Gene Expression of Promyelocytic Leukemia Proteins and IFN-γ Is Reduced in Rotavirus-Infected Children

Background: Rotavirus infection is one of the most common gastroenteritis in the world, and a million cases are registered to enter hospital every year. Promyelocytic leukemia proteins (PMLs) are IFN-up-regulated proteins, and one of their critical functions is working as antiviral proteins. Recently, promyelocytic leukemia isoform II (PML-II) has been depicted as an isoform responsible for the antiviral function. Methods: Rotavirus prevalence determination was achieved by PCR and Rapid Adeno/Rota Virus test, while the relative expression assay was carried out by real-time PCR technique. Blood and stool samples were collected from 34 children under five years admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis showing signs of dehydration. RNA samples were extracted from blood specimens and converted to cDNA to be used in gene expression analysis of PML, PML-II, and IFN-γ in rotavirus positive or negative samples. Results: Rapid Adeno/Rota Virus Antigen Combo Test and PCR assay could detect the virus in stool samples in 45% and 17.6% of cases, respectively. PML in positive samples decreased to 104fold less than the level in negative ones. The same trend was noticed in the level of IFN-γ and PML-II expression as their expression reduced to 104 or 13fold in rotavirus-infected samples compared to the control, respectively. Conclusion: Altogether, our data showed that the gene expression of PML, PML-II, and type II IFN considerably diminished in rotavirus-infected samples compared to the negative control.

Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML) gene regulation: implication towards curbing oncogenesis.

Dysregulation of PML, a significant tumor suppressor is linked with cancers of different histological origins, with a decreased expression observed with a higher tumor grade. This necessitates studying the mechanisms to maintain a stable expression of PML. However much less is known about the transcriptional regulation of PML, more so in the context of breast carcinoma. ERß has emerged as a critical factor in understanding breast cancer, especially since a huge proportion of breast cancers are ERα- and thus insensitive to tamoxifen therapy. This study aims to uncover an unidentified mechanism of PML gene regulation and its stabilization in breast cancer via ERß signalling and the impact on cellular apoptosis. We found that clinical expression of PML positively correlates with that of ERß both in normal and breast carcinoma samples and inversely correlates with markers of cellular proliferation, hinting towards a possible mechanistic interdependence. Both mRNA and protein expression of PML were increased in response to ERß overexpression on multiple human breast cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that ERß can interact with the PML promoter via ERE and AP1 sites to enhance its transcription. ERß induced stable PML expression causes a decline of its target protein Survivin and simultaneously provides a stable docking platform leading to stabilisation of its target Foxo3a, further causing transcriptional upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors p21 and p27. Immunohistochemical analyses of cancer and normal breast tissues and functional assays conducted corroborated the findings. Collectively, our study identifies ERß signalling as a novel mechanism for PML gene regulation in ERα- breast cancer. It also reveals bi-directional downstream effect in which 'ERß-PML-(Foxo3a/Survivin)' network acts as a therapeutic axis by suppressing cellular survival and promoting cellular apoptosis in breast carcinoma.

PML/RARA inhibits expression of HSP90 and its target AKT.

Essential for cell survival, the 90 kD Heat Shock Proteins (HSP90) are molecular chaperons required for conformational stabilization and trafficking of numerous client proteins. Functional HSP90 is required for the stability of AKT, a serine-threonine kinase phosphorylated in response to growth factor stimulation. AKT plays a crucial regulatory role in differentiation, cell cycle, transcription, translation, metabolism and apoptosis. Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is characterized by the presence of the promyelocytic leukaemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARA) fusion protein, which deregulates expression of several genes involved in differentiation and apoptosis. Here, we report inhibition of HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 isomer transcription in blasts isolated from patients with APL, associated with reduction of HSP90 protein expression and loss of control on AKT protein phosphorylation. We show that in vitro treatment of PML/RARA expressing cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) up-regulates HSP90 expression and stabilizes AKT. Addition of the HSP90-inhibitor 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in combination with ATRA, blocks upregulation of AKT protein, indicating that HSP90 is necessary for ATRA action on AKT. This is the first report proving that expression of HSP90 isomers are directly and differentially repressed by PML/RARA, with critical results on cellular homeostasis of target proteins, such as AKT, in APL blasts.

Mercury and arsenic attenuate canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Exposure to heavy metals can cause several diseases associated with the immune system. Although the effects of heavy metals on production of inflammatory cytokines have been previously studied, the role of heavy metals in inflammasome activation remains poorly studied. The inflammasome is an intracellular multi-protein complex that detects intracellular danger signals, resulting in inflammatory responses such as cytokine maturation and pyroptosis. In this study, we elucidated the effects of four heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb), on the activation of NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes. In our results, mercury and arsenic inhibited interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 secretion resulting from canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and attenuated elevation of serum IL-1ß in response to LPS treatment in mice. In the mechanical studies, mercury interrupted production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, release of mitochondrial DNA, and activity of recombinant caspase-1, whereas arsenic down-regulated expression of promyelocytic leukemia protein. Both mercury and arsenic inhibited Asc pyroptosome formation and gasdermin D cleavage. Thus, we suggest that exposure to mercury and/or arsenic could disrupt inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses, which might cause unexpected side effects.

Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin via upregulation of PML.

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), a malignancy of lungs, is very aggressive and usually ends up with a dismal prognosis. Cisplatin (CDDP)-based systemic chemotherapy is the main pharmaceutical approach for treating NSCLC, but its effect is discounted by some hitherto unknown reasons. Thus, this study is dedicated to improving the efficacy of CDDP. Our results show that combining use of CDDP with CK2 siRNA or inhibitor is more efficient in suppressing cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis than use of CDDP alone. The underlying mechanism is that CDDP has two pathways to go: one is that it directly induces apoptosis and the other is that it activates CK2, which suppresses proapoptosis gene promyelocytic leukemia (PML). In conclusion, inhibiting CK2 can enhance sensitivity of CDDP to NSCLC cancer cells through PML.

Nuclear domain 10 components upregulated via interferon during human cytomegalovirus infection potently regulate viral infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised and immunonaïve individuals. Type I interferons (IFNs) are crucial molecules in the innate immune response to HCMV and are also known to upregulate several components of the interchromosomal multiprotein aggregates collectively referred to as nuclear domain 10 (ND10). In the context of herpesvirus infection, ND10 components are known to restrict gene expression. This raises the question as to whether key ND10 components (PML, Sp100 and hDaxx) act as anti-viral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) during HCMV infection. In this study, analysis of ND10 component transcription during HCMV infection demonstrated that PML and Sp100 were significantly upregulated whilst hDaxx expression remained unchanged. In cells engineered to block the production of, or response to, type I IFNs, upregulation of PML and Sp100 was not detected during HCMV infection. Furthermore, pre-treatment with an IFN-ß neutralizing antibody inhibited upregulation of PML and Sp100 during both infection and treatment with HCMV-infected cell supernatant. The significance of ND10 components functioning as anti-viral ISGs during HCMV infection was determined through knockdown of PML, Sp100 and hDaxx. ND10 knockdown cells were significantly more permissive to HCMV infection, as previously described but, in contrast to control cells, could support HCMV plaque formation following IFN-ß pre-treatment. This ability of HCMV to overcome the potently anti-viral effects of IFN-ß in ND10 expression deficient cells provides evidence that ND10 component upregulation is a key mediator of the anti-viral activity of IFN-ß.