History of Music Therapy and Its Contemporary Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Contrary to what is commonly believed, music therapy is an old cure, the use of which is lost in the mists of time. Music always has been perceived to have particular healing powers, and the entire history of civilization contains aspects that link music to physical and mental healing. It seems that the adoption of music for therapeutic purposes harks back to a distant past, probably since the Paleolithic period: it was believed that listening to music could affect the behavior of human beings. In later centuries, the concept of "musical organ-tropism" was born and developed, because according to the type of music, one may affect the cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuroendocrine systems. Studies have shown that music can powerfully evoke and modulate emotions and moods, along with changes in heart activity, blood pressure, and breathing. Indeed, the following findings arise from the literature: heart and respiratory rates are higher in response to exciting music than in the case of tranquilizing music. In addition, music produces activity changes in brain structures (amygdala, hypothalamus, insular and orbitofrontal cortex) known to modulate heart function. This article provides a careful overview of music therapy history from prehistory to the present and a review of the latest applications of music therapy in cardiovascular diseases.

The operation: A human cardiac transplant: An interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. Author: C N Barnard.

Article on the first heart transplant, performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, on 3 December 1967. Reprinted from the SAMJ of 30 December 1967 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the transplant.

Development of Mafutsusan by Seishu Hanaoka and General Anesthetics in the Very Early Part of the 19th Century in Japan.

Seishu Hanaoka's medicine is famed for its breast cancer surgery. Hanaoka, who,was motivated by Dokushoan Nagatomi's Man-yu zakki, published in 1771, had the idea to excise a breast cancer tumor and not to perform a breast amputation. Because he recognized that general anesthesia was indispensable for performing a surgical operation of the breast, he developed a general anesthetic and surmounted various difficulties: selection of an anesthetic method, anesthetic ingredients, determination of the opti- mal dosage, administration methods, indications and contra-indications, evaluation of the depth of anesthesia, facilitation of the smooth emergence from anesthesia, and postoperative care. I reviewed previous articles on these subjects and, using several unpublished manuscripts, provided new information on disseminated general anesthetics in Japan during the decade after the first general anesthesia for Kan Aiya in 1804.

Ryozo Chiba's Ben-nyugansho narabini Chiho Soko and Nyuganbensho or Nyuganben: The Practice of Hanaoka's Breast Cancer Surgery in 1811.

In 1811, Ryozo Chiba (1789-1861) from Sendai Province enrolled in a private school of Shunrinken, presided by Seishu Hanaoka and wrote up a manuscript titled Nanki Seishu Sensei Nyugan Chyutu Koju (the title on the first page is Ben-nyugansho narabini Chiho Soko) in August 1811, only 6 months after enrollment. The manuscript describes Hanaoka's teachings about breast cancer surgery; signs and symptoms of breast cancer, differential diagnosis, preoperative care, administration of Mafutsusan, operative procedures, hemostatic techniques, wound suture; wound dressing, recovery from anesthesia with Mafutsusan, postoperative care, and prescriptions of drugs for internal and external use. After repeated transcriptions and the addition of various papers on other subjects, the title of the manuscript changed to Nyuganbenshio or Nyuganben. Chiba's original manuscript is considered important because the transcriber and the year of transcription of the manuscript are identified, and it unfolds the practice of Hanaoka's breast canicer surgery as of 1811.

[Premedication, preoperative and postoperative visits. Importance as reflected in anaesthesiology textbooks]. / Prämedikation, prä- und postoperative Visite. Bedeutung im Spiegel der Anästhesie-Lehrbücher.

Proceeding from German and English language textbooks on anaesthesia as sources, this article asks what concepts of preoperative and postoperative visits have dominated since 1880 and what types of premedication have been preferred. The idea of obligatory premedication became widespread in the first third of the twentieth century. The premedication approach was gradually supplanted by concepts of anaesthesia introduction (basal anaesthesia). The preoperative visit was usually a separate topic in the textbooks and the focus was on the patient's psyche. Much less attention was devoted to the postoperative visit. The current emphasis on the postoperative visit in the framework of perioperative anaesthesia is barely dealt with at all in the textbooks that were consulted.

A history of the PACU.

The specialized intense nursing care provided in the PACU is now well recognized as crucial to optimize outcomes for the patient undergoing modern anesthesia and surgical techniques. However, this fact has not always been recognized. Although anesthetic techniques have evolved since the mid-1800s, the widespread establishment of PACUs only began about 50 years ago, shortly after World War II. This article provides an historical review of the development of the PACU in the United States.

Special article: physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the esophageal function. 1999.

Pneumonectomy is associated with gross anatomic and physiologic changes of the esophagus. So far, only a few studies have examined the influences of anatomic changes of the esophagus and the resulting physiologic consequences. When pneumonectomy is performed without pulmonary replacement, the esophagus is displaced to the side of pneumonectomy and posteriorly. Indentation of the esophagus by the trachea, bronchus, or aortic arch and dilatation at various levels are present. After pneumonectomy, the peak amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions is reduced. This feature is more pronounced in patients who are more than 60 years old and in patients who had their pneumonectomy performed more than 6 years ago. Injury of the vagal nerves, local ischemia, scarring of the esophagus and mediastinum after surgery, and disturbance of the autonomic nervous systems are the major reasons leading to esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying. Despite the severe morphologic and physiologic changes of the esophagus observed after pneumonectomy, few patients complain of gastrointestinal symptoms after pneumonectomy. Esophageal functional abnormalities may be present in patients with lung cancers before pneumonectomy because of a close anatomic relationship between the esophageal vagal nerve supply and the pulmonary hilum, making the vagal nerves susceptible to disturbances by the tumors or by involved hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. After pneumonectomy, esophageal dysmotility is exaggerated. After recipient pneumonectomy for thoracic organ transplantation, esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying are common, but their relationship to gastroesophageal reflux, chronic aspiration, or subsequent development of bronchiectasis and obliterative bronchiolitis is controversial. To reduce the incidence of esophageal dysmotility after pneumonectomy, every effort should be made during surgery to prevent direct injury of the esophagus or the vagal nerves. A prospective study involving a larger patient population is needed to precisely define the problem and its management.

The history of enteral nutrition therapy: from raw eggs and nasal tubes to purified amino acids and early postoperative jejunal delivery.

Although enteral feeding therapy has existed since ancient Egypt, most of the major advances in enteral feeding techniques and formulas took place during the 20th century, including postpyloric tube placement in 1910; continuous and controlled delivery of liquid nutrition in 1916; feeding during surgery and modification of macronutrients in 1918; feeding via a pump in 1930; recognition of the importance of nutrition therapy during injury recovery and the addition of micronutrients and early postoperative feeding in 1940; the introduction of commercial products during the 1950s with chemically defined formulas following a decade later; and the development of modern formulas during the 1970s. The purpose of this review is to provide a historical account of enteral nutrition, including modes and routes of delivery, types of diet, and refinements in delivery techniques and formulas and to offer the history of the therapy as a resource for developing and improving enteral feeding techniques and therapies and implementing optimal patient care strategies.