The Paradigm of the Inflammatory Radicular Cyst: Biological Aspects to be Considered.

Inflammatory radicular cysts (IRCs) are chronic lesions that follow the development of periapical granulomas (PGs). IRCs result from multiple inflammatory reactions led initially by several pro-inflammatory interleukins and growth factors that provoke the proliferation of epithelial cells derived from epithelial cell rests of Malassez present in the granulomatous tissue, followed by cyst formation and growth processes. Multiple theories have been proposed to help explain the molecular process involved in the development of the IRC from a PG. However, although multiple studies have demonstrated the presence of epithelial cells in most PGs, it is still not fully understood why not all PGs turn into IRCs, even though both are stages of the same inflammatory phenomenon and receive the same antigenic stimulus. Histopathological examination is currently the diagnostic gold standard for differentiating IRCs from PGs. Although multiple studies have evaluated the accuracy of non-invasive or minimally invasive methods in assessing the histopathological nature of the AP before the intervention, these studies' results are still controversial. This narrative review addresses the biological insights into the complex molecular mechanisms of IRC formation and its histopathological features. In addition, the relevant inflammatory molecular mediators for IRC development and the accuracy of non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic approaches are summarised. (EEJ-2022-03-041).

Tratamento cirúrgico conservador de cisto radicular de grande extensão: relato de caso com acompanhamento / Conservative surgical treatment of large extension radicular cyst: case report with follow-up

Introdução: os cistos radiculares são as lesões císticas mais comuns nos maxilares. Eles surgem dos Restos Epiteliais de Malassez, presos no ligamento periodontal e podem ser ativados por um processo inflamatório na região pulpar. Geralmente são descobertos em exames radiográficos de rotina, apresentando-se como uma imagem radiolúcida, bem delimitada, envolvendo o periápice de um ou mais dentes. Objetivo: apresentar o tratamento de um extenso cisto radicular, em região de maxila, com acompanhamento de 18 meses. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 49 anos, foi encaminhada para avaliação e tratamento na Clínica Odontológica da Faculdade Sete Lagoas (FACSETE), apresentando lesão extensa em região maxilar anterior direita ao exame radiográfico. Ao exame clínico, observou-se leve assimetria facial e ausência de sintomas dolorosos. Tomografia computadorizada, punção aspirativa e biópsia incisional foram utilizadas para se chegar ao diagnóstico compatível com cisto radicular. Optou-se por uma técnica conservadora, em que foi realizada a descompressão da lesão. Após 05 meses de tratamento, um novo procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado para enuclear o restante da patologia. Conclusão: a descompressão, com utilização de cânula, é um tratamento auxiliar fácil, conservador, eficaz e reduz a morbidade causada por diferentes cistos odontogênicos(AU)

Introduction: root cysts are the most common cystic lesions in the jaw. They arise from the Epithelial Remains of Malassez, trapped in the periodontal ligament and can be activated by an inflammatory process in the pulp region. They are usually discovered in routine radiographic examinations, presenting as a well-defined radiolucent image involving the periapex of one or more teeth. Objective: to present the treatment of an extensive root cyst, in the maxillary region, with a follow-up of 18 months. Case report: A 49-year-old female patient was referred for evaluation and treatment at the Dental Clinic of Faculdade Sete Lagoas (FACSETE), with an extensive lesion in the right anterior maxillary region on radiographic examination. On clinical examination, mild facial asymmetry and absence of painful symptoms were observed. Computed tomography, aspiration puncture and incisional biopsy were used to reach a diagnosis compatible with radicular cyst. We opted for a conservative technique, in which the lesion was decompressed. After 05 months of treatment, a new surgical procedure was performed to enucleate the rest of the pathology. Conclusion: decompression, using a cannula, is an easy, conservative, effective auxiliary treatment and reduces the morbidity caused by different odontogenic cysts.

¿Los Quistes Periradiculares Dependen de la Infección Endodóntica? / ¿Radicular Cysts Depend on Endodontic Infection?

Los quistes periradiculares, tanto los de bolsillo como los verdaderos, son de origen inflamatorio; sin embargo, en la literatura ha existido una gran controversia asociada, en primer lugar, a la dependencia de la infección contenida dentro del sistema de conductos radiculares y, en segundo lugar, al tipo de tratamiento endodóntico llevado a cabo en este tipo de lesiones. Con el fin de dilucidar esta controversia se realizará una revisión a la literatura sobre quistes perira diculares donde se explicará cuál es la técnica más adecuada en el diagnóstico de quistes verdaderos y de bolsillo. Igualmente, se explicará la teoría de autosustentabilidad, así como el tratamiento endodóntico de grandes lesiones periradiculares asociadas a dichos quistes. Ahora bien, en la actualidad se ha demostrado que ambos quistes están asociados a infecciones contenidas en el sistema de conductos radiculares y son diferentes solamente en su morfología. Así mismo, se ha recomendado el tratamiento de conducto convencional en dientes con grandes lesiones asociadas a quistes.

Radicular cysts, either the pocket or the true cysts, are originated by an inflammation. However, in the literature, there has been great controversy surrounding, firstly, the dependence of the infection contained within the radicular conducts and, secondly, the kind of endodontic treatment performed in this sort of injury. In order to clarify this controversy, the literature concerning radicular cysts will be reviewed and it will be explained what technique is the most appropriate for diagnosing true cysts and pocket cysts. Likewise, the theory of self-sustaining, as well as the endodontic treatment for large radicular injuries associated to such cysts, will be further explained. Nonetheless, nowadays it has been demonstrated that both cysts are associated to infections contained within the system of radicular conducts and that they are only morphologically different. In addition, the root canal treatment has been recommended for teeth with great injuries associated to cysts.

Abordagem cirúrgica de cisto periapical infectado em região maxilar: relato de caso / Surgical approach of infected periapical cystin maxillary region: case report

Cistos Periapicais são proliferações dos restos epiteliais de Malassez em decorrência do processo desenvolvimento ou inflamatório devido necrose pulpar. Apresenta-se no início de forma assintomática, e dependendo da sua evolução pode levar a expansão da corticais e reabsorção óssea. Ao exame de imagem se apresentam como uma área radiotransparente bem delimitada, circunscrita por halo radiopaco geralmente associado a região apical de uma ou mais unidades dentárias. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar abordagem cirúrgica de enucleação e curetagem de um cisto periapical em região maxilar(AU)

Periapical cysts are proliferations of the epithelial remains of Malassez due to the development or inflammatory process due to pulp necrosis. It presents at the beginning asymptomatic, and depending on its evolution may lead to cortical expansion and bone resorption. Imaging studies present as a well-defined radiotransparent area, circumscribed by a radiopaque halo generally associated with the apical region of one or more dental units. The objective of this study is to report a surgical approach of enucleation and curettage of a periapical cyst in the maxillary region(AU)

BRAFV600E mutation in the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Unicystic ameloblastoma, an odontogenic neoplasm, presents clinical and radiographic similarities with dentigerous and radicular cysts, non-neoplastic lesions. It is not always possible to reach a final diagnosis with the incisional biopsy, leading to inappropriate treatment. The BRAFV600E activating mutation has been reported in a high proportion of ameloblastomas. The purpose of the study was to assess the utility of the detection of the BRAFV600E mutation in the differential diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma with dentigerous and radicular cysts. METHODS: Twenty-six archival samples were included, comprising eight unicystic ameloblastomas (UAs), nine dentigerous and nine radicular cysts. The mutation was assessed in all samples by anti-BRAFV600E (clone VE1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by TaqMan mutation detection qPCR assay. Sanger sequencing was further carried out when samples showed conflicting results in the IHC and qPCR. RESULTS: Although all UAs (8/8) showed positive uniform BRAFV600E staining along the epithelial lining length, the mutation was not confirmed by qPCR and Sanger sequencing in three samples. Positive staining for the BRAFV600E protein was observed in one dentigerous cyst, but it was not confirmed by the molecular methods. Furthermore, 2/9 dentigerous cysts and 2/9 radicular cysts showed non-specific immunostaining of the epithelium or plasma cells. None of the dentigerous or radicular cysts cases presented the BRAFV600E mutation in the qPCR assay. CONCLUSIONS: The BRAFV600E antibody (clone VE1) IHC may show non-specific staining, but molecular assays may be useful for the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma, in conjunction with clinical, radiological and histopathological features.

Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Immunoexpression in Periapical Lesions from Primary Endodontic Infection: Possible Relationship with the Histopathological Diagnosis and the Presence of Pain.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible associations among the histopathological diagnosis, the inflammatory infiltrate profile, the presence of pain, and the immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions from primary endodontic infection. METHODS: Fifty-one primary periapical lesions obtained from extracted teeth were selected for this study. Patients were previously evaluated for the presence of pain and sinus tract related to the tooth to be extracted. Tissues were processed for microscopic examination and MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunoexpression. Microscopically, samples were classified as periapical granulomas or periapical cysts and the inflammatory infiltrate as chronic or mixed. The percentage of immunopositive cells for MMP-2 and MMP-9 of each case was performed based on 10 consecutive microscopic fields. The Student t or chi-square tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the total, 28 cases were classified as periapical granulomas (54.90%) and 23 cases as periapical cysts (45.10%). Seventeen patients (33.33%) reported pain associated with the extracted tooth, with 12 cases of periapical granulomas (70.58%) and 5 cases of periapical cysts (29.42%). All cases showed immunopositivity for MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a high percentage of cells, mainly in the cytoplasm of the leukocytes. MMP-2 was expressed more in periapical granulomas than periapical cysts (P < .05) and in symptomatic cases (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, we may conclude that MMP-2 and MMP-9 are highly expressed in periapical lesions from a primary endodontic infection. Moreover, we may suggest MMP-2 is expressed more in periapical granuloma and in cases associated with pain.

A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico no diagnóstico diferencial dos cistos radiculares e granulomas periapicais / Cone beam computed tomography on the differential diagnosis of cysts and periapical granuloma

As patologias mais frequentes na região maxilar e mandibular são as lesões de origem inflamatória, o cisto radicular e o granuloma periapical. O diagnóstico é a base para o tratamento endodôntico e se apoia nos sintomas do paciente, nos exames radiográficos e histológicos que permanecem como o padrão ouro para determinar qual o tipo de lesão periapical. Contudo, a imagem radiográfica sugere como diagnóstico as lesões periapicais sem, no entanto, caracterizar qual o tipo de lesão encontrada. A Odontologia tem sido beneficiada pelos constantes avanços na área da tecnologia de informática. Com esses avanços, no exame da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (CBCT), a lesão pode ser observada na sua total dimensão. Porém, o real potencial em fornecer a distinção entre cistos e granulomas ainda não atingiu a sua plenitude. No entanto, com base em estudos realizados até esta data, a tomografia computadorizada é considerada uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões periapicais. O principal objetivo desta revisão de literatura é fornecer um panorama sobre o potencial do CBCT como ferramenta para diferenciar os cistos periapicais dos granulomas com base nos estudos mais relevantes até então desenvolvidos (AU).

The most frequent pathologies in maxillary and mandibular region are the lesions of inflammatory origin, radicular cyst, and periapical granuloma. The diagnosis is the basis for endodontic treatment and relies on the patient's symptoms, radiographic and histological examinations that remain the gold standard to determine the type of lesion. However, radiographic images suggest a diagnsosis of periapical lesions without characterizing the lesion. Dentistry has been favored by a continuous progress in computer technology. Using the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) the lesion can be examined in its full dimension. However, the real potential to provide a distinction between cysts and granulomas has not yet reached its fullness. However, according to the literature, CT scan is considered an important tool for the differential diagnosis of periapical lesions. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the potential of CBCT as a tool to differentiate periapical cysts from granulomas, based on relevant previous studies (AU).

Quiste periapical con inflamación crónica agudizada / Periapical cyst with acute chronic inflammation

Paciente femenina de 47 años, de piel negra, residente en una comunidad urbana, con antecedente patológico personal de hipertensión arterial sin tratamiento; acudió a consulta de urgencias con una inflamación crónica agudizada del paladar duro derecho. En el examen bucal se observó destrucción total de la corona del diente 12 (Incisivo superior lateral derecho) con aumento de volumen difuso en el paladar. A la vista de una radiografía oclusal, se observó en el ápice del diente en cuestión una zona radiolúcida redondeada de aproximadamente 1,5 cm de diámetro, con una limitación radiopaca. Dicho ápice se encontró intacto, lo cual impresiona un resto radicular del diente 12 con un quiste periapical. Se trata en consulta, se medica y se decide remitir para los servicios de cirugía máxilo facial donde se elimina el quiste, se extrae la cápsula, se le toma muestra, se realiza exodoncia del resto radicular del diente, irrigando con solución y sutura. En próxima consulta la paciente presentó buena evolución y se recibió informe de la biopsia arrojando presencia de varios fragmentos de tejido fibroso con inflamación crónica agudizada con áreas de hemorragia(AU)

A 47 year old female patient of dark skin colour, resident in an urban community that, with PPA of arterial hypertension without treatment; she has an acute chronic inflammation of the right hard palate, the oral examination shows total destruction of the crown on tooth 12 (upper right lateral incisor) with increase of diffuse volume in the palate; visible in an occlusal x-ray, a rounded radiolucyd area of more than 1.5cm of diameter is observed, with a radiopaque limitation in tooth apex in question, and this apex is intact, what impresses a radicular debris of tooth 12 with a periapical cyst. It is decided to be referred to maxillo facial surgery services where the cyst is eliminated, the capsule is extracted, the sample is taken, exodontia of radicular tooth debris is carried out, it is irrigated with solution and it is sutured; in next appointment the patient presents good evolution and a report of the biopsy is obtained resulting: presence of several fragments of fibrous tissue with acute chronic inflammation with bleeding areas(AU)

Quiste periapical con inflamación crónica agudizada / Periapical cyst with acute chronic inflammation

Paciente femenina de 47 años, de piel negra, residente en una comunidad urbana, con antecedente patológico personal de hipertensión arterial sin tratamiento; acudió a consulta de urgencias con una inflamación crónica agudizada del paladar duro derecho. En el examen bucal se observó destrucción total de la corona del diente 12 (Incisivo superior lateral derecho) con aumento de volumen difuso en el paladar. A la vista de una radiografía oclusal, se observó en el ápice del diente en cuestión una zona radiolúcida redondeada de aproximadamente 1,5 cm de diámetro, con una limitación radiopaca. Dicho ápice se encontró intacto, lo cual impresiona un resto radicular del diente 12 con un quiste periapical. Se trata en consulta, se medica y se decide remitir para los servicios de cirugía máxilo facial donde se elimina el quiste, se extrae la cápsula, se le toma muestra, se realiza exodoncia del resto radicular del diente, irrigando con solución y sutura. En próxima consulta la paciente presentó buena evolución y se recibió informe de la biopsia arrojando presencia de varios fragmentos de tejido fibroso con inflamación crónica agudizada con áreas de hemorragia.

A 47 year old female patient of dark skin colour, resident in an urban community that, with PPA of arterial hypertension without treatment; she has an acute chronic inflammation of the right hard palate, the oral examination shows total destruction of the crown on tooth 12 (upper right lateral incisor) with increase of diffuse volume in the palate; visible in an occlusal x-ray, a rounded radiolucyd area of more than 1.5cm of diameter is observed, with a radiopaque limitation in tooth apex in question, and this apex is intact, what impresses a radicular debris of tooth 12 with a periapical cyst. It is decided to be referred to maxillo facial surgery services where the cyst is eliminated, the capsule is extracted, the sample is taken, exodontia of radicular tooth debris is carried out, it is irrigated with solution and it is sutured; in next appointment the patient presents good evolution and a report of the biopsy is obtained resulting: presence of several fragments of fibrous tissue with acute chronic inflammation with bleeding areas.

Cisto radicular inflamatório extenso envolvendo seio maxilar / Large radicular cyst involving the maxillary sinus

O cisto radicular é o cisto odontogênico de maior significado clínico para o cirurgião-dentista. Por ser a lesão cística inflamatória mais frequentemente encontrada dos maxilares, é a mais tratada. Ocorre nos ápices de dentes infectados em decorrência à necrose pulpar. Embora o cisto radicular faça parte do cotidiano do clínico, há poucos trabalhos descrevendo as suas características clínicas e tomográficas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é o de apresentar um cisto radicular extenso com envolvimento do seio maxilar e cavidade nasal cujo exame de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico foi essencial para o delineamento do plano de tratamento...

The radicular cyst is the odontogenic lesion with major clinical significance for the dental surgeon. Once this is the most common inflammatory cystic lesion, the radicular cyst is the most treated one. It affects the apical portion of infected teeth after the pulp necrosis. Although the radicular cyst is part of the routine of the dental practice, there are only few studies describing its clinical and thomographic features. Thus, the aim of this work is to report an extensive radicular cyst involving the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity which cone bean computerized tomography was essential for the surgical planning...

Mixed periapical lesion: an atypical radicular cyst with extensive calcifications.

The radicular cyst is an inflammatory odontogenic cyst of endodontic origin. Radiographically, the lesion appears as a periapical radiolucent image. This report describes a very rare case of a mixed periapical radiographic image diagnosed as a radicular cyst. A 37-year-old female patient presented a mixed, well-circumscribed image located in the periapical region of the left maxillary central incisor, which presented unsatisfactory endodontic treatment. Microscopic examination revealed a cavity lined by non-keratinized squamous epithelium and extensive calcifications in the cystic lumen and lining epithelium. Diagnosis of radicular cyst with extensive calcifications was established. Endodontic retreatment was performed and no radiographic signs of recurrence were observed 18 months after treatment. Although very rare, a radicular cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mixed periapical image associated to teeth with pulp necrosis.

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts presenting as a periapical lesion: report of a case and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory cysts, granulomas, abscesses, and fibrous scars represent most periapical radiolucencies. However, other less common lesions, such as orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts (OOCs), can be found at this region, and they deserve to be discussed because the prognosis for an OOC is different from that expected for the ordinary inflammatory periapical diseases. METHODS: An interesting case of OOC associated with a nonvital tooth in a 40-year-old woman is described. After a previous clinical diagnosis of a radicular cyst, the tooth was extracted, and the lesion was enucleated and submitted to microscopy examination. RESULTS: Because of the detection of an orthokeratinized epithelium lining, a diagnosis of OOC was concluded. After 2 years of periodic follow-up, no signs of recurrence were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of keratin in radicular lesions must be carefully evaluated to eliminate the diagnosis of lesions with more aggressive behavior, such as an OOC or even a keratocystic odontogenic tumor. Hence, histopathologic examination is mandatory to confirm the type of lesion and to differentiate other pathologic conditions, therefore establishing patients' prognoses precisely.

Cistos radiculares em incisivos decíduos traumatizados: série de casos / Radicular cysts in traumatized primary teeth: case series

Este estudo buscou verificar a ocorrência de casos de cisto radicular em incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados e descrever suas características relacionadas à criança, ao dente, ao trauma e ao cisto. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento das informações clínicas e radiográficas, de 2498 prontuários de pacientes atendidos na Clínica do Centro de Pesquisa e Atendimento de Traumatismo de Dentes Decíduos da Disciplina de Odontopediatria da FOUSP, no período de 1998 a setembro de 2013. Foi utilizado o método exploratório descritivo de uma série de casos. Foram avaliados 30 prontuários com casos de cistos, totalizando 32 incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados com cisto. A ocorrência de cisto em pacientes com incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados foi de 1,2%. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos cistos acometeram o gênero feminino (59,4%), os incisivos centrais superiores decíduos (93,8%), em crianças maiores de 5 anos (81,2%), mas que sofreram traumatismos com menos de 4 anos de idade (81,2%). A maioria dos casos não apresentou alteração clínica que levasse a suspeita de lesão cística, pois não foi encontrado em 90,7% retração gengival, 65,6% alteração de cor da mucosa vestibular, 65,6% fistula, 75% abscesso, 56,2% abaulamento gengival, 78,1% depressão da mucosa vestibular e 56,3% flutuação cistíca. A alteração clínica mais frequente foi a alteração de cor da coroa (56,3%). A média da idade do paciente no momento do trauma foi de 2,7 anos e do diagnóstico do cisto de 5,9 anos, sendo que a média de tempo do trauma até o diagnóstico do cisto foi de 2,8 anos. Em 46,9% dos dentes ocorreu trauma dental. A maioria dos traumas foram de baixa severidade (59,3%)

Em 46,8% dos casos, o dente decíduo envolvido na lesão apresentava maior formação radicular que seu homólogo e em 62,5% o germe sucessor do dente decíduo com a lesão cística encontrava-se em estágio de Nolla anterior que o homólogo. A maioria das lesões císticas (81,2%) não envolveu dentes adjacentes, mas promoveram deslocamento de germes em 56,2%. Na dentição permanente foram encontrados repercussões em 31,3,% dos casos e retenção prolongada do permanente em 15,6%. Diante dos achados deste estudo observou-se que o cisto radicular em incisivos decíduos traumatizados é raro, assume um perfil menos agressivo, de crescimento controlado e necessitando de um tempo longo para se desenvolver. Além do mais, parece causar sequelas menos danosas às dentições, influenciar no processo de rizólise e rizogênese e estar relacionado a traumas de baixa severidade. O diagnóstico deve ser realizado pelos achados radiográficos, sendo que a reabsorção radicular externa sem formação óssea, assimetria no tamanho do folículo do germe dentário sucessor ao dente envolvido com a lesão cística e o folículo homólogo, bem como a diferença de altura e/ou posição entre os germes dentários homólogos deveriam ser considerados como sinais radiográficos no diagnóstico de cistos radiculares.

The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of radicular cyst in traumatized primary upper incisors and describe their characteristics in relation to the children, teeth, trauma and cysts. The survey of 2, 498 patients that presented and were treated at the Research and Clinical Center of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth of the School of Dentistry of the University of Sao Paulo from 1998 to September 2013 was carried out, in order to collect clinical and radiographic information. A descriptive and exploratory approach was taken in the study. A total of thirty clinical records involving radicular cysts included thirty two traumatized primary upper incisors were studied in detail. The overall occurrence of cysts in patients with traumatized primary incisors was 1.2% with females affected more (59.4%) often than males 93.8% involved the upper central incisors. 81.2% of the children were older than 5 year of age but suffered traumatic injuries before 4 years old. In most cases, gingival recession (90.7%); color change of the vestibular mucosa (65.6%); fistula (65.6%); abscess (75%); gingival bulging (56.2%); depression of the vestibular mucosa (78.1%) and cystic fluctuation (56.3%) were not present showing no clinical alterations that might suggest cystic lesion. The most frequent clinical alteration was the color change of the crown (56.3%). The mean patient age at the time of traumatic injury was 2.7 years and the diagnosis of cyst at 5.9 years, and the mean time from trauma to diagnosis of cysts was 2.8 years. The hard tissue trauma occurred in 46.9% of teeth. Most injuries (59.3%) were of low severity.

The radicular formation in the primary tooth involved in the lesion in 46.8% of cases was larger than its homologous and 62.5 % of cases the successor tooth germ of primary tooth with the cystic lesion was at a Nolla stage earlier than the homologous. The majority (81.2%) of cystic lesions did not involve adjacent teeth but promoted displacement of tooth germs in 56.2%. Repercussions in the permanent dentition were found in 31.3% of cases and prolonged retention of permanent in 15.6%. Given the findings, this study observed that the radicular cyst in traumatized primary incisors is rare. It assumes a less aggressive profile, controlled growth and requiring a long time to develop. Moreover, it seems to cause less harmful sequelae in dentitions, influence the process of root resorption and root formation and is associated with low severity trauma. The diagnosis must be made by radiographic findings. An external root resorption without bone formation, asymmetry in size between dental follicle (dental follicle of successor germ to the primary tooth involved with the cystic lesion and th homologous tooth follicle) and the difference in height and/or position between homologous teeth germs should also be considered amongst the radiographic signs in the diagnosis of radicular cysts.

Aplicabilidade da técnica de cell block na avaliação citológica do conteúdo de lesões de aspecto cístico dos maxilares / Applicability of cell block technique for cytological evaluation of biological material collected from maxillary cystic lesions

INTRODUÇÃO: A busca por novos métodos que auxiliem e simplifiquem de maneira eficaz o diagnóstico de lesões maxilares, cistos e tumores, objetiva beneficiar os pacientes e facilitar a atuação dos profissionais da área de diagnóstico bucal. Além dos dados clínicos, radiográficos e histopatológicos classicamente utilizados nos protocolos de investigação das lesões maxilares, a adaptação de técnicas já consagradas na medicina pode ser de grande valia. A técnica de cell block se propõe a auxiliar nesse processo, pois consiste na análise citológica de materiais, efusões e líquidos, coletados de lesões passíveis de punção aspirativa, como cistos e tumores císticos dos maxilares. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a aplicabilidade da técnica de cell block para avaliação citológica de material biológico coletado a partir de lesões císticas dos maxilares. RESULTADOS: Das 20 lesões, das quais o conteúdo foi processado pela técnica, a avaliação citológica de cinco casos de tumores odontogênicos ceratocísticos (TOCs) demonstrou a presença predominante de ceratina, sempre com áreas de paraceratina. Nos demais casos (cinco cistos dentígeros, cinco cistos radiculares e cinco cistos residuais) foi observada a presença de hemácias, células inflamatórias e fendas de cristais de colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação citológica, a partir da técnica de cell block, foi útil no estabelecimento do diagnóstico diferencial entre TOC e demais lesões estudadas, cistos radicular, residual e dentígero.

INTRODUCTION: The search for new methods that aid and optimize the diagnosis of cystic and tumoral maxillary lesions aims to benefit both patients and professionals from oral diagnosis. In addition to clinical, radiographic and histological findings traditionally used in research protocol for maxillary lesions, the adaptation of widely used medical techniques may be very helpful. The cell block procedure streamlines this process, inasmuch as it consists of cytopathological analysis of materials, liquids and effusions, collected from aspirated lesions such as maxillary cysts and cystic maxillary tumors. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the applicability of cell block technique for cytological assessment of biological material collected from cystic maxillary lesions. RESULTS: The cytological evaluation revealed that five out of 20 lesions, whose content had been processed by this technique, were odontogenic keratocystic tumors (TOCs), predominantly with keratin and always with parakeratin areas. In the other cases (five dentigerous, five radicular and five residual cysts) there were erythrocytes, inflammatory cells, and cholesterol clefts. CONCLUSION: The cytological assessment through cell block technique was useful as to establishing the differential diagnosis between TOC and other lesions, radicular, residual and dentigerous cysts.

Differential diagnosis of apical periodontitis and nasopalatine duct cyst.

INTRODUCTION: An accurate differential diagnosis of apical periodontitis (AP) and nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) should be established to define the best treatment for endodontically treated maxillary anterior teeth with apical periodontitis. Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images help to plan treatment and to define an initial diagnostic hypothesis. However, endodontic treatment or retreatment may be unnecessarily prescribed when radiographs show a superimposition of the incisor foramen over the apex of maxillary central incisors, mimicking AP. Diseases of nonendodontic origin that affect the tooth apex, such as NPDC, should be included in the differential diagnosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four clinical cases of patients with large periapical radiolucencies and similar radiographic features are described. AP is usually a consequence of endodontic infection; in cases of NPDC, however, spontaneous epithelial proliferation, in addition to bacterial infection and trauma, may also contribute to cyst formation. The frequency and recurrence rates of NPDC are low, and its behavior is less aggressive. Surgical enucleation of the periapical lesion is recommended after nonsurgical treatment does not heal AP. CONCLUSIONS: The use of new diagnostic tools, such as CBCT imaging, may provide detailed high-resolution images of oral structures, which help to make an initial diagnostic hypothesis and to plan surgery. Histopathology is mandatory for the differential diagnosis.

Resolução cirúrgica de periodontite apical em dente com formação de cálculo via trajeto fistuloso / Surgical resolution of apical periodontitis in tooth with calculus-like formation through sinus tract

O presente relato de caso clínico tem o objetivo de descrever a resolução cirúrgica de um dente clinicamente assintomático, portador de fístula muco-gengival, com imagem radiográfica sugestiva de cisto radicular com provável presença de cálculo aderido à região apical. O tratamento empregado foi intervenção endodôntica convencional com medicação intracanal prolongada de pasta de hidróxido de cálcio/soro fisiológico, obturação definitiva seguida de intervenção cirúrgica paraendodôntica (apicectomia). O material curetado foi enviado para exame histopatológico, confirmando a hipótese diagnóstica de cisto radicular. Já o fragmento do ápice radicular envolto por massa consistente foi analisado em microscopia eletrônica de varredura, demonstrando se tratar de cálculo dental aderido ao cemento e à dentina radicular. Após período de 9 meses e 21 dias o elemento dental se apresentou clínica e radiograficamente em processo de reparo apical.

The present report of clinical case has the objective of describe the surgical resolution of a tooth clinically asymptomatic that has muco-gingíval fistula with suggestive radiographic image of root cist and a probable presence of calculus adhered to the apical region. The treatment applied was conventional endodontic intervention with a prolonged intracanal medicine with hydroxide calcium/normal saline paste, definite filling followed by a paraendodontic surgical intervention. The curetted material was sent to a histopatologic exam, confirming the diagnosis hypothesis of radicular cist. The fragment of the root apice involved by a solid substance was analized by an eletronic microscopy of scanning, probably demonstrating to be about dental calculus adhered to the cementum and to the root dentin. After a period of 9 months and 21 days, the dental element showed to be clinical and radiographically in an apical repair processo.

Correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnoses in periapical inflammatory lesions.

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnoses of periapical inflammatory lesions, focusing mainly on cystic conditions. METHODS: Files dating from 1998 to 2006 at the Oral Pathology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Alfenas Federal University, Brazil, were reviewed to identify cases with histopathological diagnoses of periapical inflammatory lesions. A total of 1788 files were analyzed, and 255 cases were identified with clinical diagnoses of periapical inflammatory lesions. RESULTS: The most prevalent clinical diagnosis was apical periodontal cyst (59%), followed by periapical granuloma (20%), and dentoalveolar abscess (2%). After histopathological analysis, 53% of the cases represented apical periodontal cyst, 42% periapical granuloma, and 5% dentoalveolar abscess. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of the present study show a high prevalence of periapical cysts among periapical inflammatory lesions. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of histopathological evaluation for the correct diagnosis of periapical inflammatory lesions.

Paradental (mandibular inflammatory buccal) cyst.

The paradental cyst is commonly misinterpreted when associated with atypical clinical and radiographic characteristics, in turn causing diagnostic problems. For this reason, the study of the differential diagnosis of this lesion has become extremely important. In addition, the correlation of clinical, histologic, and radiographic findings are also of great value in obtaining accurate diagnoses. The minor variations in the clinical appearance of paradental cysts make it feasible to consider the two main groups of cysts separately: those associated with 1st and 2nd permanent molars of the mandible and those associated with the 3rd mandibular molar. Moreover, this distinction in localization may well dictate the necessary treatment. Bearing in mind the minor clinical variations, the present article aims to discuss the differential diagnosis of this lesion and its different possible treatments by presenting a case report to illustrate the findings.

Quiste inflamatorio radicular o periapical: revisión bibliográfica / Radicular or periapical inflammatory cyst: a review of the literature

El término de quiste es derivado de la palabra griega Kystis, que significa saco o vesícula. El quiste inflamatorio radicular o periapical es una lesión inflamatoria de los maxilares, formada en el ápice de las piezas dentarias que hayan sufrido una necrosis o infección pulpar, siendo considerado como una secuela directa de un granuloma apical.

Curetagem de lesões periapicais refratárias com simultânea obturação dos canais radiculares / Curretage of refractory periapical lesions with simultaneous root canal filling

Após episódio traumático, desenvolveram-se duas extensas lesões periapicais associadas aos dentes 11 e 21, com acentuado abaulamento, consistente e indolor das respectivas corticais ósseas vestibulares. Após patência apical, verificou-se copiosa e persistente drenagem de exsudato seroso-sanguinolento. A punção aspirativa das lesões periapicais proveu 10mL do referido exsudato inflamatório. Esse quadro clínico-patológico persistiu após preparo biomecânico e medicação intracanal com pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio. A intervenção cirúrgica constou de curetagem periapical associada à obturação simultânea dos canais radiculares. O laudo histopatológico confirmou lesão cística. Em prosservação, verificou-se ausência de sintomotalogia dolorosa, resolução dos abaulamentos das corticais alveolares, bem como completa reparação óssea periapical.