domicílios. A pesquisa participante aconteceu no domicilio de 11 grupos de mães, familiares e vizinhos. O saber local dos vizinhos e familiares substituiu o conhecimento ensinado à mãe no MMC e mudou a alimentação desses bebês. A educação em saúde deve estenderse para além do hospital e incluir os familiares e pessoas significativas.

Association between duration of neonatal hospital stay and readmission rate.

OBJECTIVE: A recent rapid decrease in the duration of neonatal hospital stay in Ontario, Canada, enabled us to study the association between healthy infants' age at neonatal hospital discharge and subsequent readmission rates. DESIGN: (1) Population-based and (2) single hospital-based retrospective studies. SETTING AND STUDY POPULATION: (1) A total of 920,554 healthy infants with a birth weight of 2500 gm or more, born in Ontario from 1987 to 1994. (2) Infants with a birth weight of 2500 gm or more, born during the same period, and readmitted before 15 days from home to the Hospital for Sick Children for jaundice or dehydration. MEASUREMENT: Duration of neonatal stay in the hospital and readmission rates were measured, and diagnostic codes were analyzed. Severity of illness was evaluated in infants readmitted to our hospital. RESULTS: In Ontario the mean length of stay decreased from 4.5 days to 2.7 days (p = 0.000), and the readmission rate during the first 2 weeks of life increased from 12.9 to 20.7 per 1000 (p = 0.000). Increased rates of readmission were most marked for jaundice and dehydration. The infants readmitted to our hospital had evidence of increased severity of illness as indicated by higher serum bilirubin and sodium concentrations. Two deaths occurred in infants with hypernatremic dehydration, one in 1992-1993 and another in 1993-1994. CONCLUSIONS: In Ontario, shorter neonatal hospital stay was associated with increased readmission rates for conditions that may not give rise to symptoms or signs on days 1 to 3 of life. In our hospital the severity of jaundice and dehydration in readmitted infants increased. The severity-of-illness data raise the question of whether shorter neonatal hospital stay of apparently healthy infants is always safe. Decisions to discharge infants should be based on rigorous evaluation of individual infants.

Programa de salud materno-infantil / Maternal-infantile health program

Resulta prioritaria la atención materno-infantil, donde se pretende reducir en por lo menos 50 las cifras actuales de mortalidad materna e infantil. Donde las principales causas son las afecciones originadas en el periodo perinatal y las enfermedades infecciosas, intestinales y respiratorias, esto en los niños, en la mortalidad materna las principales causas son la hemorragia del embarazo y el parto. Señalamiento de lineas estratégicas: Enfasis en lo concerniente a nutrición y prevención de riesgos. Concluye el documento con un listado de documentos impresos en relación al programa de atención materno-infantil, tripticos y audiovisuales

Asepsia y antisepsia en el manejo del recien nacido / Asepsis and antisepsis in the management of the newborn

Trabajo dirigido al personal de enfermeria que tiene a su cargo el cuidado del recien nacido. Abarca temas relacionados con la asepsia y antisepsia que se debe tener, para prevenir infecciones en este bebe. El lavado de manos es de suma importancia en este cuidado, y se debe hacer hasta el tercer medio del antebrazo, utilizando jabon, frotando las manos vigorosamente, friccionando los espacion interdigitales y limpiando bien las unas. La administracion de medicamentos es un procedimiemnto facil pero requiere de la aplicacion de tecnicas limpias y aseptica. Las vias de administracion son basicamente oral y parenteral. Al aspirar secreciones del recien nacido todo el material debe estar esterilizado, aspirando suavemente y en forma intermitente para no traumatizar los tejidos. El sondeo nasogastrico se utiliza con fines diagnosticos preventivos y terapeuticos. Se debe utilizar una tecnica aseptica con el fin de prevenir infecciones

The survival of traditional medicine in a Peruvian barriada.

Current trends in population dynamics reflect increasing movement from rural to urban environments. As a result the provision of health care for migrants has become a national priority in many countries 'in development'. Information describing the extent to which traditional medical beliefs and practices persist is crucial to the formation of systems of health care for migrant communities. This paper describes the dynamics of medical conservatism. Data analysis obtained from a comparative study of 52 Peruvian women living in a rural highland province and 50 Peruvian women from a migrant squatter settlement, a barriada, indicates that length of exposure to an urban environment is less of a determinant in medical conservatism than age of enculturation. Positive and negative implications of medical conservatism for the delivery of health services are discussed. Recommendations are suggested for greater emphasis on the coordination of programs of health care with community education.