Differential localizations of protein phosphatase 1 isoforms determine their physiological function in the heart.

Protein phosphatase 1 isoforms α, ß, and γ (PP1α, PP1ß, and PP1γ) are highly homologous in the catalytic domains but have distinct subcellular localizations. In this study, we utilized both primary cell culture and knockout mice to investigate the isoform-specific roles of PP1s in the heart. In both neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes, PP1ß was mainly localized in the nucleus, compared to the predominant presence of PP1α and PP1γ in the cytoplasm. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PP1α led to decreased phosphorylation of phospholamban, which was not influenced by overexpression of either PP1ß or PP1γ. Interestingly, only cardiac-specific knockout of PP1ß resulted in increased HDAC7 phosphorylation, consistent with the predominant nuclear localization of PP1ß. Functionally, deletion of either PP1 isoform resulted in reduced fractional shortening in aging mice, however only PP1ß deletion resulted in interstitial fibrosis in mice as early as 3 weeks of age. Deletion of neither PP1 isoform had any effect on pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by 2 weeks of pressure overload stimulation. Together, our data suggest that PP1 isoforms have differential localizations to regulate the phosphorylation of their specific substrates for the physiological function in the heart.

The disturbance of hippocampal CaMKII/PKA/PKC phosphorylation in early experimental diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Defining the impact of diabetes and related risk factors on brain cognitive function is critically important for patients with diabetes. AIMS: To investigate the alterations in hippocampal serine/threonine kinases signaling in the early phase of type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS: Early experimental diabetes mellitus was induced in rats with streptozotocin or streptozotocin/high fat. Changes in the phosphorylation of proteins were determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Our data showed a pronounced decrease in the phosphorylation of Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampi of both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats compared with age-matched control rats. Unexpectedly, we found a significant increase in the phosphorylation of synapsin I (Ser 603) and GluR1 (Ser 831) in the same experiment. In addition, aberrant changes in hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats were also found. Moreover, PP1α and PP2A protein levels were decreased in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic rats, but significantly up-regulated in type 2 diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: The disturbance of CaMKII/PKA/PKC phosphorylation in the hippocampus is an early change that may be associated with the development and progression of diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction.

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 α levels are paralleling olfactory memory formation in the CD1 mouse.

Although olfactory discrimination has already been studied in several mouse strains, data on protein levels linked to olfactory memory are limited. Wild mouse strains Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus domesticus and CD1 laboratory outbred mice were tested in a conditioned odor preference task and trained to discriminate between two odors, Rose and Lemon, by pairing one odor with a sugar reward. Six hours following the final test, mice were sacrificed and olfactory bulbs (OB) were taken for gel-based proteomics analyses and immunoblotting. OB proteins were extracted, separated by 2-DE and quantified using specific software (Proteomweaver). Odor-trained mice showed a preference for the previously rewarded odor suggesting that conditioned odor preference occurred. In CD1 mice levels, one out of 482 protein spots was significantly increased in odor-trained mice as compared with the control group; it was in-gel digested by trypsin and chymotrypsin and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-LC-MS/MS). The spot was unambiguously identified as serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-α catalytic subunit (PP-1A) and differential levels observed in gel-based proteomic studies were verified by immunoblotting. PP-1A is a key signalling element in synaptic plasticity and memory processes and is herein shown to be paralleling olfactory discrimination representing olfactory memory.

Proteomics analysis of the cardiac myofilament subproteome reveals dynamic alterations in phosphatase subunit distribution.

Myofilament proteins are responsible for cardiac contraction. The myofilament subproteome, however, has not been comprehensively analyzed thus far. In the present study, cardiomyocytes were isolated from rodent hearts and stimulated with endothelin-1 and isoproterenol, potent inducers of myofilament protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, cardiomyocytes were "skinned," and the myofilament subproteome was analyzed using a high mass accuracy ion trap tandem mass spectrometer (LTQ Orbitrap XL) equipped with electron transfer dissociation. As expected, a small number of myofilament proteins constituted the majority of the total protein mass with several known phosphorylation sites confirmed by electron transfer dissociation. More than 600 additional proteins were identified in the cardiac myofilament subproteome, including kinases and phosphatase subunits. The proteomic comparison of myofilaments from control and treated cardiomyocytes suggested that isoproterenol treatment altered the subcellular localization of protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56alpha. Immunoblot analysis of myocyte fractions confirmed that beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol decreased the B56alpha content of the myofilament fraction in the absence of significant changes for the myosin phosphatase target subunit isoforms 1 and 2 (MYPT1 and MYPT2). Furthermore, immunolabeling and confocal microscopy revealed the spatial redistribution of these proteins with a loss of B56alpha from Z-disc and M-band regions but increased association of MYPT1/2 with A-band regions of the sarcomere following beta-adrenergic stimulation. In summary, we present the first comprehensive proteomics data set of skinned cardiomyocytes and demonstrate the potential of proteomics to unravel dynamic changes in protein composition that may contribute to the neurohormonal regulation of myofilament contraction.

E275 and F276 in beta12-beta13 loop of protein phosphatase-1 resist Mn2+-mediated activation.

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is one of the most important Ser/Thr phosphatases in eukaryotic cells. G274, E275, and F276 are located at the tip of the beta12-beta13 loop of protein phosphatase-1. Without Mn2+, the basal activities and intrinsic fluorescence spectra of all single and double deletion mutants of G274, E275, and F276 were similar to those of PP1, but deletion mutants DeltaE275 and DeltaE275F276 showed hyperactivity and corresponding changes in intrinsic fluorescence spectra when Mn2+ was present. This suggests that the conformation transition resulting from the combined effect of mutation and Mn2+ accounts for the hyperactivity of mutants. These observations imply that E275 and F276 play a role in resisting enzyme activation by Mn2+ in PP1.

The nonconserved N-terminus of protein phosphatase 2B confers its properties to protein phosphatase 1.

The protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) and the protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B or calcineurin) catalytic subunit (CNA) contain nonconserved N-terminal regions followed by conserved phosphatase cores. To examine the role of the N-termini of these two phosphatases, we substituted the residues 1-8 of PP1c with residues 1-42 of CNA, which is designated CNA(1-42)-PP1(9-330). The activities of CNA(1-42)-PP1(9-330) were similar to those of PP2B and different from those of PP1. The chimera was at least fourfold less sensitive to inhibition by okadaic acid, but was stimulated by nickel ions and chlorogenic acid, characteristics of PP2B not of PP1. These observations suggest that the N-terminus of CNA shifts the properties of PP1 toward those of PP2B. Our findings provide evidence that the nonconserved N-terminus of PP2B not only functions as important regulatory domain but also confers itself particular characteristics. This region may be targeted for regulation of PP2B activities in vivo.

Analysis of posttranslational regulations in the Neurospora circadian clock.

Posttranslational modification of circadian clock proteins by phosphorylation is an essential regulatory process in the control of eukaryotic circadian clocks. In the Neurospora circadian clock, the key clock protein FREQUENCY (FRQ) is progressively phosphorylated. The phosphorylation of FRQ is regulated by both kinases and phosphatases, and the phosphorylation is important for regulating FRQ stability and its function in the circadian negative feedback loop. The degradation of FRQ is mediated by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. This article discusses posttranslational regulations of the Neurospora clock and describes the methods used in the studies of FRQ phosphorylation, FRQ kinases and phosphatases, and FRQ degradation.