RESUMEN
Infections in pregnancy are common, and although often not harmful to the woman or her unborn child, some infections may be associated with severe adverse outcomes. Pregnancy causes physiological and immunological adaptations which may make pregnant women more susceptible to infections and at increased risk of more severe illness. Infections in pregnancy represent a challenging area of concern for many specialists and general practitioners. Center for Pregnancy and Infection was developed to enhance knowledge, diagnosis, treatment, and care for pregnant women with infection in Denmark, as pointed out in this review.
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Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Humanos , Embarazo , Femenino , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis with worldwide prevalence that causes dermal lesions and can be serious in humans. This report presents a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) that was apparently associated with a zoonotic transmission in a peri-urban area of the city of Portoviejo, Ecuador, close to mountainous and forested sites. CASE REPORT For 37 years, we have studied transmission of leishmaniasis in Ecuador, and have seen a wide variety of clinical presentations of the disease caused by different strains of the parasite Leishmania in patients, including pregnant women, without marked difference among them. CL without complications causes painless lesions of different clinical aspect. The present study reports a case of a 25-year-old woman presenting with severely inflamed, disseminated, and painful lesions of CL. The patient was not given antimonial treatment; however, local cryotherapy was given, together with topical anti-inflammatory and antibiotic ointment. All the lesions were observed to heal, and no amastigotes were found in smear stains after clinical healing. Since there was no reactivation after 1.5 years of follow-up, conventional antileishmanial treatment with meglumine antimoniate was not given to the patient. CONCLUSIONS This report shows the importance of a properly done epidemiological and clinical presumtive diagnosis, followed by parasitological confirmation, and the benefit of using an alternative treatment for vulnerable patients, such as this pregnant woman, for whom the therapy with pentavalent antimonials is not indicated. All observed lesions healed and no amastigotes were found in the smears after clinical healing.
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Leishmaniasis Cutánea , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Embarazo , Ecuador , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a chronic and endemic illness caused by infection with a parasite called Echinococcus granulosus. In Romania, this disease has an incidence rate of 5.6 per 100,000 individuals, which is the highest in the Dobrogea region. The liver is the most affected site, accounting for 68.8% of cases, followed by the lungs at 17.2%. While cases of hydatid disease in the genital organs are rare, occurring at an incidence rate of only 0.5%, it is worth noting that cases of this disease in pregnancy worldwide are also rare, occurring at an incidence rate of 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000 pregnancies. CASE REPORT: A 15-year-old Eastern-European woman who was 12 weeks pregnant presented to the emergency room with acute pelvic pain, dysuria, and frequent urination. Her laboratory tests showed that she had a urinary tract infection, and pelvic ultrasound revealed that she had a mass on her right adnexa. Despite receiving treatment, her symptoms did not improve, and she had to undergo surgery to remove the mass, which turned out to be a hydatic cyst. She also had to undergo a cesarean section to deliver her baby owing to fetal distress during labor. CONCLUSIONS: This medical case report provides a detailed description of a pelvic hydatid cyst that was discovered during pregnancy. What makes this case particularly noteworthy is the cyst's unusual location-it was found at the level of the right broad ligament of the uterus. Despite the complexity of the situation, the patient was able to receive effective treatment and the cyst was successfully managed with great outcomes for both the patient and the newborn. We hope that this report serves as a valuable example of how medical professionals can navigate challenging cases and provide optimal care for their patients.
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Equinococosis , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Equinococosis/diagnóstico , Equinococosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Equinococosis/cirugía , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Cesárea , Enfermedades de los Anexos/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Anexos/diagnóstico , Ultrasonografía , Albendazol/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The main social impact of toxoplasmosis stems from its ability to be vertically transmitted. Postnatally acquired infection is generally asymptomatic in approximately 70-90% of cases, making diagnosis often dependent on laboratory tests using serological methods to search for anti-T. gondii antibodies. This study aimed to investigate the ability of the VIDAS TOXO IgG avidity and VIDAS TOXO IgM assays to confirm recent toxoplasmosis. In total, 341 pregnant women with suspected acute toxoplasmosis were systematically monitored in the Program for Control of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We conducted an observational analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study and grouped according to clinical and laboratory criteria as having acute or chronic toxoplasmosis. The VIDAS TOXO IgG avidity and VIDAS TOXO IgM assays were evaluated to investigate the capacity to identify acute infection. IgG avidity showed good performance in identifying acute toxoplasmosis when the IgG avidity index was lower than or equal to 0.1. Values greater than or equal to 3.16 according to the TOXO IgM kit were associated with a greater chance of acute infection. These results may contribute to a more adequate diagnosis of acute gestational toxoplasmosis and, consequently, the avoidance of inadequate or unnecessary treatments.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Afinidad de Anticuerpos , Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Toxoplasmosis Congénita , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Toxoplasmosis Congénita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis Congénita/inmunología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/inmunología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/inmunología , Adulto Joven , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Rarer causes of acute pancreatitis may be considered in certain settings, such as parasitism in endemic regions. This report describes a pregnant female (second trimester) in her 20s who presented with 3-day steady epigastric pain radiating to the back and passage of worm from the mouth. She was diagnosed with mild acute pancreatitis, given a significantly elevated serum lipase and absence of organ failures. Fecalysis showed Ascaris lumbricoides ova; hence, she was treated with mebendazole. Plain MR cholangiopancreatography showed an 842 mL necrotic pancreatic fluid collection and tubular flow void foci within the gallbladder and duodenum consistent with helminthiasis. The patient was managed conservatively in the absence of indications for drainage. The abdominal pain remarkably improved, and she underwent eventual vacuum-assisted delivery to a healthy term baby 4 months after the bout of acute pancreatitis.
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Ascariasis , Ascaris lumbricoides , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante , Humanos , Femenino , Ascariasis/diagnóstico , Ascariasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ascariasis/complicaciones , Embarazo , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/diagnóstico , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/parasitología , Animales , Ascaris lumbricoides/aislamiento & purificación , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Mebendazol/uso terapéutico , Dolor Abdominal/etiología , Dolor Abdominal/parasitología , Pancreatocolangiografía por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
Introduction: Depressive syndrome (DS) is a common complication during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and is triggered by multiple organic/genetic and environmental factors. Clinical and biochemical follow-up is essential for the early diagnosis and prognosis of DS. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii causes infectious damage to the fetus during parasite primary-infection. However, in long-term infections, pregnant women develop immune protection to protect the fetus, although they remain susceptible to pathological or inflammatory effects induced by T. gondii. This study aimed to investigate plasma inflammatory biomarkers in pregnant women seropositive and seronegative for T. gondii, with diagnoses of minor and moderate/severe DS. Methods: Pregnant women (n=45; age=18-39 years) were recruited during prenatal care at health centers in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Participants were asked to complete a socio-demographic questionnaire to be submitted to well-standardized DS scale calculators (Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Major Depressive Episode Module). Additionally, 4 mL of blood was collected for plasma neuroserpin, CCL2, IL-17A, and IL-33 analysis. Results: Pregnant volunteers with chronic T. gondii contact were all IgG+ (44%; n=21) and exhibited increased plasma IL-33, IL-17A, and neuroserpin levels, but not CCL2, compared to uninfected pregnant women. Using Beck's depression inventory, we observed an increase in plasma IL-17A and IL-33 in women with T. gondii infeCction diagnosed with mild DS, whereas neuroserpin was associated with minor and moderate/severe DS. Discussion: Our data suggest a close relationship between DS in pregnant women with chronic T. gondii infection and neurological conditions, which may be partially mediated by plasma neuroserpin, IL-33, and IL-17A levels.
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Biomarcadores , Interleucina-17 , Interleucina-33 , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Interleucina-17/sangre , Adulto , Toxoplasmosis/sangre , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/psicología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Interleucina-33/sangre , Adulto Joven , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Adolescente , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/sangre , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Depresión/sangre , Depresión/inmunología , Depresión/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Malaria in pregnancy remains a major public health problem in the globe, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In malaria endemic areas, most pregnant women remain asymptomatic, but malaria could still cause complications on the mother and her offspring; as well as serve as reservoirs to transmit infection. Despite these effects, no attention is given to the diagnosis of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections (APIs) using highly sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic tools in Ethiopia. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect APIs among pregnant women. METHODS: A health facility based cross -sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Fendeka town health facilities Jawi district, northwest Ethiopia from February to March, 2019. A total of 166 participants were enrolled by using convenient sampling technique. Socio-demographic features were collected using a semi structured questionnaire. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected for molecular analysis. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection on pregnant women was diagnosed using RDT, microscopy and RT-PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of APIs. Method comparison was performed, and Cohen's kappa coefficient (k) was used to determine the degree of agreement among the diagnostic methods. Parasite densities were also calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of API was 9.6%, 11.4% and 18.7% using RDT, microscopy and RT-PCR, respectively. The overall proportion of API was 19.3%. Sensitivity of the RDT was 83.3% as compared with microscopy. Rapid Diagnostic Test and microscopy also showed sensitivity of 50% and 60%, respectively, as compared with RT-PCR. The mean parasite density was 3213 parasites/µl for P falciparum and 1140 parasites/µl of blood for P. vivax. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of API in the study area was high. Both RDT and microscopy had lower sensitivity when compared with RT-PCR. Therefore, routine laboratory diagnosis of API among pregnant women should be given attention and done with better sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic tools.
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Infecciones Asintomáticas , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Microscopía , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Etiopía/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Adulto Joven , Infecciones Asintomáticas/epidemiología , Microscopía/métodos , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina/métodos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Adolescente , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/parasitología , Malaria/diagnóstico , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Prevalencia , Plasmodium falciparum/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Malaria Falciparum/diagnóstico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Malaria Falciparum/parasitologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The study evaluated sub-microscopic malaria infections in pregnancy using two malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (mRDTs), microscopy and RT-PCR and characterized Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) and Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (Pfdhps) drug resistant markers in positive samples. METHODS: This was a cross sectional survey of 121 pregnant women. Participants were finger pricked, blood drops were collected for rapid diagnosis with P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 11 rapid diagnostic test kit and the ultra-sensitive Alere Pf malaria RDT, Blood smears for microscopy and dried blood spots on Whatman filter paper for molecular analysis were made. Real time PCR targeting the var acidic terminal sequence (varATS) gene of P. falciparum was carried out on a CFX 96 real time system thermocycler (BioRad) in discriminating malaria infections. For each run, laboratory strain of P. falciparum 3D7 and nuclease free water were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Additionally, High resolution melt analyses was employed for genotyping of the different drug resistance markers. RESULTS: Out of one hundred and twenty-one pregnant women sampled, the SD Bioline™ Malaria Ag P.f HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) detected eight (0.06%) cases, the ultra-sensitive Alere™ malaria Ag P.f rapid diagnostic test mRDT had similar outcome in the same samples as detected by the HRP2-based mRDT. Microscopy and RT-PCR confirmed four out of the eight infections detected by both rapid diagnostic tests as true positive and RT-PCR further detected three false negative samples by the two mRDTs providing a sub-microscopic malaria prevalence of 3.3%. Single nucleotide polymorphism in Pfdhps gene associated with sulphadoxine resistance revealed the presence of S613 mutant genotypes in three of the seven positive isolates and isolates with mixed wild/mutant genotype at codon A613S. Furthermore, four mixed genotypes at the A581G codon were also recorded while the other Pfdhps codons (A436G, A437G and K540E) showed the presence of wild type alleles. In the Pfdhfr gene, there were mutations in 28.6%, 28.6%, and 85.7% at the I51, R59 and N108 codons respectively. Mixed wild and mutant type genotypes were also observed in 28.6% each of the N51I, and C59R codons. For the Pfcrt, two haplotypes CVMNK and CVIET were observed. The SVMNT was altogether absent. Triple mutant CVIET 1(14.3%) and triple mutant + wild genotype CVIET + CVMNK 1(14.3%) were observed. The Pfmdr1 haplotypes were single mutants YYND 1(14.3%); NFND 1(14.3%) and double mutants YFND 4(57.1%); YYDD 1(14.3%).
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Malaria Falciparum , Plasmodium falciparum , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Femenino , Humanos , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/diagnóstico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Embarazo , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Nigeria/epidemiología , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Alelos , Adulto Joven , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/parasitología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/genética , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Dihidropteroato Sintasa/genética , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted in utero, resulting in fetal chorioretinitis and other long-term neurological outcomes. If diagnosed early, pregnancy-safe chemotherapeutics can prevent vertical transmission. Unfortunately, diagnosis of acute, primary infection among pregnant women remains neglected, particularly in low-and-middle-income countries. Clinically actionable diagnosis is complex due to the commonality of infection during childhood and early adulthood which spawn long-last antibody titers and historically unreliable direct molecular diagnostics. The current study employed a cross-sectional T. gondii perinatal surveillance study using digital PCR, a next generation molecular diagnostic platform, and a maternal-fetal outcomes survey to ascertain the risk of vertical toxoplasmosis transmission in the Western Region of El Salvador. Of 198 enrolled mothers at the time of childbirth, 6.6% had evidence of recent T. gondii infection-85% of these cases were identified using digital PCR. Neonates born to these acutely infected mothers were significantly more likely to meconium aspiration syndrome and mothers were more likely to experience labor and delivery complications. Multivariable logistic regression found higher maternal T. gondii infection odds were associated with the presence of pet cats, the definitive T. gondii host. In closing, this study provides evidence of maternal T. gondii infection, vertical transmission and deleterious fetal outcomes in a vulnerable population near the El Salvador-Guatemala border. Further, this is the first published study to show clinical utility potential of digital PCR for accurate diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis cases.
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Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , El Salvador/epidemiología , Embarazo , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Recién Nacido , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/transmisión , Toxoplasmosis/parasitología , Adulto Joven , Gatos , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/parasitología , Animales , Toxoplasmosis Congénita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis Congénita/epidemiología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis. Available literature is still conflicting regarding the incidence of recurrence during pregnancy as various calculations were employed in the different published studies. Although earlier reports have suggested a difference in presentation and an increase in severity during pregnancy, newer studies appear to show otherwise. Further diagnostic testing, including serologic and intraocular fluid sampling, may be indicated to increase the diagnostic accuracy in this special population of patients. The management of ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is challenging as the foetus is additionally considered in the choice of treatment. Traditionally preferred anti-toxoplasmosis regimens containing antifolate drugs, such as pyrimethamine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cannot be used routinely in pregnant patients, especially during the first trimester. This review includes literature on alternative treatments for ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, including spiramycin and intravitreal treatment options.
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Toxoplasmosis Ocular , Humanos , Toxoplasmosis Ocular/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasmosis Ocular/diagnóstico , Embarazo , Femenino , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Espiramicina/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Inyecciones IntravítreasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Malaria during pregnancy can cause serious consequences including maternal anemia and low birthweight (LBW). Routine antenatal care (ANC) in Rwanda includes malaria symptom screening at each ANC visit. This cluster randomized controlled trial investigated whether adding intermittent screening with a malaria rapid diagnostic test at each routine ANC visit and treatment of positives during pregnancy (ISTp) is more effective than routine ANC for reducing malaria prevalence at delivery. METHODS: Between September 2016 and June 2018, pregnant women initiating ANC at 14 health centers in Rwanda were enrolled into ISTp or control arms. All women received an insecticide-treated bed net at enrollment. Hemoglobin concentration, placental and peripheral parasitemia, newborn outcome, birthweight, and prematurity were assessed at delivery. RESULTS: Nine hundred seventy-five women were enrolled in ISTp and 811 in the control group. Routine ANC plus ISTp did not significantly reduce polymerase chain reaction-confirmed placental malaria compared to control (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.94 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .59-1.50]; P = .799). ISTp had no impact on anemia (aRR, 1.08 [95% CI, .57-2.04]; P = .821). The mean birthweight of singleton newborns was not significantly different between arms (3054 g vs 3096 g, P = .395); however, women in the ISTp arm had a higher proportion of LBW (aRR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.02-2.49]; P = .042). CONCLUSIONS: This is the only study to compare ISTp to symptomatic screening at ANC in a setting where intermittent preventive treatment is not routinely provided. ISTp did not reduce the prevalence of malaria or anemia at delivery and was associated with an increased risk of LBW. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03508349.
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Anemia , Antimaláricos , Malaria , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Peso al Nacer , Rwanda/epidemiología , Placenta , Malaria/diagnóstico , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/prevención & control , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/epidemiología , Combinación de Medicamentos , Pirimetamina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Malaria infection during pregnancy is a significant public health problem that puts pregnant women at risk. Interruption of transmission of asymptomatic malaria among a population remained a challenge and the host serves as a reservoir for the malaria parasite; and is also recognized as a major barrier to malaria elimination. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among pregnant women in the Boset District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in pregnant women from February to March 2022. Using multistage sample techniques, 328 asymptomatic pregnant women were enrolled. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A rapid test and Giemsa-stained blood smear microscopy were used to diagnose Plasmodium infections. Epi info version 7 was used to code, enter, and clean data before being uploaded to SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were employed to find the associated factors. Variables in the multivariable model with a p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria. RESULTS: Of the total 328 pregnant women who participated in this study, 9(2.74%) and 10(3.05%) were confirmed to be infected with Plasmodium species by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Asymptomatic malaria during pregnancy was found to be significantly associated with not using an insecticide-treated bed net [(P = 0.002, AOR: 9.61; 95% CI (2.22-41.53)], lack of consultation and health education about malaria prevention during Antenatal care attendance [(P = 0.04, AOR: 4.05; 95% CI (1.02, 16.05)], and living close stagnant water [(P = 0.02, AOR: 4.43; 95% CI (1.17,16.82)]. CONCLUSIONS: The current study showed that asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in pregnant women. Not using insecticide-treated bed nets, inadequate health education during antenatal care, and living close to stagnant water are significantly associated with malaria infection. Thus, using insecticide-treated bed nets, health education, and avoiding stagnant water from residential areas could play significant roles in preventing asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women in the study area.
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Malaria , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Mujeres Embarazadas , Estudios Transversales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/complicacionesRESUMEN
Background Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) is a major public health problem due to the vulnerability of pregnant women to infections, resulting in adverse maternal/foetal outcomes in endemic areas. Methods We did a field-based study to assess the burden of MIP (prevalence at the time of enrolment and follow-up) and to identify risk factors for MIP in the Birsa and Baihar blocks of district Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh, which have perennial malaria transmission. Malaria screening (during 2015-2017) was done by microscopy and bivalent rapid diagnostic test (SD Bioline RDT, malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium vivax Pf/Pv). Dried blood spots were used for haemoglobin estimation. Sociodemographic details with past and present pregnancy status were obtained. A subset of pregnant women were followed up for malaria during pregnancy. Women were also screened for malaria post delivery. Malaria treatment was given as per the National Guidelines of 2013. Multivariate analysis was done to assess independent risk factors for malaria. Results A total of 1728 pregnant women were screened, of which 1651 were included in the final analysis. Malaria prevalence at first screening was 23.4% (Pf 88%). Prevalence and Pf parasitaemia both were significantly higher among primigravid (G1) compared to multigravid (G>2; p value 0.012 and 0.019, respectively). Pregnant women of the Baiga ethnic group were more likely to have malaria compared to those belonging to the Gond group (OR [95% CI]; 2.4 [1.7-3.4]; p<0.00001) and non-indigenous group (OR [95% CI]; 8.3 [3.9-19.7]; p<0.00001). Primigravid status of women, first and second trimester of pregnancy, women belonging to indigenous ethnic tribal group and cash crop insufficiency for whole year (a socioeconomic indicator) in the family were the independent risk factors for malaria. Conclusion MIP is a major public health problem in forested tribal settlements of Birsa and Baihar blocks of Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and requires immediate intervention.
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Malaria Falciparum , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , India/epidemiología , Adulto , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/prevención & control , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Malaria Falciparum/diagnóstico , Malaria Falciparum/prevención & control , Adulto Joven , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/diagnóstico , Bosques , Adolescente , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Plasmodium falciparum/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Objective: In this study, it was aimed to retrospectively evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM and avidity index results of patients who were requested for Toxoplasma serology in our hospital between 01.01.2017 and 31.12.2021. Methods: Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are studied with Abbott Architect I2000 SR device that using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method (CMIA), according to the company's recommendations. The age, gender, nationality, sending clinic/polyclinic, and pregnancy status information of patients were scanned from the hospital system. Results: In the five-year period between 2017 and 2021, 29.58% of anti-Toxoplasma IgG tests requested from 12694 patients and 0.94% of anti-Toxoplasma IgM tests sent from 12546 patients were found positive. It is striking that the number of test requests is higher in women. IgG positivity is highest in women in the age group of 30-39 (9.97%), and in men in the age group of 60-69 (6.97%). IgM positivity is higher in both women and men in the 20-29 age group (0.48% and 0.38%, respectively). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG was positive in 27.78% and IgM in 0.64% of the pregnant women. IgG positivity in Turkish and Syrian pregnant women were determined as 25.88%; 47.10% and IgM positivity as 0.49% and 1.83%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our anti-Toxoplasma antibody positivity was found to be compatible with studies conducted in different centers in our country. The fact that IgM positivity in women is high in the 20-29 age group, which is the childbearing age, emphasizes the importance of screening before and during pregnancy. Consistent with other studies in the literature, the rate of seropositivity in Syrian pregnant women was found to be higher than Turkish. This is important in terms of showing the effect of socio-cultural behaviors on prevalence.
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Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Femenino , Hospitales , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la exactitud de gota gruesa (GG) frente a la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) cuantitativa para la malaria asociada al embarazo (MAE). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de pruebas diagnósticas en nueve bases de datos. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica con QUADAS. Se estimó sensibilidad, especificidad, cociente de probabilidad positivo (CPP) y negativo (CPN), razón de odds diagnóstica (ORD) y área bajo la curva ROC. Se determinó la heterogeneidad con el estadístico Q de Der Simonian-Laird y la incertidumbre con el porcentaje de peso de cada estudio sobre el resultado global. Resultados. Se incluyeron diez estudios con 5691 gestantes, 1415 placentas y 84 neonatos. En los estudios con nPCR (PCR anidada) y qPCR (PCR cuantitativa) como estándar, los resultados de exactitud diagnóstica fueron estadísticamente similares, con sensibilidad muy baja (50 y 54%, respectivamente), alta especificidad (99% en ambos casos), alto CPP y deficiente CPN. Usando nPCR la OR diagnóstica fue 162 (IC95%=66-401) y el área bajo la curva ROC fue 95%, mientras que con qPCR fueron 231 (IC95%=27-1951) y 78%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Mediante un protocolo exhaustivo se demostró el bajo desarrollo de investigaciones sobre la exactitud diagnóstica de la GG en MAE. Se demostró que la microscopía tiene un desempeño deficiente para el diagnóstico de infecciones asintomáticas o de baja parasitemia, lo que afianza la importancia de implementar otro tipo de técnicas en el seguimiento y control de las infecciones por malaria en las gestantes, con el fin de lograr el control y posible eliminación de la MAE.
ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of thick smear (TS) versus quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM). Materials and methods. We carried out a systematic review of diagnostic tests in nine databases. Methodological quality was evaluated with QUADAS. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under the ROC curve were estimated. Heterogeneity was determined with the Der Simonian-Laird Q method and uncertainty with the weighted percentage of each study on the overall result. Results. We included 10 studies with 5691 pregnant women, 1415 placentas and 84 neonates. In the studies with nested PCR (nPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) as the standard, the diagnostic accuracy results were statistically similar, with very low sensitivity (50 and 54%, respectively), high specificity (99% in both cases), high PLR and poor NLR. When nPCR was used, the DOR was 162 (95%CI=66-401) and the area under the ROC curve was 95%, while with qPCR it was 231 (95%CI=27-1951) and 78%, respectively. Conclusions. We demonstrated that research on the diagnostic accuracy of TS in PAM is limited. Microscopy showed poor performance in the diagnosis of asymptomatic or low parasitemia infections, which reinforces the importance of implementing other types of techniques for the follow-up and control of malaria infections in pregnant women, in order to achieve the control and possible elimination of PAM.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/normas , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos/normas , Malaria/diagnóstico , Placenta/parasitología , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/parasitologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Malaria is one of the major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. It contributes significantly to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in affected countries. This study aims to evaluate the impact of enhanced case detection using molecular testing called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) on birth outcomes in a prospective study design. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A pragmatic randomised diagnostic outcomes trial will be conducted in several health institutes in different Ethiopian regions. Women (n=2583) in their first and second trimesters of pregnancy will be included in the study and individually randomised to the standard of care or enhanced case detection arms, and followed until delivery. Enrolment will encompass the malaria peak transmission seasons. In the standard of care arm, a venous blood sample will be collected for malaria diagnosis only in symptomatic patients. In contrast, in the intervention arm, mothers will be tested by a commercially available Conformité Européene (CE)-approved LAMP malaria test, microscopy and rapid diagnostic test for malaria regardless of their symptoms at each antenatal care visit. The primary outcome of the study is to measure birth weight. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the following ethical research boards: Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT Ethics Review Committee (FORM AF-10-015.1, Protocol number PO/05/20), the Ethiopia Ministry of Science and Higher Education National Research Ethics Review Committee (approval SRA/11.7/7115/20), the Ethiopia Food and Drug Administration (approval 02/25/33/I), UCalgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board (REB21-0234). The study results will be shared with the institutions and stakeholders such as the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, the Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics, WHO's Multilateral initiative on Malaria - Tropical Diseases Research (TDR-MIM), Roll Back Malaria and the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium. The study results will also be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03754322.
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Malaria , Tamizaje Masivo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Malaria/diagnóstico , Malaria/terapia , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Ensayos Clínicos Pragmáticos como Asunto , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/terapia , Estudios Prospectivos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , TecnologíaRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to describe the heterogeneity of the humoral immune response and pregnancy outcomes in infected women during an outbreak of toxoplasmosis. Forty-two pregnant women referred to the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM), RS, Brazil in 2018 and 2019, were evaluated. Clinical symptoms were reported in 33.3% of the patients. The majority (64.3%) of symptomatic pregnant women had anti T. gondii IgM antibodies index >7.0. Considering asymptomatic pregnant women, 46.4% presented antibodies IgM index below 3.0. Anti T. gondii IgG low avidity antibodies are present in 23.5% of pregnant women with a IgM index <3.0. Three newborns had the congenital form of the infection, and of these, only 1 had a positive IgM result. The serological response detected at the time of diagnosis of the infection is heterogeneous, which can make it difficult to interpret the tests, due to the presence of non-classical serological profiles.
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Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Toxoplasma , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Brasil/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Mujeres EmbarazadasRESUMEN
For postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT), the gold standard for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgM in newborns relies on the immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA), which is manufactured from whole Toxoplasma parasites that become difficult to maintain. For IgG, only the Platelia assay provides a validated assay for cord blood according to the manufacturer, allowing its use in this context. We compared the analytical performance of four commercialized automated assays, Platelia, Abbott, Vidas, and Liaison, for the detection of IgG and IgM in the cord blood or peripheral blood of newborns from women infected during pregnancy. The assays were performed on samples from 509 newborns, collected from the university hospitals of Montpellier, Nîmes, and Toulouse. For IgM, the four assays appeared to be sufficiently informative to be used for congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosis (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.8, receiver operating characteristic [ROC] analysis), with Platelia showing the best performance, similar to ISAGA with regard to accuracy (83%). For the Vidas (76%), Abbott (75%), and Liaison (74%) assays, the accuracy was significantly lower. Maternal treatment significantly decreased the sensitivity of all the assays. For IgG, the four evaluated assays showed a sensitivity of over 90%, with Abbott (95%) and Liaison (94%), exhibiting a significantly higher sensitivity than Platelia (90%). Furthermore, Abbott showed its superiority in the cases of maternal infection during the third trimester. In the context of the newborns of mothers infected by Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy, to ensure efficient care, Platelia and Abbott seemed to be the most suitable reference tests for the detection of IgM for the former and IgG for the latter.
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Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Congénita , Toxoplasmosis , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis Congénita/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MIP)-associated adverse outcomes in high burden areas. However, the efficacy of IPTp-SP has decreased in step with increasing parasite drug resistance. Suitable alternative strategies are needed. METHODS: This is a protocol for a phase IIIb open-label, two-armed randomized controlled superiority trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a hybrid approach to IPTp combining screening and treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) to the current IPTp-SP regimen at the first antenatal care clinic visit. Pregnant women without HIV infection and without signs or symptoms of malaria will be randomized to either standard IPTp-SP or hybrid IPTp-SP plus screening and treatment (IPTp-SP+). In the IPTp-SP+ arm, participants who screen positive by rapid diagnostic test for P. falciparum will be treated with DP at the first antenatal visit while those who screen negative will receive SP per current guidelines. All participants will be administered SP on days 35 and 63 and will be actively followed biweekly up to day 63 and then monthly until delivery. Infants will be followed until 1 year after delivery. The primary endpoint is incident PCR-confirmed MIP at day 42. Secondary endpoints include incident MIP at other time points, placental malaria, congenital malaria, hemoglobin trends, birth outcomes, and incidence of adverse events in infants up to the first birthday. DISCUSSION: A hybrid approach to IPTp that combines screening and treatment with an artemisinin-based combination therapy at the first visit with standard IPTp-SP is hypothesized to confer added benefit over IPTp-SP alone in a high malaria transmission area with prevalent SP resistant parasites. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Pan African Clinical Trials Registry 201905721140808 . Registered retrospectively on 11 May 2019.