Randomised pilot study comparing a coach to SMARTPhone reminders to aid the management of heart failure (HF) patients: humans or machines.

Ambulatory management of congestive heart failure (HF) continues to be a challenging clinical problem. Recent studies have focused on the role of HF clinics, nurse practitioners and disease management programmes to reduce HF readmissions. This pilot study is a pragmatic factorial study comparing a coach intervention, a SMARTPHONE REMINDER system intervention and BOTH interventions combined to Treatment as USUAL (TAU). We determined that both modalities were acceptable to patients prior to randomisation. Fifty-four patients were randomised to the four groups. The COACH group had no readmissions for HF 6 months after enrolment compared with 18% for the SMARTPHONE REMINDER Group, 8% for the BOTH intervention group and 13% for TAU. Medium-to-high medication adherence was maintained in all four groups although sodium consumption was lower at 3 months for the COACH and combined (BOTH) groups. This pilot study suggests a beneficial effect on rehospitalisation with the use of support measures including coaches and telephone reminders that needs confirmation in a larger trial.

Investigating How the Use of Technology Can Reduce Missed Appointments: Quantitative Case Study at a General Practitioner Surgery.

BACKGROUND: SMS texting systems have been considered a potential solution to reduce missed appointments in primary care. Existing research in this area focuses on qualitative studies investigating the attitudes of SMS text users and receivers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine appointment data from an independent general practitioner (GP) surgery in Wrexham, United Kingdom, with approximately 15,000 patients, to determine the impact of text messaging systems on reducing missed appointments. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the use of text messages can effectively reduce missed appointments. METHODS: To collect data for the study, SQL reports were run on EMIS Web, the United Kingdom's most widely used clinical system. The data spanned 10 years, from September 1, 2010, to March 31, 2020. Data accuracy was verified by cross-referencing with appointment diary records. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, chosen for their suitability in comparing groups in nonparametric settings, were conducted in Microsoft Excel due to its accessibility. RESULTS: Statistical analyses were conducted to compare data before and after implementation of the text messaging system. The results revealed a significant 42.8% reduction in missed appointments (before: 5848; after: 3343; P<.001). Further analysis of demographic characteristics revealed interesting trends, with no significant difference in missed appointments between genders, and variations observed across different age groups. The median number of missed appointments was not significantly different between genders (women: 1.55, IQR 1.11-2.16; men: 1.61, IQR 1.08-2.12; P=.73). Despite the prevalence of mobile phone use among young adults aged 20-25 years, the highest rates of missed appointments (848/7256, 11.7%) were noted in this group, whereas the lowest rates were noted in the 75-80 years age group (377/7256; 5.2%; P<.001). Analysis by age and gender indicated inconsistencies: women aged 20-25 years (571/4216) and men aged 35-40 years (306/3040) had the highest rates of missed appointments, whereas women aged 70-75 years (177/4216) and men aged 75-80 years (129/3040) had the lowest rates (P<.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that SMS text messaging in primary care can significantly reduce missed appointments. Implementing technology such as SMS text messaging systems enables patients to cancel appointments on time, leading to improved efficiency in primary care settings.

Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not.

Encouraging routine COVID-19 vaccinations is likely to be a crucial policy challenge for decades to come. To avert hundreds of thousands of unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, adoption will need to be higher than it was in the autumn of 2022 or 2023, when less than one-fifth of Americans received booster vaccines1,2. One approach to encouraging vaccination is to eliminate the friction of transportation hurdles. Previous research has shown that friction can hinder follow-through3 and that individuals who live farther from COVID-19 vaccination sites are less likely to get vaccinated4. However, the value of providing free round-trip transportation to vaccination sites is unknown. Here we show that offering people free round-trip Lyft rides to pharmacies has no benefit over and above sending them behaviourally informed text messages reminding them to get vaccinated. We determined this by running a megastudy with millions of CVS Pharmacy patients in the United States testing the effects of (1) free round-trip Lyft rides to CVS Pharmacies for vaccination appointments and (2) seven different sets of behaviourally informed vaccine reminder messages. Our results suggest that offering previously vaccinated individuals free rides to vaccination sites is not a good investment in the United States, contrary to the high expectations of both expert and lay forecasters. Instead, people in the United States should be sent behaviourally informed COVID-19 vaccination reminders, which increased the 30-day COVID-19 booster uptake by 21% (1.05 percentage points) and spilled over to increase 30-day influenza vaccinations by 8% (0.34 percentage points) in our megastudy. More rigorous testing of interventions to promote vaccination is needed to ensure that evidence-based solutions are deployed widely and that ineffective but intuitively appealing tools are discontinued.

A Multilevel Primary Care Intervention to Improve Follow-Up of Overdue Abnormal Cancer Screening Test Results: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Realizing the benefits of cancer screening requires testing of eligible individuals and processes to ensure follow-up of abnormal results. Objective: To test interventions to improve timely follow-up of overdue abnormal breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung cancer screening results. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pragmatic, cluster randomized clinical trial conducted at 44 primary care practices within 3 health networks in the US enrolling patients with at least 1 abnormal cancer screening test result not yet followed up between August 24, 2020, and December 13, 2021. Intervention: Automated algorithms developed using data from electronic health records (EHRs) recommended follow-up actions and times for abnormal screening results. Primary care practices were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to (1) usual care, (2) EHR reminders, (3) EHR reminders and outreach (a patient letter was sent at week 2 and a phone call at week 4), or (4) EHR reminders, outreach, and navigation (a patient letter was sent at week 2 and a navigator outreach phone call at week 4). Patients, physicians, and practices were unblinded to treatment assignment. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was completion of recommended follow-up within 120 days of study enrollment. The secondary outcomes included completion of recommended follow-up within 240 days of enrollment and completion of recommended follow-up within 120 days and 240 days for specific cancer types and levels of risk. Results: Among 11 980 patients (median age, 60 years [IQR, 52-69 years]; 64.8% were women; 83.3% were White; and 15.4% were insured through Medicaid) with an abnormal cancer screening test result for colorectal cancer (8245 patients [69%]), cervical cancer (2596 patients [22%]), breast cancer (1005 patients [8%]), or lung cancer (134 patients [1%]) and abnormal test results categorized as low risk (6082 patients [51%]), medium risk (3712 patients [31%]), or high risk (2186 patients [18%]), the adjusted proportion who completed recommended follow-up within 120 days was 31.4% in the EHR reminders, outreach, and navigation group (n = 3455), 31.0% in the EHR reminders and outreach group (n = 2569), 22.7% in the EHR reminders group (n = 3254), and 22.9% in the usual care group (n = 2702) (adjusted absolute difference for comparison of EHR reminders, outreach, and navigation group vs usual care, 8.5% [95% CI, 4.8%-12.0%], P < .001). The secondary outcomes showed similar results for completion of recommended follow-up within 240 days and by subgroups for cancer type and level of risk for the abnormal screening result. Conclusions and Relevance: A multilevel primary care intervention that included EHR reminders and patient outreach with or without patient navigation improved timely follow-up of overdue abnormal cancer screening test results for breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03979495.

Association of Use of Electronic Appointment Reminders With Waiting Times in the Veterans Affairs Health System.

Importance: Electronic appointment reminder systems are increasingly used across health systems. However, their association with patients' waiting times for their appointments, a measure of timely access to care, has yet to be assessed. Objective: To assess the associations between the introduction of an electronic appointment reminder system and the number of days patients had to wait from appointment booking to appointment completion in patients in the Veterans Affairs Health System. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cohort study of patients who completed appointments from January 1, 2018, to October 13, 2018, inclusive in all 130 Veterans Affairs (VA) health centers in the US. The study population comprised a census of all patients who received care at any VA health center during the period of the study for outpatient, procedural, rehabilitation, or radiology services. Data were analyzed from May 15, 2021, to December 15, 2021. Exposures: Phased introduction of an electronic appointment reminder system (VEText) in 6 waves spread across the study period. Main Outcomes and Measures: The unit of observation in this study was a completed appointment made by any such patients. Observations were excluded if the appointment was booked before but completed after the exposure, or if data were duplicated, missing, or incomplete. For each completed appointment, the number of days between which the appointment was booked and when it was completed. Results: The number of observations after exclusion comprised 39.5 million completed appointments from 5.1 million patients (91.1% male) with a mean (SD) age of 62.57 (16.24) years. The adoption of VEText was associated with an estimated reduction in patient waiting time by a mean of 6.51 days (95% CI, 5.51-7.52 days). Adoption of VEText was also associated with an increase of 8.54 (95% CI, 7.65-9.44) days of additional waiting per incomplete booking. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this study suggest that appointment reminder systems may be associated with decreases in the mean number of days patients in the VA system have to wait for their appointments but can potentially lengthen waiting times for patients who miss their bookings. Further study is warranted to assess whether these findings may be generalizable to other populations.

Effect of reminder letters after health checkups on the consultation behavior of participants with possible hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia: A retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: Prevention of and early treatment for noncommunicable diseases such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia are important, as these diseases are asymptomatic in early stages but can lead to critical conditions such as macro- and microvascular disorders later on. While screening is conducted worldwide, low rates of hospital visits after screening is a common issue. We aimed to investigate the effect of reminder letters on the consultation behavior of screened participants. METHODS: We used administrative claims data from a database managed by JMDC Inc for participants of health checkups in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, who belonged to a health insurance society. Reminder letters were sent regularly 6 months after checkups to improve participant consultation behavior. Participants who screened positive for hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, and who were not taking medication for any of these diseases at the time of health checkups, were included in the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1739 participants in 2014, 1693 in 2015, 2002 in 2016, and 2144 in 2017 were included in the analysis for hypertension. The cumulative proportion of hospital visits gradually increased over the course of 12 months after checkups in all years. After 2015, spikes, albeit very small ones, were observed at 6 months after checkups in accordance with the timing of reminder letters. Similar trends were observed for hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Sending reminder letters is a potentially effective approach to increase hospital visits, but further improvements (ie, multiple reminders) may be necessary to affect enhancements in participant consultation behavior.

Factors Associated With Opting Out of Automated Text and Telephone Messages Among Adult Members of an Integrated Health Care System.

Importance: Health care systems deliver automated text or telephone messages to remind patients of appointments and to provide health information. Patients who receive multiple messages may demonstrate message fatigue by opting out of future messages. Objective: To assess whether the volume of automated text or interactive voice response (IVR) telephone messages is associated with the likelihood of patients requesting to opt out of future messages. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO), an integrated health care system. All adult members who received 1 or more automated text or IVR message between October 1, 2018, and September 30, 2019, were included. Exposures: Receipt of automated text or IVR messages. Main Outcomes and Measures: Message volume and opt-out rates obtained from messaging systems over 1 year. Results: Of the 428 242 adults included in this study, 59.7% were women, and 66.5% were White; the mean (SD) age was 52.3 (17.7) years. During the study period, 84.1% received 1 or more text messages (median, 4 messages; interquartile range, 2-8 messages) and 67.8% received 1 or more IVR messages (median, 3 messages; interquartile range, 1-6 messages). A total of 8929 individuals (2.5%) opted out of text messages, and 4392 (1.5%) opted out of IVR messages. In multivariable analyses, individuals who received 10 to 19.9 or 20 or more text messages per year had higher opt-out rates for text messages compared with those who received fewer than 2 messages per year (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 10-19.9 vs <2 messages, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.17-1.38]; ≥20 vs <2 messages, 3.58 [95% CI, 3.28-3.91]), whereas opt-out rates increased progressively in association with IVR message volume, with the highest rates among individuals who received 10.0 to 19.9 messages (aOR, 11.11; 95% CI, 9.43-13.08) or 20.0 messages or more (aOR, 49.84; 95% CI, 42.33-58.70). Individuals opting out of text messages were more likely to opt out of IVR messages (aOR, 4.07; 95% CI, 3.65-4.55), and those opting out of IVR messages were more likely to opt out of text messages (aOR, 5.92; 95% CI, 5.29-6.61). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study among adult members of an integrated health care system, requests to discontinue messages were associated with greater message volume. These findings suggest that, to preserve the benefits of automated outreach, health care systems should use these messages judiciously to reduce message fatigue.

Mothers intention and preference to use mobile phone text message reminders for child vaccination in Northwest Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVES: With the unprecedented penetration of mobile devices in the developing world, mHealth applications are being leveraged for different health domains. Among the different factors that affect the use of mHealth interventions is the intention and preference of end-users to use the system. This study aimed to assess mother's intention and preference to use text message reminders for vaccination in Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 mothers selected through a systematic random sampling technique. Initially, descriptive statistics were computed. Binary logistic regression analysis was also used to assess factors associated with the outcome variable. RESULTS: In this study, of the 456 mothers included for analysis, 360 (78.9%) of mothers have intention to use text message reminders for vaccination. Of these, 270 (75%) wanted to receive the reminders a day before the vaccination due date. Mothers aged 35 years or more (AOR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.83), secondary education and above (AOR=4.43; 95% CI: 2.05 to 9.58), duration of mobile phone use (AOR=3.63; 95% CI: 1.66 to 7.94), perceived usefulness (AOR=6.37; 95% CI: 3.13 to 12.98) and perceived ease of use (AOR=3.85; 95% CI: 2.06 to 7.18) were predictors of intention to use text messages for vaccination. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, majority of mothers have the intention to use text message reminders for child vaccination. Mother's age, education, duration of mobile phone use, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were associated with intention of mothers to use text messages for vaccination. Considering these predictors and user's preferences before developing and testing text message reminder systems is recommended.

Short Message Service reminders reduce outpatient colonoscopy nonattendance rate: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nonattendance of outpatient colonoscopy leads to inefficient use of health-care resources. We aimed to study the effectiveness of using Short Message Service (SMS) reminder prior in patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy on their nonattendance rate. METHODS: Patients who scheduled for an outpatient colonoscopy and had access of SMS were recruited from three clinics in Hong Kong. Patients were randomized to SMS group and standard care (SC) group. All patients were given a written appointment slip on the booking date. In addition, patients in the SMS group received an SMS reminder 7-10 days before their colonoscopy appointment. Patients' demographics, attendance, colonoscopy completion, and bowel preparation quality were recorded. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of nonattendance. RESULTS: From November 2013 to October 2019, a total of 2225 eligible patients were recruited. A total of 1079 patients were allocated to the SMS group and 1146 to the SC group. The nonattendance rate of patients in the SMS group was significantly lower than that in the SC group (8.9% vs 11.9%, P = 0.022). There were no significant differences in their baseline characteristics and colonoscopy completion rate and bowel preparation quality. A trend towards a higher rate of adequate bowel preparation was observed in the SMS group when compared with the SC group (69.9% vs 65.8%, P = 0.053). Independent predictors for nonattendance included younger age, underprivilege, and existing diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: An SMS reminder for outpatient colonoscopy is effective in reducing the nonattendance rate and may potentially improve the bowel preparation quality.

Computerized Capability of Office-Based Physicians to Identify Patients Who Need Preventive or Follow-up Care - United States, 2017.

Preventive care or follow-up care have the potential to improve health outcomes, reduce disease in the population, and decrease health care costs in the long-term (1). Approximately one half of persons in the United States receive general recommended preventive services (2,3). Missed physician appointments can hinder the receipt of needed health care (4). With electronic health record (EHR) systems able to improve interaction and communication between patients and providers (5), electronic reminders are used to decrease missed care. These reminders can improve various types of preventive and follow-up care, such as immunizations (6) and cancer screening (7); however, computerized capability must exist to make use of these reminders. To examine this capability among U.S. office-based physicians, data from the National Electronic Health Records Survey (NEHRS) for 2017, the most recent data available, were analyzed. An estimated 64.7% of office-based physicians had computerized capability to identify patients who were due for preventive or follow-up care, with 72.9% of primary care physicians and 71.4% of physicians with an EHR system having this capability compared with surgeons (54.8%), nonprimary care physicians (58.5%), and physicians without an EHR system (23.4%). Having an EHR system is associated with the ability to send electronic reminders to increase receipt of preventive or follow-up care, which has been shown to improve patient health outcomes (8).

Assessing the use of cell phones to monitor health and nutrition interventions: Evidence from rural Guatemala.

In-person (face-to-face) data collection methods offer many advantages but can also be time-consuming and expensive, particularly in areas of difficult access. We take advantage of the increasing mobile phone penetration rate in rural areas to evaluate the feasibility of using cell phones to monitor the provision of key health and nutrition interventions linked to the first 1,000 days of life, a critical period of growth and development. We examine response rates to calendarized text messages (SMS) and phone calls sent to 1,542 households over a period of four months. These households have children under two years old and pregnant women and are located across randomly selected communities in Quiche, Guatemala. We find that the overall (valid) response rate to phone calls is over 5 times higher than to text messages (75.8% versus 14.4%). We also test whether simple SMS reminders improve the timely reception of health services but do not find any effects in this regard. Language, education, and age appear to be major barriers to respond to text messages as opposed to phone calls, and the rate of response is not correlated with a household's geographic location (accessibility). Moreover, response veracity is high, with an 84-91% match between household responses and administrative records. The costs per monitored intervention are around 1.12 US dollars using text messages and 85 cents making phone calls, with the costs per effective answer showing a starker contrast, at 7.76 and 1.12 US dollars, respectively. Our findings indicate that mobile phone calls can be an effective, low-cost tool to collect reliable information remotely and in real time. In the current context, where in-person contact with households is not possible due to the COVID-19 crisis, phone calls can be a valuable instrument for collecting information, monitoring development interventions, or implementing brief surveys.

Effect of vaccine reminder and tracker bracelets on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in urban Pakistan (2017-18): a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Inability to track children's vaccination history coupled with parents' lack of awareness of vaccination due dates compounds the problem of low immunization coverage and timeliness in developing countries. We evaluated the impact of two types of silicone immunization reminder bracelets for children in improving immunization coverage and timeliness of Pentavalent-3 and the Measles-1 vaccines. METHODS: Children < 3 months were enrolled in either of the 2 intervention groups (Alma Sana Bracelet Group and Star Bracelet Group) or the Control group. Children in the intervention groups were provided the two different bracelets at the time of recruitment. Each time the child visited the immunization center, a hole was perforated in the silicone bracelet to denote vaccine administration. Each child was followed up till administration of Measles-1 vaccine or till 12 months of age (if they did not come to the center for vaccination). Data was analyzed using the intention-to-treat population between groups. The unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for Pentavalent-3 and Measles-1 coverage at 12 months of age were estimated through bivariate and multivariate analysis. Time-to-Pentavalent-3 and Measles-1 immunization curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 1,445 children were enrolled in the study between July 19, 2017 and October 10, 2017. Baseline characteristics among the three groups were similar. Up-to-date coverage for the Pentavalent-3 /Measles-1 vaccine at 12 months of age was 84.6%/72.0%, 85.4%/70.5% and 83.0%/68.5% in Alma Sana Bracelet group, Star Bracelet group and Control group respectively but the differences were not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, neither the Alma Sana bracelet (adjusted RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96-1.06), (adjusted RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.97-1.13) nor the Star bracelet (adjusted RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96-1.06) (adjusted RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.95-1.11) was significantly associated with Pentavalent-3 vaccination or Measles-1 vaccination. CONCLUSION: Although we did not observe any significant impact of the bracelets on improved immunization coverage and timeliness, our findings add to the existing literature on innovative, low cost reminders for health and make several suggestions for enhancing practical implementation of these tools. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03310762 . Retrospectively Registered on October 16, 2017.

Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Medication nonadherence is a leading cause of late allograft loss in kidney transplantation (KT). Tacrolimus trough coefficient of variation (CV), measured using the coefficient of variation, is strongly correlated with acute rejection, graft function, and graft loss. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if this mobile health (mHealth) intervention aimed at improving medication adherence in a nonadherent KT population would affect high intrapatient tacrolimus variability. METHODS: A 6-month, prospective, parallel-arm, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of an mHealth intervention on tacrolimus CV. Intervention arm participants utilized an electronic medication tray and an mHealth app to monitor home-based adherence. Tailored motivational reinforcement messages were delivered to promote competence for adherence. Tacrolimus CV was measured using a 12-month rolling average, assessed at monthly intervals (6-month intervention period and 6 months after completion of the study); 80 were included, 40 in each arm. RESULTS: At baseline, tacrolimus CV was similar between arms (37% ± 15% intervention, 37% ± 13% control, P = 0.894). Patients randomized to the intervention had a significant reduction in mean 12-month tacrolimus CVs (P = 0.046) and a significant improvement in the proportion achieving low tacrolimus CV (tacrolimus CV < 40%; P = 0.001), as compared with the control arm. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: High tacrolimus CV is a risk factor for acute rejection and graft loss; these results offer the potential promise of improved medication adherence and clinical outcomes through the use of innovative technology.

The use of WhatsApp group messaging in the coordination of measles supplemental immunization activity in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria, 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Cross Rivers State, in southern Nigeria, conducted measles Supplemental Immunization Activities (SIAs) in 2 phases from 2 -15 March, 2018. The SIAs coordination was led by the State technical coordination committee. A total of 90 supervisors from the national and subnational levels, including consultants were deployed to support the SIAs. The instant messaging service - WhatsApp was utilized to help in the communication and coordination among the State and field teams. METHODS: We reviewed the chat logs from the WhatsApp group exchanges made between 28 February 2018 and 31 March 2018. Thematic content analysis was done. RESULTS: A total of 653 WhatsApp messages were posted among the 55 group members during the study period, including text messages and media content. Eleven percent of the posts related to monitoring processes and data sharing, while posts related to vaccine logistics and waste management made up about 6% of the total. Overall coordination and deployment was covered in 6% of the posts. Forty percent of the media content showed vaccination service delivery and SIAs launching events or monitoring meetings in various areas. The coordination team used WhatsApp to send reminders to the field staff about data sharing, vaccine and waste management, as well as feedback on coverage and completeness of data sharing. The WhatsApp group discussions did not include most of the logistical and hesitancy challenges documented in the State SIAs technical report. CONCLUSION: We recommend focusing group discussions on instant messaging platforms so that they can be used for problem solving and sharing best practices, integrating it with other supervisory processes and tools, as well as providing feedback based on processed data from the field.

Factors influencing health behaviour, blood pressure control, and disability in hypertensive ischaemic stroke patients after a comprehensive reminder intervention.

AIMS: To test prospective pathways of a Comprehensive Reminder System based on the Health Belief Model (CRS-HBM), stroke knowledge, health belief in health behaviour, blood pressure (BP) control, and disability in hypertensive ischaemic stroke patients at 6-month postdischarge. DESIGN: A nested cohort study design. METHODS: Data were derived from a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of the intervention (N = 174, performed during February 2015 - March 2016). Data were collected by questionnaires and analysed in structural equation modelling in Mplus software. RESULTS: The proposed model provided a good fit to the data. This model accounted for 51.5% of the variance in health behaviour, 34.1% in BP control, and 5.7% in modified Rankin Scale score at 6-month postdischarge. The CRS-HBM had: (a) direct positive effect (ß = .391, p < .001) and indirect positive effects (ß = .186, p = .002) on health behaviour; (b) direct positive effect (ß = .356, p < .001) and indirect positive effects (ß = .183, p = .009) on BP control; and (c) indirect negative effect (ß = -.146, p = .008) on disability. Being female was linked to better health behaviour. Higher education predicted higher level of stroke knowledge and health belief. CONCLUSIONS: The CRS-HBM can not only directly but also indirectly improve patients' health behaviours by improving their health knowledge or health belief. Better health behaviour can improve patients' BP control and reduce disability. Therefore, nurses need to pay more attention to not only patients' health knowledge but also their health belief when providing education. IMPACT: The CRS-HBM intervention accounted for 51.5% of variance in health behaviour, 34.1% in BP control, and 5.7% in modified Rankin Scale score at 6-month postdischarge. This research can help nurses improve health education strategies in postdischarge and community contexts to achieve better health results.

Timing of electronic reminders did not improve trial participant questionnaire response: a randomized trial and meta-analyses.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess whether timing of short messaging service (SMS) reminders improved postal questionnaire return rates from participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A Study Within A Trial (SWAT) embedded in a multicenter RCT evaluating three treatments for the frozen shoulder. Participants who provided a mobile telephone number were randomized to either prenotification SMS on the day of the questionnaire mail-out or postnotification SMS 4 days after questionnaire mail-out for the 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who returned a valid questionnaire. A systematic review was undertaken to identify other embedded trials to perform a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 269 participants, 122/135 (90.4%) returned a valid questionnaire in the prenotification arm and 119/134 (88.8%) in the postnotification arm (difference of -1.6%; 95% CI of difference: -8.9%, 5.7%). There was no difference in time to response (HR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.34) or need for additional reminders (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.43 to 1.17). Meta-analysis of two RCTs showed no difference in response rates between prenotification and postnotification reminders (OR = 0.78 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.45). CONCLUSION: Timing of SMS reminders did not improve response rates and time to response or affect the need for additional reminders.

Three behavior change theory-informed randomized studies within a trial to improve response rates to trial postal questionnaires.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to design and evaluate a novel behavior change approach to increase response rates to an annual postal questionnaire in three randomized studies within a trial (SWAT) and replicate the most promising SWAT. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: SWAT1 tested a trial logo sticker on questionnaire envelopes vs. no sticker; SWAT2 tested a theoretically informed letter sent with the questionnaire vs. a standard letter; SWAT3 tested a theoretically informed newsletter sent before the questionnaire vs. no newsletter. The SWATs were conducted within a large dental trial (N = 1,877 adults), and SWAT2 replicated in a different trial in a similar setting (N = 2,372). RESULTS: SWAT1 improved response rates by 1.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-7.2%, 10.0%). SWAT2 improved response rates by 7.0%, 95% CI (1.7%, 12.3%). SWAT3 improved response rates by 0.8%, 95% CI (-5.1%, 6.7%). Replication of SWAT2 as the most promising SWAT showed improvement in response rates of 1.0%, 95% CI (-3.2%, 5.3%). Pooled results from SWAT2 showed an overall improvement in response rates of 3.4%, 95% CI (0.1%, 6.7%). CONCLUSION: A theory-based behavioral approach to design interventions to improve trial response rates showed small but meaningful improvements. The approach presented here can be easily implemented and adapted to address other identified barriers to trial retention.

An analytical model to evaluate reminders for medication adherence.

OBJECTIVES: Several interventions have been proposed to improve medication adherence including those using reminders. The performance of reminders, including effectiveness and side effects, varies widely in different settings. We must study this for improving decision making on how, when, and where to use what type of reminders. METHODS: Analytical modeling is an effective and low-cost method to derive preliminary or intermediate results and insights for further study of interventions for medication adherence. We developed an analytical model that can be used to evaluate the performance of reminders in various settings, including effectiveness, side effects, and healthcare cost savings for medication adherence. RESULTS: Context-aware reminders perform better than simple reminders for willing patients even when they completely rely on reminders for taking their doses. Simple reminders lead to more side effects than context-aware reminders. Further, context-aware reminders generate more healthcare savings without side effects and a comparable cost of the intervention. The results contribute to an improved understanding of reminders and are used to derive a set of guidelines for patients, healthcare professionals, decision-makers, and mobile app developers. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model is a low cost and effective tool to derive results and insights for the use of reminders in different settings to improve medication adherence. Therefore, the model can be utilized as a decision-making tool for deciding whether to pursue an RCT on healthcare interventions. The analytical model can be extended for complex scenarios of multiple interdependent medications, adaptation with patients' condition and behavior, and composite interventions.

Effectiveness of Electronic Medication Packaging Devices on Medication Adherence: A Scoping Review.

Poor adherence to complex medication regimens is a global problem that affects the treatment of chronic diseases, which involves polypharmacy and requires long-term administration of medications. The most significant barrier to medication adherence in older adults is patient-related factors. The purpose of this study was to find evidence from the current literature to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic medication packaging (EMP) devices on improving medication adherence in older patients. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, focusing on medication adherence and EMP devices with specific technological features. Search results included studies with experiences of patients with four different devices and various medical conditions. Study results indicated that EMP devices may improve medication adherence in older patients. However, due to insufficient evidence that supports their effectiveness specifically in the aging population, further clinical validation in older adults is recommended to draw strong conclusions. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46(3), 27-36.].