La crisis sanitaria causada por la COVID-19 ha forzado una reorganización de los servicios de salud mental. El presente artículo describe una propuesta de reorganización aplicada en una unidad de salud mental infanto-juvenil (atención ambulatoria y comunitaria). Se exponen las estrategias concretas de intervención desarrolladas en las distintas fases de la pandemia según las medidas de restricción sanitarias y los distintos niveles de intervención requeridos (prevención, atención primaria y atención especializada). Además, se compara el número de visitas hechas durante el periodo de Marzo-Julio de 2020 con el mismo periodo en 2019. Concluimos que se ha producido una rápida adaptación del marco asistencial presencial a la metodología telemática mediante una reorganización flexible. Sin embargo, la disminución de la asistencia presencial y la cancelación de grupos terapéuticos han incrementado la presión asistencial notablemente. Se ha observado un incremento de conductas autolíticas y de problemas relacionados con la conducta alimentaria que deberán ser investigados en futuros estudios. (AU)
The heath crisis caused by COVID-19 has required a reorganization of mental health centers. This article describes the reorganization proposal that was applied in a child and adolescent mental health unit (outpatient and community care). The specific intervention strategies developed in the different phases of the pandemic are presented according to the sanitary restriction measures and the different levels of intervention required (prevention, primary care, and specialized care). In addition, the number of visits made during March-July 2020 is compared to the same period in 2019. We conclude that there has been a rapid adaptation from the face-to-face care framework to atelematic approach through a flexible reorganization. However, the decrease in face-to-face assistance and the cancellation of therapeutic groups have significantly increased the pressure of care. A rise in autolytic behaviors and eating pathologies has been observed that should be investigated in future studies. (AU)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Mental Health , Community Mental Health Centers/organization & administration , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Psychology, Clinical/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Pandemics , Spain
In France, one adolescent out of ten has already attempted suicide. In this population, suicide reattempts are frequent and significantly impact the vital, morbid and functional long-term prognosis. For about fifteen years, surveillance and brief contact intervention systems (SBCIS) have been used to complete the French suicide reattempt prevention arsenal for youth. The relevance of such strategy appears once the mental health service gap observed at this period of life is considered. In addition to prompting better coordination between the different professional stakeholders, the SBCIS help to alleviate the adolescent's help-seeking barriers, especially the ambivalence between conquest of autonomy and need for help. The first results from the French SBCIS dedicated to children and adolescents are encouraging. Although they have to deal with specific challenges, we argue that they relevantly complement and potentiate the already available prevention resources, thus optimizing the whole prevention system for suffering youth.
Monitoring, Physiologic , Preventive Psychiatry , Psychotherapy, Brief , Secondary Prevention , Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , France/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Monitoring, Physiologic/standards , Preventive Psychiatry/methods , Preventive Psychiatry/organization & administration , Preventive Psychiatry/statistics & numerical data , Program Evaluation , Psychology, Adolescent/methods , Psychology, Adolescent/organization & administration , Psychology, Adolescent/standards , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/standards , Psychotherapy, Brief/methods , Psychotherapy, Brief/organization & administration , Psychotherapy, Brief/standards , Psychotherapy, Brief/statistics & numerical data , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , Secondary Prevention/methods , Secondary Prevention/organization & administration , Secondary Prevention/standards , Secondary Prevention/statistics & numerical data , Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Treatment Outcome
Children's mental health (CMH) problems often recur. Following specialized mental health treatment, youth may require monitoring and follow-up. For these youth, primary health care is highly relevant, as family physicians (FPs) are the only professionals who follow patients across the lifespan. The current study gained multiple perspectives about (1) the role of FPs in caring for youth with ongoing/recurring CMH problems and (2) incorporating routine mental health monitoring into primary health care. A total of 33 interviews were conducted, including 10 youth (aged 12-15) receiving CMH care, 10 parents, 10 CMH providers, and 3 FPs. Using grounded theory methodology, a theme of FPs being "out of the loop" or not involved in their patient's CMH care emerged. Families perceived a focus on the medical model by their FPs and believed FPs lacked mental health expertise. Findings indicate a need for improved collaboration between CMH providers and FPs in caring for youth with ongoing CMH problems.
Attitude of Health Personnel , Interprofessional Relations , Mental Disorders , Parents/psychology , Physician-Patient Relations , Physicians, Family/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Health Personnel/psychology , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Mental Disorders/therapy , Mental Health , Middle Aged , Ontario , Primary Health Care , Professional-Patient Relations , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration
OBJECTIVES: Integrating a behavioral health consultant (BHC) into primary care is associated with improved patient outcomes, fewer medical visits, and increased provider satisfaction; however, few studies have evaluated the feasibility of this model from an operations perspective. Specifically, time and cost have been identified as barriers to implementation. Our study aimed to examine time spent, patient volume, and revenue generated during days when the on-site BHC was available compared with days when the consultant was not. METHODS: Data were collected across a 10-day period when a BHC provided services and 10 days when she was not available. Data included time stamps of patient direct care; providers' direct reports of problems raised; and a review of medical and administrative records, including billing codes and reimbursement. This study took place in a rural, stand-alone private pediatric primary care practice. The participants were five pediatric primary care providers (PCPs; two doctors of medicine, 1 doctor of osteopathy, 2 nurse practitioners) and two supervised doctoral students in psychology (BHCs). Pediatric patients (N = 668) and their parents also participated. RESULTS: On days when a BHC was present, medical providers spent 2 fewer minutes on average for every patient seen, saw 42% more patients, and collected $1142 more revenue than on days when no consultant was present. CONCLUSIONS: The time savings demonstrated on days when the consultant was available point to the efficiency and potential financial viability of this model. These results have important implications for the feasibility of hiring behavioral health professionals in a fee-for-service system. They have equally useful implications for the utility of moving to a bundled system of care in which collaborative practice is valued.
Patient Care Team/economics , Pediatrics/economics , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/economics , Primary Health Care/economics , Psychology, Child/economics , Child , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Pediatrics/organization & administration , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/economics , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Time Factors
This article reflects on service contributions upon receiving the 2016 Society of Pediatric Psychology Wright Ross Salk Distinguished Service Award. As the title implies, worker bees make service contributions for the overall benefit of the hive and colony. So too, the scientific discipline, clinical profession, and the Society of Pediatric Psychology need the service contributions of multiple individuals to survive and thrive. Many people have made professional contributions to benefit the field and its organizational home; many more worker bees will volunteer in the future to fill important service roles and sustain the hive. The article discusses lessons learned about service.
Awards and Prizes , Cooperative Behavior , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Societies, Scientific/organization & administration , Volunteers , Humans
Whether to address behavioral health issues in pediatric primary care is no longer debated; instead, we are challenged to determine "how" and who can best deliver services in an effective and sustainable manner. This commentary explores how pediatric psychology can contribute to this discussion by developing and evaluating innovative clinical models (such as a hybrid Collaborative Care/Primary Care Behavioral Health model) and expanding workforce and teaching initiatives.
Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Child , Cooperative Behavior , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/methods , Humans , Primary Health Care/methods , Psychology, Child/methods , United States
Interest in providing integrated psychological and medical services in pediatric primary care is growing rapidly. Efforts to incorporate psychological services into primary care settings are leading to new models and innovative approaches to evaluation and treatment in a variety of settings. Presently, there is a need to expand the empirical base for such work and to critically evaluate what is being done. The introduction to this special section discusses some of the background for the development of integrated care, and provides some context for the articles that follow. These articles address issues related to screening in integrated pediatric primary care, the variety of services provided in the context of integrated primary care, and outline the competencies needed for providing high-quality care in such settings. Suggestions for future research directions are provided.
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Community Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Mental Disorders , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Child , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/therapy , United States
Los efectos de los desastres sobre la salud física suelen ser bastante conocidos, con secuelas a corto, medio y largo plazo. En cambio, no siempre se han reconocido de igual manera los efectos sobre la salud mental, a pesar de haberse demostrado que, en situaciones de desastre o catástrofe se produce un incremento de los signos de sufrimiento psicológico y aumenta en cierta medida la morbilidad psiquiátrica y otros problemas sociales. Se estima que entre una tercera parte y la mitad de la población expuesta sufre alguna manifestación psicológica. Se ha pensado erróneamente que los niños y los adolescentes no sufren con la misma intensidad las consecuencias de situaciones especialmente traumáticas. De hecho, se presumía que, dadas sus reacciones tan diferentes a las de los adultos, tenían una cierta protección. En la actualidad esto se ha desmentido y los menores se consideran un grupo de alto riesgo en casos de desastres y emergencias. Algunas investigaciones realizadas demuestran que, en niños y adolescentes, las secuelas psicológicas suelen ser frecuentes y afectar de manera directa al desarrollo físico, mental y social. La enfermera de Atención Primaria correspondiente deberá tratar estas secuelas y, en ocasiones, dependiendo de su gravedad y persistencia (mayor de 3 meses), se realizará una derivación a un profesional de la salud mental, teniendo en cuenta una serie de recomendaciones y criterios de valoración. Los padres o tutores, junto con los profesionales sanitarios, desempeñan un papel muy importante en la recuperación de sus hijos, ya que las reacciones de los niños van a estar muy influenciadas por las de estos. En los últimos años, ha aumentado el interés por el impacto de los desastres en la salud mental de las poblaciones afectadas y actualmente se ha hecho evidente la necesidad de un abordaje integral, que trascienda la atención a la enfermedad y la reparación de los daños materiales (AU)
The effects of disasters on physical health tend to be well-known, with short, medium and long term sequelae. On the other hand, not always is have recognized in the same way the effects on mental health, despite having shown that, in situations of disaster or catastrophe there is a psychological signs of suffering increase and increases to a certain extent the psychiatric morbidity and other problem social. It is estimated that between a third and half of the exposed population, it suffers from some psychological manifestation. It has been erroneously thought that children and adolescents, not suffering with the same intensity of especially traumatic situations. In fact it was presumed, given their reactions so different from that of adults, had some protection. Currently, this has denied and minors are considered to be a group of high risk in cases of disasters and emergencies. Investigations carried out, demonstrate that in children and adolescents, the psychological sequels tend to be frequent and affect directly to the physical, mental and social development. Natural disasters are unexpected situations that will produce a serie of emotional reactions of diverse severity in their survivors, especially children, one of the most vulnerable groups due to a less understanding of what happened and difficulty expressing what they feel, having a personality still developing, and so directly affecting their physical, mental and social development. Therefore suffering the emotional scars, they will take longer to resolve and have a lifetime to live with them. These consequences should be treated by a corresponding community nurse and sometimes, depending on the severity and persistence (more than 3 months), a referral will be made to a qualified mental health professional, taking into account a number of recommendation and assesment canons. Parents or tutors with health professionals have an important role in the recovery of their children and their reactions will be very influenced by these firts. In recent years the interest has increased by the impact of the disaster on the mental health of affected populations and currently has become evident the need for a comprehensive approach that transcends disease care and repair of material damage (AU)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Humans , Affective Symptoms/nursing , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Mental Health/standards , Child Care/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Nurse's Role/psychology , Natural Disasters/history , Natural Disasters/statistics & numerical data , Primary Health Care/methods , Primary Health Care/trends , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Social Support , Psychosocial Impact
OBJECTIVE: This article addresses a current need in psychological practice by describing a financially feasible model that moves toward integrated care of behavioral health services in a pediatric endocrinology clinic. METHODS: Financial information (costs and revenue associated with behavioral health services) for the clinic, over an 18-month period (July 2012 to December 2013), was obtained through the hospital's financial department. The clinic meets one half day per week. RESULTS: Over the 18-month period, the behavioral health services generated a net gain of $3661.45 in the favor of the clinic. We determined that the psychologist and clinical psychology residents needed to see a total of four patients per half-day clinic for the clinic to "break-even." CONCLUSIONS: We describe one financially feasible way of integrating behavioral health services into a pediatric endocrinology clinic in the hope that this will be generalizable to other medical settings.
Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/economics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Endocrinology/economics , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Mental Health Services/economics , Pediatrics/economics , Psychology, Child/economics , Child , Cost Savings/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/economics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/psychology , Endocrinology/organization & administration , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Income/statistics & numerical data , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Models, Economic , Patient Care Team/economics , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Pediatrics/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Virginia
A largo de este artículo, la autora trata de mostrar algunas de las conclusiones obtenidas en el análisis con niños de entre tres y seis años. Entre ellas se encuentran la constatación de la existencia del sentimiento de culpa asociado a las fijaciones pregenitales, que ella considera efecto directo del conflicto edípico y producto de la formación del superyó, y la existencia para ambos sexos de una fase femenina de vital importancia, consistente en una identificación con la madre muy precoz. Partiendo de los postulados freudianos, la autora considera que el punto esencial de sus consideraciones adicionales está en la ubicación de todos estos procesos en épocas más tempranas y en que las diferentes fases del desarrollo se fusionan más libremente entre sí de lo que hasta entonces se suponía. Desde su perspectiva, los estadios tempranos del conflicto edipídico e encuentran fuertemente dominados por las fases pregenitales del desarrollo, ocultando el inicio de la actividad de la fase genital, que comienza a hacerse más reconocible a la edad de entre tres y cinco años, momento en que el complejo de Edipo y la formación del superyó alcanzan su punto culminante (AU)
Throughout this article the author aims to present a number of conclusions obtained in analysis with children between the ages of three and six. These include the discovery of the existence of the sense of guilt associated with pregenital fixation, which she considers to be the direct effect of the Oedipus conflict and a product of the formation of the super-ego, and the existence for both sexes of a vitally important feminine phase consisting of a very early identification with the mother. Starting from Freudian premises, the author considers that the essential point in the additional considerations she advances is that she places all of these processes at earlier points in time and that the different phases of development merge more freely in one other than was hitherto supposed. In her view, the early phases of the Oedipus conflict are largely dominated by pregenital phases of development, concealing the beginning of activity of the genital phase which starts to become more recognizable in the third to the fifth year, an age at which the Oedipus complex and the formation of the super-ego reach their climax (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Oedipus Complex , Ego , Self Psychology , Psychology, Child/instrumentation , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/standards , Mental Processes/physiology , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology , Psychoanalytic Theory , Psychopathology/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child/trends , Weaning , Paraphilic Disorders/psychology
El presente artículo describe el proceso de implantación de dos la primera letra de las tres palabras minúscula en el Sistema de Protección Infantil de Gipuzkoa (España): SafeCare e incredible years. El primero es un programa de intervención en el domicilio para familias negligentes o en riesgo de negligencia con niños menores de 5 años. El segundo es un programa terapéutico grupal para familias con niños entre 4 y 8 años con problemas de comportamiento cuyos padres tienen dificultades significativas para su manejo. Se describe el proceso por el que las instituciones responsables de la protección infantil en Gipuzkoa iniciaron un cambio desde los modelos actuales de intervención hacia programas más estructurados, focalizados y breves que han mostrado resultados positivos en aplicaciones previas en otros países. Se tratan cuestiones relacionadas con la adaptación de los programas, la selección y formación de profesionales y se presentan los resultados pre- y post- obtenidos en la aplicación preliminar de ambos programas a un número limitado de familias. Se presenta el diseño de la siguiente fase del proceso (implantación piloto con diseño experimental para evaluación de resultados). Se discuten cuestiones relevantes de este proceso, que pueden ser de utilidad para aquellas administraciones e instituciones que pretendan llevar a cabo un proceso similar
This paper describes the implementation process of two evidence-based programs in Gipuzkoas Child Protection System (Spain): SafeCare and Incredible Years. SafeCare is a home visiting program for high-risk and neglectful families with children under 5 years. Incredible Years is a parenting skills training program for families with children between 4 to 8 years with behavior problems whose parents have significant difficulties to manage. The paper describes the process by which public institutions responsible for child protection in Gipuzkoa decided to shift from current intervention programs towards more structured, focused, and short-term programs that have shown positive results in previous applications in other countries. Issues related to programs adaptation, selection, and training of professionals and pre- and post- results obtained in the preliminary application of SafeCare and Incredible Years to a limited set of families are presented. Finally, the next step of the implementation process (pilot implementation with a randomized control trial design) is described. The paper discusses a significant number of issues that have been important throughout this process and that may be useful for administrations and institutions that wish to undertake a similar process
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Child Behavior/psychology , Child Care/psychology , Child Development/physiology , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/standards , Evidence-Based Practice/methods , Child Welfare/psychology , Psychology, Developmental/methods , Child Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Child Welfare/trends , Pilot Projects , Health Promotion/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Promotion/organization & administration
Early research on child development in Africa was dominated by expatriates and was primarily addressed to the topics of testing the cross-cultural validity of theories developed "in the West," and the search for universals. After a brief review of the outcome of that research, we propose two additional types of motivation that seem important to us as African researchers begin to take the lead in articulating research agendas for the study of child development in Africa: articulating the contextual relevance and practical usefulness of developmental psychology in Africa; and making developmental psychology intelligible to local audiences. We highlight two major challenges for African societies in this era that call for attention by the emerging field of African child development research: linguistic hegemony and its effects on research and schooling; and the process of indigenization. We end with a preview of chapters in the rest of the volume.
Child Development , Psychology, Child , Psychology, Developmental , Africa , Child , Culture , Humans , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Developmental/methods , Research , Universities
Psychology, Child/standards , Psychology, Developmental/standards , Quality Improvement , Child , Humans , Organizational Innovation , Program Evaluation , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Developmental/methods , Psychology, Developmental/organization & administration , Quality Improvement/organization & administration
Toda práctica psicopatológica presuponeuna teoría y una concepción del sujeto/objetode su estudio. En el caso de la clínica infantil estepresupuesto se obvia al existir una visión del niñodominada por los estereotipos y la ignorancia. Saberde la infancia es dar cuenta de su historia, desu estatuto como sujeto, de su condición psíquica,biológica, social, etc.Se señalan los dos registros e instrumentos específicosy diferenciales de nuestra práctica clínica: ellenguaje y la subjetividad. De estos dos registros sederivará el tipo de intervención a realizar tanto en laprevención como en la práctica clínica.Respecto a la prevención, cuestionando el conceptode vulnerabilidad como lo anómalo, dando entradaal concepto de resiliencia como necesario para entenderlo preventivo. Asimismo se replantea el falsomimetismo con el modelo de prevención médicobiológico,dado lo específico y propio de lo psíquico.Respecto a la práctica clínica, se formulan variospuntos, cuestionando el reduccionismo cientificista-que no científico- de los conocimientos en lopsíquico; la confusión diagnóstica de síntoma conenfermedad; la patologización de las conductas, etc.entre otros replanteamientos de la clínica psicopatológica.Finalmente, hemos de proporcionar al niño un lugary un espacio donde pueda dar cuenta de la expresiónde su sufrimiento psíquico (AU)
Every psychopathological praxis involvesa theory and a conception of the individual,the object of its study. As for the infantile clinics,this assumption is left out by a view of the childdominated by stereotypes and ignorance. Knowledgeof childhood represents to account for thestory, the individual statute, his/her psychical, biological,social condition.The two specific and differential records and toolsof our clinical praxis are marked: language andsubjectivity. The recommendable intervention forprevention and clinical praxis is shaped upon those.With regard to prevention, by questioning the conceptof vulnerability as the anomalous, and by introducingthe concept of resilience as needed to understandthe preventive praxis. We also rethink thefalse mimicry with the medical-biological model ofprevention, given the specificity and genuine conditionof the psychical sphere.In relation to the clinical praxis, several topics areformulated, questioning the 'scientificist -not scientific-reductionism of the psychical knowledge;the diagnostic confusion of the symptom with thedisease; the pathologization of behaviors, etc.,among other reconsiderations of the psychopathologicalclinics.Finally, we have to supply the children with a placeand a space where they can account for the expressionof their psychical suffering (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Behavior/psychology , /psychology , Child Psychiatry/organization & administration , Child Psychiatry/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychopathology/methods , Mental Health/trends , /trends , Child Psychiatry/standards , Psychology, Child/standards , Social Environment , Child Language
A través de esta exposición y valiéndome de un caso clínico, me gustaría acercar el trabajo realizado con el entorno familiar de niños con problemas psiquiátricos graves en un centro terapéutico-educativo (AU)
Through this exhibition and availing myself of a clinical case, I would bring the work done with the family environment of children with serious psychiatric problems in a therapeutic-educational center (AU)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Clinical Trial , Crisis Intervention/trends , Psychotherapy/methods , Psychotherapy/trends , Early Intervention, Educational/standards , Early Intervention, Educational , Borderline Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Borderline Personality Disorder/prevention & control , Borderline Personality Disorder/psychology , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Denial, Psychological , Child Psychiatry/instrumentation , Child Psychiatry/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/standards
Convinced by the literature that they could do better for their clients, in this article the authors describe their efforts to transform a categorically-funded program model at one agency from relying on authority and good intentions to evidence-based practice (EBP). Using a case study approach the authors describe a six-year research effort in which they experienced a modicum of success, including completion of a few projects, followed by paralyzing frustrations that warrant sharing with other social work professionals. Reflecting on their experiences, they posit a few questions about EBP for practitioners and leaders in the profession to contemplate. The authors then offer five pathways for moving the profession closer to making EBP a reality in social work.
Evidence-Based Practice , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Social Work/organization & administration , Cooperative Behavior , Humans , Mental Health Services/standards , Psychology, Child/standards , Social Work/standards
The relations of Gf (Standard Progressive Matrices Raven), Gc (verbal scale of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Version), personality dimensions (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Junior Version), and disruptive behavior (TDAH scale) with school achievement (measured by TDE test and PISA test) were investigated. Two samples of students (total N = 534) representing a broad range of socioeconomic status (SES) participated in this study. Path models were conducted. The results demonstrated that (1) in both samples no sex differences related to school achievement were found; (2) in the first sample, after controlling for age and SES differences, Gf and psychoticism predicted (.38 and −.13, respectively) school achievement (measured by TDE test); (3) in the second sample, after controlling for SES differences to which additional measures were administered, Gf and Gc positively predicted (.22 and .40, respectively) school achievement (measured by PISA test). In addition, psychoticism and disruptive behavior also predicted school performance (−.14 and −.28, respectively). Some theoretical and practical implications are discussed (AU)
No disponible
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/complications , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/psychology , Psychology, Child/methods , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/prevention & control , Socioeconomic Factors , 24436 , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/standards , Psychology, Child/trends
El género gramatical contenido en los artículos, sustantivos y adjetivos facilita un procesamiento más eficiente de los referentes implicados en los enunciados. Sin embargo, en una lengua como el español, esta información no puede ser extraída de manera confiable de una única fuente. En lugar de ello, el género del sustantivo debe ser determinado a partir claves fono-morfológicas, semánticas, o sintácticas como las combinaciones de artículos y sustantivos. En este trabajo experimental se propuso explorar la habilidad que tienen los infantes para usar los artículos femeninos o masculinos para inferir un referente cuyo nombre está marcado en su género gramatical, terminación a u o, en contraste con un referente cuyo nombre no posee esta marcación. Se empleó el paradigma intermodal de atención preferencial. Se les presentó a niños de 24, 30 y 36 meses de edad pares de imágenes de objetos familiares mientras escuchaban un artículo femenino o masculino, definido (Experimento 1) o indefinido (Experimento 2). La mitad de las imágenes tenían nombres con una terminación indicativa de su género gramatical (con marcación), mientras que en la otra mitad la terminación de sus nombres no era indicativa (sin marcación). Los resultados mostraron que los infantes emplean los artículos para inferir un referente. Asimismo, se observaron diferencias en el uso de artículos definidos versus indefinidos: la habilidad para usar los artículos indefinidos emerge antes que para usar los definidos. En general, se observó que la identificación del referente a partir del artículo está determinada principalmente por las claves fonomorfológicas de los sustantivos. Sin embargo, los niños de 36 meses de edad fueron capaces de asociar los artículos a referentes cuyos nombres no poseían la terminación a/o de género gramatical(AU)
Grammatical gender embedded in determiners, nouns and adjectives allows indirect and more rapid processing of the referents implied in sentences. However in a language such as Spanish, this useful information cannot be reliably retrieved from a single source of information. Instead, noun gender may be extracted either from phono-morphological, semantic or syntactic cues, such as determiner-noun frames. This experimental work sought to explore toddlers ability to use feminine and masculine determiners to infer a referent whose name was marked for grammatical gender, ending in o or a, as well as a referent whose name was unmarked. Using the intermodal preferential looking paradigm, 24-, 30- and 36-month-old children were presented with pairs of images, target and distracter, of familiar objects while, at the same time, they heard a feminine or masculine definite (Experiment 1) or indefinite (Experiment 2) article that could only refer to one of the images displayed. Half of the trials presented objects whose target names ended in a final-vowel indicative of grammatical gender and the other half had another ending. The results demonstrated toddlers ability to use the determiners to infer a target. Differences between toddlers use of definite and indefinite determiners were found. The ability to use indefinite articles preceded the ability to use definite articles. In general, the results showed that anticipation of the noun from the determiner is mostly a function of phono-morphological cues embedded in marked nouns. Nevertheless, 36- month-old children were also able to associate the articles to targets whose names were unmarked for grammatical gender(AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Psychology, Experimental/methods , Psychology, Experimental/organization & administration , Psychology, Experimental/trends , Aptitude/physiology , Motor Skills/physiology , Games, Experimental , Play and Playthings/psychology , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/trends , Psychology, Experimental/instrumentation , Psychology, Experimental/standards , Analysis of Variance , Psychology, Child , Psychology, Child/standards
El acogimiento residencial ha sido históricamente el principal recurso convivencial para los menores en situación de desamparo. A finales del siglo XX, se producen en España una serie de cambios legislativos en materia de protección infantil que pretenden mejorar la atención que se le presta a este colectivo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar los problemas de adaptación que manifiestan en la actualidad los menores que viven en acogimiento residencial. Noventa y tres de estos menores y una muestra normativa cumplimentaron el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (Hernández, 1996). Los principales resultados indican que los menores de acogimiento residencial obtienen mayores puntuaciones en inadaptación, aunque las diferencias no son significativas. El motivo de ingreso y el periodo evolutivo parecen incidir en los resultados, pero no así el tiempo de estancia en acogimiento residencial. Estos resultados se discuten en relación a la investigación previa y a los cambios legislativos en materia de protección infantil (AU)
Residential care has historically been the main support system for youngsters in vulnerable situations. At the end of the 20th century, there were a series of legislative changes in Spain regarding the child protection system, which attempted to improve the assistance given to this group. The main aim of this study is to analyse the problems of adjustment that are currently shown by youngsters who live in residential care. 93 of these youngsters and a normative sample completed the Test Auto-evaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI [Multifactor Child Adjustment Self-perception Test]; Hernández, 1996). The main results indicate that youngsters in residential care obtain higher scores in maladjustment, although differences are not significant. The reason for admission and their development stage affect the results, but not the length of stay in the residential care. These results are discussed in relation to previous research and legislative changes regarding the child protection system (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Behavior/physiology , Child Behavior/psychology , /legislation & jurisprudence , /organization & administration , /standards , Child Health Services/methods , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/trends , /trends , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Psychology, Child/standards , Maternal and Child Health
The central role of perceived control in the development of anxiety disorders is proposed by several theoretical models. The main objective of the present study was to examine the relation between perceived control and anxiety in Portuguese school-age children. To accomplish this objective we developed the Portuguese short form of the Anxiety Control Questionnaire for Children (ACQ-C, Weems, 2005; Pereira & Barros, 2010), whose psychometric studies are presented. The sample comprised 238 children, aged 8 to 15 years, from the general population attending Portuguese schools. Children completed measures of perceived control (ACQ-C) and their anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - Revised, SCARED-R). The psychometric studies indicate good psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese ACQ-C short form, in particular a high internal consistency (α = .85) and an adequate temporal stability (r = .60, p = .002). Results show a significant negative association between perceived control and anxiety symptomatology, providing partial support for models that assign a central role to control beliefs in explaining the development of anxiety disorders. These results also suggest the importance of considering the perception of control as a prime target for preventive actions and intervention aimed at reducing anxiety in school aged children (AU)
Diferentes modelos teóricos sugieren un papel central de la percepción de control en el desarrollo de trastornos de ansiedad. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre la percepción de control y la ansiedad en niños portugueses en edad escolar. Para lograr este objetivo desarrollamos una versión portuguesa del Cuestionario de Control de la Ansiedad para Niños - forma abreviada (ACQ-C, Weems, 2005; Pereira & Barros, 2010), cuyos estudios psicométricos se presentan. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 283 niños de la población general que asisten a escuelas primarias, con edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 15 años. Los niños completaron colectivamente la forma abreviada del Cuestionario de Control de la Ansiedad para Niños (ACQ-C) y la versión revisada del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Trastornos Emocionales Relacionados con la Ansiedad en Niños (SCARED-R). Los estudios psicométricos indican buenas características psicométricas de la versión portuguesa de ACQ-C, en particular una alta consistencia interna (α = .85) y una adecuada estabilidad temporal (r = .60, p = .002). Los resultados muestran una asociación negativa significativa entre la percepción de control y la sintomatología de la ansiedad, proporcionando apoyo parcial a los modelos que asignan un papel central a la percepción de control en la explicación del desarrollo de los trastornos de ansiedad. Estos resultados también sugieren la importancia de considerar la percepción de control como un objetivo prioritario para las acciones preventivas y de intervención dirigidas a reducir la ansiedad en los niños en edad escolar (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Anxiety/epidemiology , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Psychometrics/methods , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Portugal/epidemiology , Perception , Psychometrics/organization & administration , Psychometrics/standards , Psychometrics/trends , Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/organization & administration , Logistic Models
