In the Rat Hippocampus, Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Is Associated with Reactive Glia and Concomitant Increased Expression of CD31, PDGFRß, and Collagen IV in Endothelial Cells and Pericytes of the Blood-Brain Barrier.

In humans and animal models, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with reorganization of hippocampal neuronal networks, gliosis, neuroinflammation, and loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). More than 30% of epilepsies remain intractable, and characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in BBB dysfunction is essential to the identification of new therapeutic strategies. In this work, we induced status epilepticus in rats through injection of the proconvulsant drug pilocarpine, which leads to TLE. Using RT-qPCR, double immunohistochemistry, and confocal imaging, we studied the regulation of reactive glia and vascular markers at different time points of epileptogenesis (latent phase-3, 7, and 14 days; chronic phase-1 and 3 months). In the hippocampus, increased expression of mRNA encoding the glial proteins GFAP and Iba1 confirmed neuroinflammatory status. We report for the first time the concomitant induction of the specific proteins CD31, PDGFRß, and ColIV-which peak at the same time points as inflammation-in the endothelial cells, pericytes, and basement membrane of the BBB. The altered expression of these proteins occurs early in TLE, during the latent phase, suggesting that they could be associated with the early rupture and pathogenicity of the BBB that will contribute to the chronic phase of epilepsy.

Effects of pulsed electrical stimulation on α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts.

Pulsed electrical stimulation (PES) is known to affect cellular activities. We previously found PES to human dermal fibroblasts (HFs) promoted platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA) gene expression, which enhanced proliferation. In this study, we investigated PES effects on fibroblast collagen production and differentiation into myofibroblasts. HFs were electrically stimulated at 4800 Hz and 5 V for 60 min. Imatinib, a specific inhibitor of PDGF receptors, was treated before PES. After 6 h of PES, PDGFA, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen type I α1 chain gene expressions were upregulated in PES group. Imatinib suppressed the promoted expression except for PDGFA. Immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed the production of α-SMA and collagen I was enhanced in PES group but suppressed in PES + imatinib group at 48 h after PES. Therefore, PES promotes the production of α-SMA and collagen I in fibroblasts, which is triggered by PDGFA that is upregulated early after PES.

Prophylactic Prednisolone Promotes AAV5 Hepatocyte Transduction Through the Novel Mechanism of AAV5 Coreceptor Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Upregulation and Innate Immune Suppression.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are used to deliver therapeutic transgenes, but host immune responses may interfere with transduction and transgene expression. We evaluated prophylactic corticosteroid treatment on AAV5-mediated expression in liver tissue. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice received 6 × 1013 vg/kg AAV5-HLP-hA1AT, an AAV5 vector carrying a human α1-antitrypsin (hA1AT) gene with a hepatocyte-specific promoter. Mice received 4 weeks of daily 2 mg/kg prednisolone or water starting day -1 or 0 before vector dosing. Mice that received prophylactic corticosteroids had significantly higher serum hA1AT protein than mice that did not, starting at 6 weeks and persisting to the study end at 12 weeks, potentially through a decrease in the number of low responders. RNAseq and proteomic analyses investigating mechanisms mediating the improvement of transgene expression found that prophylactic corticosteroid treatment upregulated the AAV5 coreceptor platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) on hepatocytes and downregulated its competitive ligand PDGFα, thus increasing the uptake of AAV5 vectors. Evidently, prophylactic corticosteroid treatment also suppressed acute immune responses to AAV. Together, these mechanisms resulted in increased uptake and preservation of the transgene, allowing more vector genomes to be available to assemble into stable, full-length structures mediating long-term transgene expression. Prophylactic corticosteroids represent a potential actionable strategy to improve AAV5-mediated transgene expression and decrease intersubject variability.

Multifocal gastrointestinal stromal tumor with osseous metaplasia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is considered the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumor cases are located in the stomach and usually affects older adults. Most of gastrointestinal stromal tumor cases are sporadic; however, few have a syndromic association, including Carney triad, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we report a rare case of a 54-year-old Middle-Eastern female with multifocal gastrointestinal stromal tumor mixed type (epithelioid and spindle cell type) with osseous metaplasia. Fluoresce in situ hybridization analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha revealed deletion in 42% of the tumor cells studied. Interestingly, next generation sequencing revealed platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha exon 12 mutation (p.Y555C) and exon 14 mutation (p.N659Y). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, osseous metaplasia in GIST is a very rare event and only few cases are reported in the literature. The number of reported cases is inadequate to confirm the pathogenesis and the prognosis.

New insights about the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway as a promising target to develop cancer therapeutic strategies.

Numerous cancers express platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs). By directly stimulating tumour cells in an autocrine manner or by stimulating tumour stromal cells in a paracrine manner, the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) pathway is crucial in the growth and spread of several cancers. To combat hypoxia in the tumour microenvironment, it encourages angiogenesis. A growing body of experimental data shows that PDGFs target malignant cells, vascular cells, and stromal cells to modulate tumour growth, metastasis, and the tumour microenvironment. To combat medication resistance and enhance patient outcomes in cancers, targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is a viable therapeutic approach. There have been reports of anomalies in the PDGF pathway, including the gain of function point mutations, activating chromosomal translocations, or overexpression or amplification of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs). As a result, it has been shown that targeting the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway is an effective method for treating cancer. As a result, this study will concentrate on the regulation of the PDGF/PDGFR signaling system, in particular the current methods and inhibitors used in cancer treatment, as well as the associated therapeutic advantages and side effects.

Oncogenic long noncoding RNA LINC02283 enhances PDGF receptor A-mediated signaling and drives glioblastoma tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the etiology of complex diseases and cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, lncRNA-based therapies are limited because the mechanisms of action of many lncRNAs with their binding partners are not completely understood. METHODS: We used transcriptomic and genomic data to analyze correlations between LINC02283 and PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor receptor A). The biological functions of the novel lncRNA were assessed in vivo using patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), and orthotopic GBM xenografts. Immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, RNA pull down, crosslinked RNA immunoprecipitation, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and antisense oligo-mediated knockdown were performed to explore the regulation of LINC02283 on PDGFRA signaling. Expression of LINC02283 in clinical samples was assessed using pathologically diagnosed GBM patient samples. RESULTS: We identified a novel oncogenic lncRNA, LINC02283, that is highly expressed in the PDGFRA mutation-driven cohort of glioma patients and associated with worse prognosis. LINC02283 gene co-amplifies with the PDGFRA locus and shows high correlation with PDGFRA expression. Deprivation of LINC02283 in GSCs with PDGFRA amplification mutation, attenuated tumorigenicity and enhanced survival in orthotopic GBM xenograft models, while overexpression of LINC02283 in GSCs with wild-type PDGFRA, enhances PDGFRA signaling, and decreases survival. Further, LINC02283 interacts with PDGFRA to enhance its signaling and that of its downstream targets AKT and ERK, thus promoting oncogenesis in GBM. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide strong evidence of LINC02283 as a regulator of PDGFRA oncogenic activity and GBM malignancy and support the potential of lncRNAs as possible therapeutic targets.

Transcriptional Dysregulation Underlies Both Monogenic Arrhythmia Syndrome and Common Modifiers of Cardiac Repolarization.

BACKGROUND: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited arrhythmia syndrome caused by loss-of-function variants in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5) in ≈20% of subjects. We identified a family with 4 individuals diagnosed with BrS harboring the rare G145R missense variant in the cardiac transcription factor TBX5 (T-box transcription factor 5) and no SCN5A variant. METHODS: We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from 2 members of a family carrying TBX5-G145R and diagnosed with Brugada syndrome. After differentiation to iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), electrophysiologic characteristics were assessed by voltage- and current-clamp experiments (n=9 to 21 cells per group) and transcriptional differences by RNA sequencing (n=3 samples per group), and compared with iPSC-CMs in which G145R was corrected by CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. The role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was elucidated by small molecule perturbation. The rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval association with serum PDGF was tested in the Framingham Heart Study cohort (n=1893 individuals). RESULTS: TBX5-G145R reduced transcriptional activity and caused multiple electrophysiologic abnormalities, including decreased peak and enhanced "late" cardiac sodium current (INa), which were entirely corrected by editing G145R to wild-type. Transcriptional profiling and functional assays in genome-unedited and -edited iPSC-CMs showed direct SCN5A down-regulation caused decreased peak INa, and that reduced PDGF receptor (PDGFRA [platelet-derived growth factor receptor α]) expression and blunted signal transduction to PI3K was implicated in enhanced late INa. Tbx5 regulation of the PDGF axis increased arrhythmia risk due to disruption of PDGF signaling and was conserved in murine model systems. PDGF receptor blockade markedly prolonged normal iPSC-CM action potentials and plasma levels of PDGF in the Framingham Heart Study were inversely correlated with the QTc interval (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results not only establish decreased SCN5A transcription by the TBX5 variant as a cause of BrS, but also reveal a new general transcriptional mechanism of arrhythmogenesis of enhanced late sodium current caused by reduced PDGF receptor-mediated PI3K signaling.

A Gastroenterologist's Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These tumors have been shown to harbor oncogenic mutations of the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Immunohistochemical analysis of GISTs allows for the differentiation of these tumors from other mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract such as leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas. All GISTs have the potential to behave in a malignant fashion. Tumor location, size, and mitotic index are factors used to predict the risk of malignant behavior. Endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound play a critical role in the diagnosis of GISTs and can yield important information to further risk-stratify tumors and determine management. This article provides a gastroenterologist's perspective on the diagnosis and management of GISTs.

Correlation between mechanism of oxidized-low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage apoptosis and inhibition of target gene platelet derived growth factor receptor-ß expression by microRNA-9.

This study was to explore the effects of oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on the proliferation and apoptosis of macrophages, and the role of miRNA-9 in the targeted regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFR-ß) expression. Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured and foamed with 100 mg/L ox-LDL to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis and target protein expression levels. Subsequently, the miRNA-9 mimics and inhibitors were transfected to detect the expression level of PDGFR-ß. The dual-luciferase reporter gene was predicted and applied to detect the target-binding effect of miRNA-9 and PDGFR-ß in the cells. The results showed that ox-LDL could induce the foaming of macrophages RAW264.7, inhibit the cell proliferation, and promote the cell apoptosis. After ox-LDL induction, expression of Caspase-3 in macrophages RAW264.7 was up-regulated, and that of glucose regulated protein 78 was down-regulated. The transfection of miRNA-9 mimics could greatly inhibit the expression of PDGFR-ß mRNA and proteins in the cells. In addition, the results of the dual-luciferase reporter gene showed that the ratio of luciferase activity was significantly reduced after the miRNA-9 mimic and the wild-type PDGFR-ß plasmid were co-transfected. In summary, ox-LDL could induce foaming of macrophages and promote cell apoptosis, and miRNA-9 could target and bind to the 3'UTR region of PDGFR-ß, thereby inhibiting the gene expression.

Increased abundance of Cbl E3 ligases alters PDGFR signaling in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

In recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), loss of collagen VII, the main component of anchoring fibrils critical for epidermal-dermal cohesion, affects several intracellular signaling pathways and leads to impaired wound healing and fibrosis. In skin fibroblasts, wound healing is also affected by platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling. To study a potential effect of loss of collagen VII on PDGFR signaling we performed unbiased disease phosphoproteomics. Whereas RDEB fibroblasts exhibited an overall weaker response to PDGF, Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligases, negative regulators of growth factor signaling, were stronger phosphorylated. This increase in phosphorylation was linked to higher Cbl mRNA and protein levels due to increased TGFß signaling in RDEB. In turn, increased Cbl levels led to increased PDGFR ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation negatively affecting MAPK and AKT downstream signaling pathways. Thus, our results indicate that elevated TGFß signaling leads to an attenuated response to growth factors, which contributes to impaired dermal wound healing in RDEB.

Partial Ablation of Non-Myogenic Progenitor Cells as a Therapeutic Approach to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by the loss of dystrophin, remains incurable. Reduction in muscle regeneration with DMD is associated with the accumulation of fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs) differentiating into myofibroblasts and leading to a buildup of the collagenous tissue aggravating DMD pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are activated in muscle during DMD progression and give rise to FAPs promoting DMD progression. Here, we hypothesized that muscle dysfunction in DMD could be delayed via genetic or pharmacologic depletion of MSC-derived FAPs. In this paper, we test this hypothesis in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. To reduce fibro/adipose infiltration and potentiate muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), we used a model for inducible genetic ablation of proliferating MSCs via a suicide transgene, viral thymidine kinase (TK), expressed under the Pdgfrb promoter. We also tested if MSCs from fat tissue, the adipose stromal cells (ASCs), contribute to FAPs and could be targeted in DMD. Pharmacological ablation was performed with a hunter-killer peptide D-CAN targeting ASCs. MSC depletion with these approaches resulted in increased endurance, measured based on treadmill running, as well as grip strength, without significantly affecting fibrosis. Although more research is needed, our results suggest that depletion of pathogenic MSCs mitigates muscle damage and delays the loss of muscle function in mouse models of DMD.

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that produces disease in transplant patients and newborn children. Entry of HCMV into cells relies on gH/gL trimer (gHgLgO) and pentamer (gHgLUL128-131) complexes that bind cellular receptors. Here, we studied the structure and interactions of the HCMV trimer, formed by AD169 strain gH and gL and TR strain gO proteins, with the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). Three trimer surfaces make extensive contacts with three PDGFRα N-terminal domains, causing PDGFRα to wrap around gO in a structure similar to a human hand, explaining the high-affinity interaction. gO is among the least conserved HCMV proteins, with 8 distinct genotypes. We observed high conservation of residues mediating gO-gL interactions but more extensive gO variability in the PDGFRα interface. Comparisons between our trimer structure and a previously determined structure composed of different subunit genotypes indicate that gO variability is accommodated by adjustments in the gO-PDGFRα interface. We identified two loops within gO that were disordered and apparently glycosylated, which could be deleted without disrupting PDGFRα binding. We also identified four gO residues that contact PDGFRα, which when mutated produced markedly reduced receptor binding. These residues fall within conserved contact sites of gO with PDGFRα and may represent key targets for anti-trimer neutralizing antibodies and HCMV vaccines. Finally, we observe that gO mutations distant from the gL interaction site impact trimer expression, suggesting that the intrinsic folding or stability of gO can impact the efficiency of trimer assembly. IMPORTANCE HCMV is a herpesvirus that infects a large percentage of the adult population and causes significant levels of disease in immunocompromised individuals and birth defects in the developing fetus. The virus encodes a complex protein machinery that coordinates infection of different cell types in the body, including a trimer formed of gH, gL, and gO subunits. Here, we studied the interactions of the HCMV trimer with its receptor on cells, the platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), to better understand how HCMV coordinates virus entry into cells. Our results add to our understanding of HCMV strain-specific differences and identify sites on the trimer that represent potential targets for therapeutic antibodies or vaccine development.

Angiotensin II-induced overexpression of sirtuin 1 contributes to enhanced expression of Giα proteins and hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) plays an important role in the regulation of various physiological functions including proliferation, hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through the overexpression of Giα proteins. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a class III histone deacetylase and epigenetic regulator is implicated in a wide range of cellular functions, including migration and growth of VSMCs and in ANG II-induced hypertension. The present study was undertaken to examine the role of Sirt1 in ANG II-induced overexpression of Giα proteins and hyperproliferation of aortic VSMCs. We show that ANG II treatment of VSMCs increased the expression of Sirt1, which was attenuated by AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists, losartan, and PD123319, respectively. In addition, the knockdown of Sirt1 by siRNA attenuated ANG II-induced overexpression of Giα-2 and Giα-3 proteins, hyperproliferation of VSMCs and the overexpression of cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, Cdk4, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma proteins. Furthermore, ANG II-induced increased levels of superoxide anion (O2-) and NADPH oxidase activity and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt that are implicated in enhanced expression of Giα proteins and hyperproliferation of VSMCs were also attenuated to control levels by silencing of Sirt1. In addition, depletion of Sirt1 by siRNA also attenuated ANG II-induced enhanced phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) in VSMCs. In summary, our results demonstrate that ANG II increased the expression of Sirt1, which through oxidative stress, growth factor receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/Akt signaling pathway enhances the expression of Giα proteins and cell cycle proteins and results in the hyperproliferation of VSMCs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY ANG II regulates various physiological functions including proliferation of VSMCs through the overexpression of Giα proteins. Sirt1, a class III histone deacetylase, is implicated in several cellular functions, including VSMC growth and ANG II-induced hypertension. We showed for the first time that ANG II increased the expression of Sirt1, which through oxidative stress, growth factor receptor-mediated MAP kinase/Akt signaling pathway enhances the levels of Giα and cell cycle proteins resulting in the hyperproliferation of VSMCs.

PDGF receptor mutations in human diseases.

PDGFRA and PDGFRB are classical proto-oncogenes that encode receptor tyrosine kinases responding to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGFRA mutations are found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), inflammatory fibroid polyps and gliomas, and PDGFRB mutations drive myofibroma development. In addition, chromosomal rearrangement of either gene causes myeloid neoplasms associated with hypereosinophilia. Recently, mutations in PDGFRB were linked to several noncancerous diseases. Germline heterozygous variants that reduce receptor activity have been identified in primary familial brain calcification, whereas gain-of-function mutants are present in patients with fusiform aneurysms, Kosaki overgrowth syndrome or Penttinen premature aging syndrome. Functional analysis of these variants has led to the preclinical validation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting PDGF receptors, such as imatinib, as a treatment for some of these conditions. This review summarizes the rapidly expanding knowledge in this field.

Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor C and their receptors additionally increases doxorubicin effects in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Complex of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and PDGF receptors have important functions in the regulation of growth and survival of various cell types. Herein, it was found that aberrant PDGFC expression is closely associated with survival rates in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. In addition, PDGFC expression was identified to be significantly increased in TNBC cells unlike other subtypes such as PDGFA, PDGFB, and PDGFD. Apparently, the effects of specific PDGF receptor (PDGFR) inhibitors such as sunitinib and ponatinib on HCC1806 and Hs578T TNBC cells were investigated. Both inhibitors decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibitors completely inhibited cell growth in both the cell lines and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), one of the metastasis-related genes. Cell migration was also decreased by the inhibitors. Finally, the combined effects of the inhibitors with doxorubicin (DOX) were investigated. The results showed that the combination of two PDGFR inhibitors with DOX inhibited the growth of cells and enhanced the apoptotic cell death more uniformly than DOX. Consequently, it is demonstrated that PDGFR inhibitors, sunitinib and ponatinib hold the potential for effective treatment of TNBC.

Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 ameliorates retinal neovascularization and leakage by reversing the IL-1ß/IL-18 activation pattern in an oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy mouse model.

Activation of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in ocular neovascularization. In our study, we found that the expression and activation levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components, including NLRP3, an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) containing caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) and caspase-1 (CAS1), were significantly upregulated. In addition, we found interleukin (IL)-1ß activity increased while IL-18 activity decreased in the retinas of oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR) mice. MCC950, an inhibitor of NLRP3, reversed the IL-1ß/IL-18 activation pattern, inhibited the formation of retinal neovascularization (RNV), decreased the number of acellular capillaries and reduced leakage of retinal vessels. Moreover, MCC950 could regulate the expression of endothelial cell- and pericyte function-associated molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR)1, VEGFR2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)1, TIMP2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFR-ß), platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), and angiopoietin2 (Ang2). In vitro, recombinant human (r)IL-18 and rIL-1ß regulated the expression of endothelial cell- and pericyte function-associated molecules and the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and pericytes. We therefore determined that inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 can regulate the function of endothelial cells and pericytes by reversing the IL-1ß/IL-18 activation pattern to ameliorate RNV and leakage; thereby opening new avenues to treat RNV-associated ocular diseases.

Anti-cancer potential of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves via the PDGFR-Rac-JNK pathway.

Persimmon leaves are known to have some beneficial effects, including ROS elimination, lipid circulation, and neuronal protection. However, their anti-cancer properties and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we show that treatment with the ethanol extract of persimmon, Diospyros kaki, leaves (EEDK) induces cancer cell death and inhibits cell proliferation. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology with genetically-encoded biosensors, we first found that EEDK stimulates a PDGFR-Rac signaling cascade in live cells. Moreover, we found that downstream of the PDGFR-Rac pathway, JNKs are activated by EEDK. In contrast, JNK-downstream inhibitors, such as CoCl2, T-5224, and pepstatin A, attenuated EEDK-induced cell death. Thus, we illustrate that the PDGFR-Rac-JNK signaling axis is triggered by EEDK, leading to cancer cell death, suggesting the extract of persimmon leaves may be a promising anti-cancer agent.

Expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α/ß, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, c-Abl, and c-Kit in canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis and necrotizing encephalitis.

BACKGROUND: Given the active research on targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors (TKIs) in the field of oncology, further studies have recently been conducted to evaluate their use in autoimmune disorders. Based on immunological investigations, previous studies have suggested that granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) and necrotizing encephalomyelitis (NE) are similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a human autoimmune demyelinating central nervous system disease. OBJECTIVES: Considering this perspective, we hypothesized that canine GME and NE have significant expression of one or more TKs, which are associated with human MS pathogenesis. METHODS: To determine the possible use of conventional multi-targeted TKIs as a treatment for canine GME and NE, we characterized the immunohistochemical expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, PDGFR-ß, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, c-Abl and c-Kit in GME and NE samples. RESULTS: Histological samples from four dogs with GME and three with NE were retrieved. All samples stained positive for PDGFR-ß (7/7 [100%]). PDGFR-α and c-Kit were expressed in 3/7 (42.8%) samples each. c-Abl was identified in 2/7 (28.5%) samples; no sample showed VEGFR-2 (0%) expression. Co-expression of TKs was identified in 6/7 (85.7%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS: All samples were positive for at least one or more of PDGFR-α, PDGFR-ß, c-Kit and c-Abl, which are known as the target TKs of conventional multi-targeted TKIs. Their presence does suggest that these TKs may play a role in the pathogenesis of GME and NE. Therefore, multi-targeted TKIs may provide benefits in the treatment of canine GME and NE by suppressing the activity of these TKs.

Development of a precision medicine pipeline to identify personalized treatments for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major health problem, and current treatments are primarily for disease control and palliation of symptoms. In this study, we developed a precision medicine strategy to discover novel therapeutics for patients with CRC. METHODS: Six matched low-passage cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) were established from CRC patients undergoing resection of their cancer. High-throughput drug screens using a 119 FDA-approved oncology drug library were performed on these cell lines, which were then validated in vivo in matched PDXs. RNA-Seq analysis was then performed to identify predictors of response. RESULTS: Our study revealed marked differences in response to standard-of-care agents across patients and pinpointed druggable pathways to treat CRC. Among these pathways co-targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), SRC, platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling was found to be an effective strategy. Molecular analyses revealed potential predictors of response to these druggable pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that the use of matched low-passage cell lines and PDXs is a promising strategy to identify new therapies and pathways to treat metastatic CRC.

Overexpression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Its Receptor Are Correlated with Oral Tumorigenesis and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancerous disease with poor prognosis. According to the statistics, the 5-year survival rate has not improved significantly over the past 20 years. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its signaling pathway is a key regulator of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. High level of PDGF and its receptor (PDGFR) have been reported in several types of malignancies. In this study, we investigated the relationship of the molecular expression levels of PDGF and PDGFR with clinicopathological parameters in OSCC. To this end, we measured the mRNA and protein levels of PDGF and PDGFR by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. We found positive correlations of the mRNA levels of PDGFA, PDGFB, and PDGFRB with lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival (OS). High expression of PDGF, PDGFRA, and PDGFRB were remarkably associated with lymph node metastasis and poor OS, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Preoperative serum levels of PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB had a positive correlation with preoperative platelet count. Elevated serum levels of PDGF-AA. PDGF-BB, and platelet count correlated with lymph node metastasis and an unfavorable outcome. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, PDGFA mRNA, PDGFB mRNA, PDGFRB mRNA, PDGF immunoexpression, PDGFRB immunoexpression, serum PDGF-AA, serum PDGF-BB, and platelet count emerged as significant independent prognostic factors for OS. In vitro, we found that elevated PDGF promotes colony formation, migration, and invasiveness of SAS and OECM-1 cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that the expression level of serum PDGF has the potential to become a useful diagnostic marker for the prognosis of OSCC. In addition, PDGFR should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC. Furthermore, research should be undertaken to elucidate the role of PDGF and PDGFR regarding the behavior of tumor cells in OSCC.