Influence of the Expression of Inflammatory Markers on Kidney after Fetal Programming in an Experimental Model of Renal Failure.

Objective. To evaluate the expression of inflammatory markers in experimental renal failure after fetal programming. Methods. The offspring aged two and five months were divided into four groups: CC (control dams, control offspring); DC (diabetic dams, control offspring); CFA (control dams, folic acid offspring, 250 mg/Kg); and DFA (diabetic dams, folic acid offspring). Gene expression of inflammatory markers MCP-1, IL-1, NOS3, TGF-ß, TNF-α, and VEGF was evaluated by RT-PCR. Results. MCP-1 was increased in the CFA and DFA groups at two and five months of age, as well as in DC5 when compared to CC5. There was a higher expression of IL-1 in the CFA2, DFA2, and DC2 groups. There was a decrease in NOS3 and an increase in TNF-α in DFA5 in relation to CFA5. The gene expression of TGF-ß increased in cases that had received folic acid at two and five months, and VEGF decreased in the CFA5 and DFA5 groups. DC5 showed increased VEGF expression in comparison with CC5. Conclusions. Gestational diabetes mellitus and folic acid both change the expression of inflammatory markers, thus demonstrating that the exposure to harmful agents in adulthood has a more severe impact in cases which underwent fetal reprogramming.

Tributyltin chloride induces renal dysfunction by inflammation and oxidative stress in female rats.

Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an organometallic pollutant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT induces several toxic and endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the effects of TBT on renal function are rare. This study demonstrates that TBT exposure is responsible for improper renal function as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in mammalian kidneys. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their renal morphophysiology was assessed. Morphophysiological abnormalities such as decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased proteinuria levels were observed in TBT rats. In addition, increases in inflammation, collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein expression were observed in TBT kidneys. A disrupted cellular redox balance and apoptosis in kidney tissue were also observed in TBT rats. TBT rats demonstrated reduced serum estrogen levels and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) protein expression in renal cortex. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that TBT is toxic to normal renal function and that these effects may be associated with renal histopathology complications, such as inflammation and fibrosis.

Alloantigen-specific response is preserved and autoimmunity is maintained in an HIV-positive patient with immunoglobulin A nephropathy undergoing renal transplantation: a warning about long-term reduction in immunosuppression--a case report.

We report the case of a 43-year-old patient with HIV infection treated with antiretroviral therapy, which was complicated by immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy and renal failure, who subsequently was transplanted using a deceased donor kidney transplant. During the late posttransplant period we detected specific anti-donor HLA antibodies showing a preserved alloantigen response. A renal biopsy showed no acute cellular or humoral rejection, an absence of pericapillary C4d deposits or SV40 infected cells, but demonstrated IgA mesangial deposits and mild interstitial fibrosis probably related to calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. This case shows that allo- and autoimmune responses are preserved despite immunosuppressive treatment and original HIV disease. It warns of the importance of maintaining optimal monitoring and immunosuppressive strategies among HIV-positive recipients who become solid organ transplant recipients.

Analysis of serious non-AIDS events among HIV-infected adults at Latin American sites.

OBJECTIVE: Acquired immune deficiency appears to be associated with serious non-AIDS (SNA)-defining conditions such as cardiovascular disease, liver and renal insufficiency and non-AIDS-related malignancies. We analysed the incidence of, and factors associated with, several SNA events in the LATINA retrospective cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of SNA events were recorded among cohort patients. Three controls were selected for each case from cohort members at risk. Conditional logistic models were fitted to estimate the effect of traditional risk factors as well as HIV-associated factors on non-AIDS-defining conditions. RESULTS: Among 6007 patients in follow-up, 130 had an SNA event (0.86 events/100 person-years of follow-up) and were defined as cases (40 with cardiovascular events, 54 with serious liver failure, 35 with non-AIDS-defining malignancies and two with renal insufficiency). Risk factors such as diabetes, hepatitis B and C virus coinfections and alcohol abuse showed an association with events, as expected. The last recorded CD4 T-cell count prior to index date (P = 0.0056, with an average difference of more than 100 cells/µL) and area under the CD4 cell curve in the year previous to index date (P = 0.0081) were significantly lower in cases than in controls. CD4 cell count at index date was significantly associated with the outcome after adjusting for risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and type of SNA events found in this Latin American cohort are similar to those reported in other regions. We found a significant association between immune deficiency and the risk of SNA events, even in patients under antiretroviral treatment.

Early modulation of inflammation by mesenchymal stem cell after acute kidney injury.

Therapy with stem cells has showed to be promising for acute kidney injury (AKI), although how it works is still controversial. Modulation of the inflammatory response is one possible mechanism. Most of published data relies on early time and whether the protection is still maintained after that is not known. Here, we analyzed whether immune modulation continues after 24 h of reperfusion. MSC were obtained from male Wistar rats. After 3-5 passages, cells were screened for CD73, CD90, CD44, CD45, CD29 and CD 31. In addition, MSC were submitted to differentiation in adipocyte and in osteocyte. AKI was induced by bilaterally clamping of renal pedicles for 60 min. Six hours after injury, MSC (2 x 10(5) cells) were administered intravenously. MSC-treated animals presented the lowest serum creatinine compared to non-treated animals (24 h: 1.3+/-0.21 vs. 3.23+/-0.89 mg/dl, p<0.05). The improvement in renal function was followed by a lower expression of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and higher expression of IL-4 and IL-10. However, 48 h after reperfusion, this cytokine profile has changed. The decrease in Th1 cytokines was less evident and IL-6 was markedly up regulated. PCNA analysis showed that regeneration occurs faster in kidney tissues of MSC-treated animals than in controls at 24 h. And also ratio of Bcl-2/Bad was higher at treated animals after 24 and 48 h. Our data demonstrated that the immunomodulatory effects of MSC occur at very early time point, changing the inflammation profile toward a Th2 profile.

Anticuerpos anti-citoplasma de neutrófilos: aspectos bioquímicos y metodológicos, importancia en diferentes patologías / Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: biochemical and methodological aspects, their importance in diferents pathologies

Los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos, ANCA, se encuentran involucrados en la patogénesis de las diferentes formas de las vasculitis inmunes. Su descubrimiento y posterior estudio ha permitido su utilización como elemento de ayuda diagnóstica y de seguimiento en enfermedades tales como la granulomatosis de Wegener, panarteritis microscópica y glomerulonefritis cresenticas necrotizantes. El objetivo de esta revisión es tratar de comprender las diferentes formas de vasculitis y así orientarse con respecto al diagnóstico de las mismas. La técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) que hasta el momento es la única normatizada, sigue siendo una herramienta fundamental para la detección de ANCA dada su elevada especificidad; pero no debe olvidarse que posee como interferentes a los anticuerpos antinucleares (ANA). Se desarrolló un absorvente a partir de un extracto nucleoproteico de timo vacuno que permite eliminar la interferencia que producen los ANA cuando están presente en una muestra donde se quiere determinar ANCA. De esta manera se logró optimizar la IFI-ANCA, lo cual quedó demostrado que los resultados obtenidos cuando se utilizó esta técnica en conjunto con ELISA antígeno específico, LIA blot antígeno específico y Dot blot gránulos Ó desarrollados. Resultados preexistentes en relación con los ANCA y colangenopatías como el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) pediátrico y la artritis reumatoidea (AR) mostraban resultados dispares entre diferentes autores, lo que generó la inquietud de estudiar la seroprevalencia en estas enfermedades y su importancia clínica. Se demostró relación entre ANCA e insuficiencia renal en LES pediátrico, no así en AR. Se generó la hipótesis que la presencia de ANCA sea un epifenómeno derivado de la respuesta inflamatoria. También se pudo demostrar la presenciade ANCA en pacientes con glomerulopatías sin evidencias clínicas ni anatomopatológicas de vasculitis como son las glomerulopatías: de la diabetes, IgA, membranoproliferativas, mesangial, membranosa, nefroesclerosis, esclerosis focal y segmentaria, todas ellas asociadas a microhematuria y/o proteinuria en diferentes grados. Finalmente la revisión de este tema y en particular el desarrollo y optimización de los métodos de detección ha permitido ampliar y profundizar el campo de estudio en relación con los ANCA arribando a las conclusiones aquí expresadas

Anticuerpos anti-citoplasma de neutrófilos: aspectos bioquímicos y metodológicos, importancia en diferentes patologías / Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: biochemical and methodological aspects, their importance in diferents pathologies

Los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos, ANCA, se encuentran involucrados en la patogénesis de las diferentes formas de las vasculitis inmunes. Su descubrimiento y posterior estudio ha permitido su utilización como elemento de ayuda diagnóstica y de seguimiento en enfermedades tales como la granulomatosis de Wegener, panarteritis microscópica y glomerulonefritis cresenticas necrotizantes. El objetivo de esta revisión es tratar de comprender las diferentes formas de vasculitis y así orientarse con respecto al diagnóstico de las mismas. La técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) que hasta el momento es la única normatizada, sigue siendo una herramienta fundamental para la detección de ANCA dada su elevada especificidad; pero no debe olvidarse que posee como interferentes a los anticuerpos antinucleares (ANA). Se desarrolló un absorvente a partir de un extracto nucleoproteico de timo vacuno que permite eliminar la interferencia que producen los ANA cuando están presente en una muestra donde se quiere determinar ANCA. De esta manera se logró optimizar la IFI-ANCA, lo cual quedó demostrado que los resultados obtenidos cuando se utilizó esta técnica en conjunto con ELISA antígeno específico, LIA blot antígeno específico y Dot blot gránulos O desarrollados. Resultados preexistentes en relación con los ANCA y colangenopatías como el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) pediátrico y la artritis reumatoidea (AR) mostraban resultados dispares entre diferentes autores, lo que generó la inquietud de estudiar la seroprevalencia en estas enfermedades y su importancia clínica. Se demostró relación entre ANCA e insuficiencia renal en LES pediátrico, no así en AR. Se generó la hipótesis que la presencia de ANCA sea un epifenómeno derivado de la respuesta inflamatoria. También se pudo demostrar la presenciade ANCA en pacientes con glomerulopatías sin evidencias clínicas ni anatomopatológicas de vasculitis como son las glomerulopatías: de la diabetes, IgA, membranoproliferativas, mesangial, membranosa, nefroesclerosis, esclerosis focal y segmentaria, todas ellas asociadas a microhematuria y/o proteinuria en diferentes grados. Finalmente la revisión de este tema y en particular el desarrollo y optimización de los métodos de detección ha permitido ampliar y profundizar el campo de estudio en relación con los ANCA arribando a las conclusiones aquí expresadas (AU)