Research Support as Topic , United States , Humans , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Drug Development , Research Support as Topic , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/supply & distribution , Drug Development/economics , Drug Development/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence
Biomedical Research , Federal Government , Politics , Research Support as Topic , Science , Argentina , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Biomedical Research/economics , Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Biomedical Research/trends , Science/economics , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Science/trends
European Union , Research Personnel , Research Support as Topic , Research , European Union/economics , European Union/organization & administration , United Kingdom , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/economics , Research/legislation & jurisprudence
Academies and Institutes , Internationality , Public Policy , Research Personnel , Research Support as Topic , India , Academies and Institutes/economics , Academies and Institutes/legislation & jurisprudence , Academies and Institutes/standards , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Policy/economics , Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence
To improve the outcomes of research and medicine, government-based international research funding agencies have implemented various types of policies and mechanisms with respect to sex as a biological variable and gender as a sociocultural factor. After the 1990s, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the European Commission (EC) began requesting that applicants address sex and gender considerations in grant proposals, and offering resources to help the scientific community integrate sex and gender into biomedical research. Although it is too early to analyze data on the success of all of the policies and mechanisms implemented, here we review the use both of carrots (incentives) and sticks (requirements) developed to motivate researchers and the entire scientific research enterprise to consider sex and gender influences on health and in science. The NIH focused on sex as a biological variable (SABV) aligned with an initiative to enhance reproducibility through rigor and transparency; CIHR instituted a sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) policy; and the EC required the integration of the "gender dimension," which incorporates sex, gender, and intersectional analysis into research and innovation. Other global efforts are briefly summarized. Although we are still learning what works, we share lessons learned to improve the integration of sex and gender considerations into research. In conjunction with refining and expanding the policies of funding agencies and mechanisms, private funders/philanthropic groups, editors of peer-reviewed journals, academic institutions, professional organizations, ethics boards, health care systems, and industry also need to make concerted efforts to integrate sex and gender into research, and we all must bridge across silos to promote systemwide solutions throughout the biomedical enterprise. For example, policies that encourage researchers to disaggregate data by sex and gender, the development of tools to better measure gender effects, or policies similar to SABV and/or SGBA adopted by private funders would accelerate progress. Uptake, accountability for, and a critical appraisal of sex and gender throughout the biomedical enterprise will be crucial to achieving the goal of relevant, reproducible, replicable, and responsible science that will lead to better evidence-based, personalized care for all, but especially for women.
Biomedical Research/economics , International Agencies/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Sex Characteristics , Sex Factors , Female , Humans , Male , Policy , Reproducibility of Results
Biomedical Research/economics , Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19 , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Personnel , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19/economics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Clinical Trials as Topic/economics , Humans , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/psychology , Uncertainty , United Kingdom , Universities/economics
Chimera/embryology , Embryo Research/ethics , Embryo, Mammalian/embryology , Macaca fascicularis/embryology , Animals , Cattle , Cell Communication , Embryo Research/economics , Embryo, Mammalian/cytology , Fertilization , Humans , Mice , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence , Organoids/embryology , Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology , Rats , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Species Specificity , Swine/embryology , Time Factors , United States
Dissent and Disputes , Goals , Research Personnel/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Sustainable Development/economics , United Nations , Financing, Organized/economics , Humans , Research Personnel/psychology , United Kingdom , United Nations/economics , Vulnerable Populations
Internationality/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research , Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence , Theft/legislation & jurisprudence , Theft/prevention & control , Universities , China , Financing, Organized/legislation & jurisprudence , Guidelines as Topic , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence , Politics , Racism/ethics , Racism/prevention & control , Research/economics , United States
Biomedical Research/economics , Biomedical Research/ethics , Clinical Trials as Topic/economics , Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics , Conflict of Interest/economics , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/ethics , Bias , Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Conflict of Interest/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence , Europe , Humans , Information Dissemination/ethics , Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudence , Patents as Topic/ethics , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Publishing/economics , Publishing/ethics , Publishing/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , United States
Authorship , Open Access Publishing/legislation & jurisprudence , Periodicals as Topic , Research Personnel , Financing, Organized/legislation & jurisprudence , Open Access Publishing/economics , Periodicals as Topic/economics , Research Personnel/economics , Research Support as Topic/economics , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence
Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , European Union/economics , European Union/organization & administration , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Science/economics , Clinical Trials as Topic , Commerce/economics , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Equipment and Supplies/economics , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Gross Domestic Product , Physics , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Personnel/organization & administration , Space Flight , United Kingdom
European Union , Financing, Organized/legislation & jurisprudence , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Gender Identity , Research Design , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/organization & administration , Sex , Animals , Canada , Clinical Trials as Topic/methods , Female , Financing, Organized/economics , Global Warming , Humans , Male , Research Design/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Design/standards , Research Personnel/education , Research Personnel/standards , Research Support as Topic/economics , Sex Characteristics , Sex Factors , Sex Ratio , Turtles/physiology , United States
Biomedical Research/economics , Coronavirus Infections , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Research Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/organization & administration , Sexism/prevention & control , COVID-19 , Canada/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Gender Identity , Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Research Support as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Sex Characteristics , Sex Factors , Sexism/legislation & jurisprudence
Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , European Union/organization & administration , Politics , Research Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/organization & administration , Equipment and Supplies , Laboratories , Research/economics , Research Personnel/economics , Uncertainty , United Kingdom