Presence of cataract in patients treated for retinoblastoma at the national institute of pediatrics in Mexico (2011-2021).

PURPOSE: The goal of this study is to describe the presence of secondary cataract in patients with retinoblastoma treated at the National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico (INP) over the past 10 years. METHODS: This was a single center observational, retrospective and descriptive study. We included all eyes diagnosed with retinoblastoma and cataract between June 2011 and June 2021. RESULTS: In total, 833 records of patients diagnosed with Retinoblastoma at the National Institute of Pediatrics during the period between June 2011 and June 2021 were reviewed. Out of all of them, only 14 developed cataract (1.6%). The median age at retinoblastoma diagnosis was 10.5 months (Rank: 6-13 months), and the median age at cataract diagnosis was 51.5 months (Rank: 25-73 months). The majority (13, 92.9%) of the patients had bilateral involvement. 42% of the eyes were Stage D according to the international classification of retinoblastoma. Cryotherapy was applied in 57.1%, intravitreal chemotherapy in 85.7%, radiation therapy in 42.6%, and only 7.1% of cases were treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cataract in patients with retinoblastoma is a rare but important entity impacting the development of vision in children and detection of intraocular tumors. These probably occur late as a result of the multiple treatments to which the children have been subjected, without being able to determine in this study which is the risk factor most associated with the development of this pathology.

Subsequent malignant neoplasms in the pediatric age in retinoblastoma survivors in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma survivors in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to high-intensity treatments that potentially place them at higher risk of early subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs). METHODS: We followed 714 (403 [56.4%] nonhereditary and 311 [43.5%] hereditary) retinoblastoma survivors diagnosed from August 1987 to December 2016, up to the age of 16 years. We quantified risk of SMNs with cumulative incidence (CI) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) analysis. Multivariate regression Cox model was used to determine the association of treatments and risk of SMNs. RESULTS: Median follow-up was of 9 years (range: 0.18-16.9) and 24 survivors (3.36%) developed 25 SMNs (n = 22 hereditary, n = 2 nonhereditary). SMNs included sarcomas (osteosarcomas, Ewing sarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas; n = 12), leukemias (n = 5), and central nervous system tumors (CNS; n = 3). All cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and most of Ewing sarcomas occurred within 5 years of retinoblastoma diagnosis. The type of SMN was the main indicator of mortality (five of five patients with leukemias, six of 12 with sarcomas, and zero of three with CNS tumors died). Compared to the general population, radiation increased the risk of Ewing sarcoma in hereditary survivors by 700-fold (95% CI = 252-2422.6) and chemotherapy increased the risk of AML by 140-fold (95% CI = 45.3-436). The CI of SMNs for hereditary survivors was 13.7% (95% CI = 8.4-22.1) at 15 years. CONCLUSION: Retinoblastoma survivors from Argentina are at higher risk of developing SMNs early in life compared to the general Argentinean population, especially those treated with radiation plus chemotherapy. AML and Ewing sarcoma presented within 5 years of retinoblastoma diagnosis are associated with chemotherapy and radiation exposure.

Short stature in retinoblastoma survivors: a cross-sectional study of 138 patients.

PURPOSE: Short stature has been reported in pediatric cancer survivors. Data on retinoblastoma survivors are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the height in retinoblastoma survivors. METHOD: The recorded height was compared with median height for age and sex as per the Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Z-score less than -2 was considered short statured. RESULT: Thirty percent of the survivors were short statured. The mean height was shorter than the mean 50th percentile height (119.7 ± 14.8 vs 128.7 ± 15 cm, p < 0.001). Previous chemotherapy showed a trend toward association (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Short stature affects a significant number of retinoblastoma survivors.

Emergency department bedside ultrasound diagnosis of retinoblastoma in a child.

A 30-month-old boy presented to a Haitian emergency department with proptosis, periorbital edema, and progressive blindness. Bedside ultrasound examination revealed bilateral ocular masses with dense calcifications pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. This case illustrates the diagnostic utility of bedside ultrasound for an advanced case of retinoblastoma in a resource-poor setting. Ocular ultrasound technique is also reviewed.

Preserving vision in retinoblastoma through early detection and intervention.

The most frequent neoplasm of the eye in children is retinoblastoma. It is a rare disease with an average incidence of 1 in 14,000 to 18,000 live births. The incidence is greater in developing countries. Early detection may allow widespread use of eye-sparing treatments, minimizing the morbidity of this disease. Although leukocoria is usually the first sign that parents notice especially when a flash photograph is taken, the diagnosis is not performed since this presentation is not known by health care providers and the public. Improving public awareness and knowledge of the early signs may lead to early diagnosis, which can save more eyes and lives. Advances in both the basic science and clinical applications of new therapies continue to emerge for this rare cancer. We expect that all conservative treatments will be available worldwide and consequently more children will be cured and maintain the vision.

Evaluation of ototoxicity in children treated for retinoblastoma: preliminary results of a systematic audiological evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to identify the ocurrence of hearing loss in children treated for retinoblastoma using a multidisciplinary approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two children were evaluated pre- and post-treatment. Eleven children were treated exclusively with enucleation, fifteen with carboplatin and six with cisplatin. Otoacoustic emissions were performed with the ILO 88, before and after the treatment. RESULTS: In our study we found 5 children (24%) with hearing loss among the 21 evaluated. However in the group of children treated with carboplatin (N=15), 1 case (6.6%) presented hearing loss, while among those treated with cisplatin (N=6) we found 4 cases (66.6%) with hearing loss (p=0.0114). CONCLUSION: We concluded that patients who are treated with cisplatin are at risk for developing hearing loss.

Low prevalence of HPV in Brazilian children with retinoblastoma.

Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intra-ocular malignant tumor of the childhood, occurring in 1 of 18,000-30,000 live births. Little is known about the causes of sporadic retinoblastoma and only a few authors have investigated the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV), with controversial results. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks containing retinoblastoma were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Hospital A C Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. All patients were treated with enucleation (21 children had both eyes enucleated). Retinoblastoma and, when possible, normal retina of each specimen, were micro-dissected under direct light microscopic visualization by using a PixCell II Laser Capture Micro-dissection System. The DNA quality was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 110 base pairs fragment of the human ß-globin gene using primers PCO3+/PCO4+. All globin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using consensus primers GP5+/GP6+. A total of 154 specimens were evaluated. Forty-four patients also had normal retinal specimens available for analysis of DNA HPV. The DNA HPV prevalence among all tumor specimens was 4.6% (95% CI 2.0; 8.8) (7 positive specimens/153 adequate specimens). Among normal retinal specimens, the DNA HPV prevalence was 9.1% (95% CI 2.9; 20.5) (4 positive specimens/44 specimens). There was no statistically significant difference between these rates (P = 0.318). Excluding any experimental failure, our results indicate a low prevalence of HPV DNA in retinoblastomas. We were therefore unable to conclude about the association between these oncogenic viruses and this rare pediatric neoplasm.

Low prevalence of HPV in Brazilian children with retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intra-ocular malignant tumor of the childhood, occurring in 1 of 18,000–30,000 live births. Little is known about the causes of sporadic retinoblastoma and only a few authors have investigated the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV), with controversial results. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks containing retinoblastoma were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Hospital A C Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. All patients were treated with enucleation (21 children had both eyes enucleated). Retinoblastoma and, when possible, normal retina of each specimen, were micro-dissected under direct light microscopic visualization by using a PixCell II Laser Capture Micro-dissection System. The DNA quality was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 110 base pairs fragment of the human β-globin gene using primers PCO3 +/PCO4+. All globin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using consensus primers GP5+/GP6+. A total of 154 specimens were evaluated. Forty-four patients also had normal retinal specimens available for analysis of DNA HPV. The DNA HPV prevalence among all tumor specimens was 4.6% (95% CI 2.0; 8.8) (7 positive specimens/153 adequate specimens). Among normal retinal specimens, the DNA HPV prevalence was 9.1% (95% CI 2.9; 20.5) (4 positive specimens/44 specimens). There was no statistically significant difference between these rates (P = 0.318). Excluding any experimental failure, our results indicate a low prevalence of HPV DNA in retinoblastomas. We were therefore unable to conclude about the association between these oncogenic viruses and this rare pediatric neoplasm

Descolamento da retina após tratamento do retinoblastoma / Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after succesful treatment of retinoblastoma

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a apresentação de descolamento de retina nos pacientes tratados de retinoblastoma no Centro Infantil Dr. Domingos Boldrini - Campinas (SP), Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 220 pacientes submetidos a tratamento clínico e cirúrgico de retinoblastoma, no período de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 2008. RESULTADOS: Encontramos dois pacientes com descolamento de retina após tratamento de retinoblastoma sem atividade tumoral, corrigidos com sucesso pelo método cirúrgico de cerclagem+criopexia. CONCLUSÃO: É possível a correção de descolamento secundário de retina nos pacientes portadores de retinoblastoma, sem atividade tumoral.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics and evolution of the retinal detachment developed after successful treatment of retinoblastoma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 220 consecutive patients treated for retinoblastoma from january 1978 to december 2008 disclosed two patients who developed retinal detachment during the follow-up. RESULTS: Retinal detachment was found in two patients several months after the treatment of retinoblastoma. Both were managed by surgery with restoration of their monocular vision. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of retinal detachment is indicated to preserve visual function and quality of life in patients successfully treated for retinoblastoma.

Bases embriogênicas da persistência dos sistemas retiniano e hialoide embrionários / Embryogenic foundations of the persistence of the embryonic retinal and hyaloid systems

Os autores apresentam o relato de quatro casos de persistência completa do sistema retiniano e hialoide embrionários (PCSRHE), discutem sua patogenia baseados na embriogênese comparada procuram esclarecer os problemas que surgem no diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de leucocoria e sugerem o abandono da designação de persistência do vítreo primário (VP) hiperplásico. As razões para esta última proposta são as seguintes: 1) Não é só o VP que persiste, mas, também a retina embrionária, e a vasculatura hialoide com a haste do nervo óptico, ou restos desses elementos. 2) A palavra hiperplasia tem significado restrito em patologia, pois compreende somente os processos proliferativos não tumorais das células. Ora, tanto o vítreo primário como o secundário, definitivo do adulto, têm poucas células, as quais não aparecem como participantes da patogenia; além disso, o VP, nos casos de persistência completa, é escasso, portanto, hipoplásico, sendo um contrassenso a expressão vítreo primário hiperplásico.

The authors report 4 cases of Complete Persistence of the Embryonic Retinal and Hyaloid Systems (CPERHS), discuss their pathogeny based on compared embryogenesis, and attempt to clarify the issues that come forth in the differential diagnosis in cases of leukocoria, suggesting that the designation of Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV) should be abandoned for the following reasons: 1) It’s not only the Primary Vitreous (PV) which persists but also the embryonic retina as well as the hyaloid vasculature with the optic nerve stalk, or the remains of these structures. 2) The term hyperplasia has a restricted meaning in Pathology as it encompasses only nontumoral processes of cell proliferation. However, both the primary and the secondary vitreous have few cells, which do not appear as participants of the pathogeny; moreover, the PV in the cases of complete persistence is scarce and therefore hypoplastic, the designation Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous being nonsensical.

Treatment results in patients with retinoblastoma and invasion to the cut end of the optic nerve.

BACKGROUND: There is little information on the outcome of patients with retinoblastoma and tumor at the resection margin of the optic nerve. PROCEDURE: Retrospective evaluation of three successive prospective protocols. Twenty-six consecutive patients were analyzed (International Staging System-IRSS-stage 2 = 21, stage 3 = 5) from three successive prospective protocols (1988-2006). Patients with stage 2 were enucleated upfront and those with stage 3 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by enucleation and adjuvant therapy. Both groups received adjuvant chemotherapy and orbital radiotherapy after enucleation. Patients in protocol 1 received 1 year of the lower-dose chemotherapy regimen including cyclophosphamide, vincristine and doxorubicin along with intrathecal chemotherapy. Patients of protocols 2 and 3 received a more intense and shorter intravenous regimen including carboplatin and etoposide alternating with cyclophosphamide, idarubicin and vincristine with no intrathecal treatment. The components of protocol 2 and 3 were similar except for the dose of carboplatin which was 10% lower in protocol 3. RESULTS: Thirteen were treated in protocol 1 and 13 in protocols 2 and 3. The probability of event-free survival was 0.70 at 5 years. Events included: CNS relapse = 3, second malignancies = 3, death in complete remission = 2. There were no significant differences in outcome between protocols or stages. Endocrinological disturbances related to the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis were evident in 6/8 patients evaluated. Severe orbital sequelae occurred in 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of patients with tumor at the resection margin of the optic nerve can be cured with current therapy; however, therapy related sequelae are frequent.

Sarcoma osteogénico como segundo primario en una paciente con retinoblastoma bilateral / Osteosarcoma as a second primary in a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma

Se presenta el caso clínico, manejo y aparición de un segundo primario después de 8 años del diagnóstico en una paciente de 12 años sobreviviente de un retinoblastoma bilateral hereditario. El presente estudio documenta la historia clínica, la histología, estudios radiológicos, genéticos que permitieron el manejo de la paciente.

This is the clinical case, treatment and development of second cancer after 8 years of diagnosis in a patient of twelve years survivor of hereditary bilateral retinoblastoma. The present study show the clinical resume, histology, radiological and genetic studies which allowed us an adequate management of the patient.

[Information on late effects and future risks for retinoblastoma survivors]. / Información sobre las secuelas y futuros riesgos para los sobrevivientes de retinoblastoma.

The survival rates of childhood cancer have increased in the past few decades. Late consequences related to the cancer and the treatment are observed. The late effects in retinoblastoma survivors are related to the surgery, the radiotherapy and the chemotherapy. Patients with irradiated bilateral retinoblastoma are at high risk to develop a second cancer. Survivors of bilateral or unilateral forms could transmit this disease to their offspring. The diagnosis of retinoblastoma is exceptional after 4 years of age, and it is not clear whether these survivors have knowledge of their diagnosis, treatment and future risks. The informed consent and the summary of the clinical histories do not help to clarify the situation. It will be of great benefit for the patients cured of retinoblastoma to have a long-term follow-up in the institution that treated them and to receive information about the disease, the treatment and the future risks.

Información sobre las secuelas y futuros riesgos para los sobrevivientes de retinoblastoma / Information on late effects and future risks for retinoblastoma survivors

Los índices de sobrevida de los pacientes con cáncer en la infancia han aumentado en las últimas décadas. Se observan secuelas como consecuencia de esta enfermedad y su tratamiento. Los sobrevivientes de retinoblastoma presentan efectos adversos como consecuencia de la cirugía, la radioterapia y la quimioterapia. Las formas bilaterales irradiadas presentan un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar un segundo cáncer. Tanto los casos que presentaron retinoblastoma unilateral o bilateral pueden transmitir esta enfermedad a su descendencia. El diagnóstico de este tumor es excepcional después de los 4 años de edad y no se sabe claramente qué conocimiento tienen estos sobrevivientes del diagnóstico, del tratamiento y de los futuros riesgos. El consentimiento informado y el posterior resumen de historia clínica no aclaran demasiado a los padres. Los pacientes curados de retinoblastoma se verían beneficiados con un seguimiento prolongado en las instituciones en que fueron tratados, ya que les permitiría recibir información acerca de lo padecido, del tratamiento, de los riesgos y se podrían identificar las consecuencias posteriores de la enfermedad y su tratamiento.

Información sobre las secuelas y futuros riesgos para los sobrevivientes de retinoblastoma / Information on late effects and future risks for retinoblastoma survivors

Los índices de sobrevida de los pacientes con cáncer en la infancia han aumentado en las últimas décadas. Se observan secuelas como consecuencia de esta enfermedad y su tratamiento. Los sobrevivientes de retinoblastoma presentan efectos adversos como consecuencia de la cirugía, la radioterapia y la quimioterapia. Las formas bilaterales irradiadas presentan un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar un segundo cáncer. Tanto los casos que presentaron retinoblastoma unilateral o bilateral pueden transmitir esta enfermedad a su descendencia. El diagnóstico de este tumor es excepcional después de los 4 años de edad y no se sabe claramente qué conocimiento tienen estos sobrevivientes del diagnóstico, del tratamiento y de los futuros riesgos. El consentimiento informado y el posterior resumen de historia clínica no aclaran demasiado a los padres. Los pacientes curados de retinoblastoma se verían beneficiados con un seguimiento prolongado en las instituciones en que fueron tratados, ya que les permitiría recibir información acerca de lo padecido, del tratamiento, de los riesgos y se podrían identificar las consecuencias posteriores de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. (AU)

Epidemiologic Study of Retinoblastoma no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil: janeiro 1985 - julho 1997

Objetivo: O retinoblastoma é o tumor maligno intraocular mais freqüente da infância. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar aspectos clínicos, de diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico em pacientes portadores de retinoblastoma atendidos em três centros de referência para esta patologia na cidade do Recife - PE. Métodos: Revisamos 85 prontuários de portadores de retinoblastoma e apresentamos o resultado da análise de 66 destes pacientes, atendidos durante o período de janeiro de 1985 a julho de 1997. Resultados: Apenas 4,5 por cento tinham história pregressa da doença. O sexo masculino foi mais acometido numa razäo homem/mulher de 1,12. A média de idade ao surgimento dos primeiros sintomas foi de 23,8 meses, sendo leucocoria e hiperemia ocular os mais freqüentes. A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi de 31,7 meses e a média de idade ao tratamento cirúrgico foi de 32,8 meses. O olho direito, com 42,4 por cento dos casos, foi mais acometido que o esquerdo (37,9 por cento). O tumor era unilateral em 80,3 por cento dos casos e bilateral em 19,7 por cento. Os tumores eram extra-oculares ao diagnóstico em 62,1 por cento, e intra-oculares em 37,9 por cento. O tratamento mais instituído foi a cirurgia associada à quimioterapia, em 47 por cento dos casos. 27,3 por cento dos pacientes tratados foram a óbito e 19,7 por cento abandonaram o tratamento. Conclusöes: Os dados encontrados em nosso estado assemelham-se àqueles observados em países em desenvolvimento, no que concerne à epidemiologia do retinoblastoma.

Osteosarcoma como segunda neoplasia de retinoblastoma / Osteosarcoma as a second neoplasm in a children with retinoblastoma

Introducción. Es bien conocido que el osteosarcoma se presenta frecuentemente como segunda neoplasia del retinoblastoma congénito, así como otro tipo de carcinomas, melanomas y tumores neuroepiteliales. Todos los pacientes con retinoblastoma bilateral congéntio presentan una alteración del gen RB1 localizado en el cromosoma 13q14. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con retinoblastoma bilateral congénito diagnosticado a la edad de 1 año 11 meses, quien recibió tratamiento con ciclofosfamida, epirrubicina y VP 16, entre otros agentes; y que desarrolló osteosarcoma peroneo con metástasis pulmonares tras una latencia de 10 años 6 meses. En esta paciente es conocido el uso de alquilantes, antracíclicos y etopósido, así como los antecedentes familiares de cáncer por ambas ramas. Conclusión. El retinoblastoma bilateral conlleva factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de segundas neoplasias. Los antecedentes familiares constituyen razones suficientes para catalogarlo como un síndrome de cáncer familiar, el uso de agentes alquilantes, antraciclicos y etopósidos, aumentan este riesgo acortando el período de latencia