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1.
Microb Pathog ; 195: 106816, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39032675

RESUMEN

Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen posing a serious risk to the farming industry and public health due to food animals serving as reservoirs for future contamination and spread of Salmonella. The present study is designed to monitor the contamination status of Salmonella in duck farms and the main control points during breeding. 160 strains of duck-derived Salmonella were isolated from the 736 samples (cloacal swabs, feces, water, feed, soil, air and dead duck embryos) collected in southwest Shandong Province and the province's surrounding area. The percentage of Salmonella-positive samples collected was 21.74 % (160/736), and the greatest prevalence from duck embryo samples (40.00 %, 36/90). These Salmonella were classified into 23 serotypes depending on their O and H antigens, in which S. Typhimurium (30.15 %), S. Kottbus (13.97 %) and S. Enteritidis (10.29 %) were the prevailing serotypes. Subsequently, the molecular subtyping was done. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) analysis showed that 41 strains of S. Typhimurium and 14 strains of S. Enteritidis were classified into 13 and 3 genotypes, respectively. 19 S. Kottbus isolates from different sources featured ST1546, ST198, ST321, and ST1690 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, among which ST1546 belongs to S. Kottbus was a new ST. The minimum spanning tree analysis based on the two CRISPR loci and seven MLST loci from all S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Kottbus isolates revealed that duck embryos, feed and water were key control points to the spread of Salmonella along the breeding chain. Meanwhile, the emergence of S. Kottbus in duck flocks was considered a potential public health hazard.


Asunto(s)
Patos , Granjas , Heces , Genotipo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Salmonelosis Animal , Salmonella , Serogrupo , Animales , Patos/microbiología , China/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/clasificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Heces/microbiología , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella typhimurium/clasificación , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Prevalencia , Filogenia , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Serotipificación
2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(6): e0012249, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38848444

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella is one of the most common causes of food-borne outbreaks and infection worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are common and remain a significant public health problem among important bacterial foodborne diseases. The current study aimed to establish the Non typhoidal Salmonella infection and antimicrobial resistance status among selected patients at Morogoro Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), Morogoro Region, Tanzania, to inform clinical care management and public health interventions. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records and samples were collected from hospitalised and outpatients between October and December 2021. A total of 153 participants were enrolled in the study and 132 consented to being sampled. The collected samples were analysed using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were subjected to molecular genotyping, where Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed targeting the 16S rDNA gene. PCR products were then submitted for sequencing to establish phylogenetic relatedness. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance genes screening were also conducted. RESULTS: The phylogenetic analysis identified two Salmonella serovars; Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. The isolates were from four adults and seven children patients. The isolates were tested against six antimicrobial agents: tetracycline, trimethoprim, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and cefotaxime. Further antimicrobial assays were performed by screening 10 antimicrobial resistance genes using PCR. Overall, the highest resistance was observed in ampicillin (100%), whereas the lowest resistance was recorded for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (9.1%). In addition, four (36.4%) of the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and three (27.3%) to tetracycline and trimethoprim. The isolates also exhibit the presence of resistance genes for sulfamethoxazole 1&2, tetracycline (tet) A&B, Beta-lactamase CTXM, Beta-lactamase TEM, Beta-lactamase SHV, Gentamycine, Acra and acc3-1 in different occurrences. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species in Morogoro region was 8.3% (11/132) with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium being the only serovars detected from adults and children stool samples. CONCLUSION: Our investigation showed that both children and adults had been exposed to Salmonella spp. However, the occurrence of NTS was higher in children (5.3% (7/132) compared to adults (3.0% (4/132). To stop zoonotic infections and the development of antimicrobial resistance in the community, this calls for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and stewardship programmes on rational use of antimicrobials in both health facilities and at the community level.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Infecciones por Salmonella , Humanos , Tanzanía/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Preescolar , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Lactante , Filogenia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Anciano , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana
3.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(7): e0050924, 2024 Jul 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38809017

RESUMEN

Bacterial genotyping through whole-genome sequencing plays a crucial role in disease surveillance and outbreak investigations in public health laboratories. This study assessed the effectiveness of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing in the genotyping of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Our results indicated that ONT sequences, generated with the R10.4.1 flow cell and basecalled using the Dorado 0.5.0 Super Accurate 4.3 model, exhibited comparable accuracy to Illumina sequences, effectively discriminating among bacterial strains from outbreaks. These findings suggest that ONT sequencing has the potential to be a promising tool for rapid whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens in public health laboratories for epidemiological investigations. IMPORTANCE: This study unveils that Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing, by itself, holds the potential to serve as a whole-genome sequencing-based genotyping tool in public health laboratories, enabling routine subtyping of bacterial isolates for disease surveillance and outbreak investigations.


Asunto(s)
Genoma Bacteriano , Listeria monocytogenes , Secuenciación de Nanoporos , Salmonella enteritidis , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Listeria monocytogenes/genética , Listeria monocytogenes/clasificación , Listeria monocytogenes/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma/métodos , Secuenciación de Nanoporos/métodos , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Listeriosis/microbiología , Genotipo , Brotes de Enfermedades , Técnicas de Genotipaje/métodos , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología
4.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 20(6): 230-236, 2023 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37335914

RESUMEN

Defining investigation-worthy genomic clusters among strains of Salmonella Enteritidis is challenging because of their highly clonal nature. We investigated a cluster identified by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) consisting of 265 isolates with isolation dates spanning two and a half years. This cluster experienced chaining, growing to a range of 14 alleles. The volume of isolates and broad allele range of this cluster made it difficult to ascertain whether it represented a common-source outbreak. We explored laboratory-based methods to subdivide and refine this cluster. These methods included using cgMLST with a narrower allele range, whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) and high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (hqSNP) analysis. At each analysis level, epidemiologists retroactively reviewed exposures, geography, and temporality for potential commonalities. Lowering the threshold to 0 alleles using cgMLST proved an effective method to refine this analysis, resulting in this large cluster being subdivided into 34 smaller clusters. Additional analysis by wgMLST and hqSNP provided enhanced cluster resolution, with the majority of clusters being further refined. These analysis methods combined with more stringent allele thresholds and layering of epidemiologic data proved useful in helping to subdivide this large cluster into actionable subclusters.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Salmonella , Salmonella enteritidis , New York/epidemiología , Humanos , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple
5.
Poult Sci ; 100(2): 1016-1023, 2021 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33518060

RESUMEN

Salmonella is a major zoonotic foodborne pathogen that persists on poultry farms worldwide. The present study aimed to survey the prevalence of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) recovered from broiler chickens in Shandong Province, China. A total of 280 Salmonella isolates were identified from 923 broiler chicken samples between 2013 and 2018. Among the isolates, S. Enteritidis (n = 128, 45.7%) was the predominant serovar, and high antimicrobial resistance rates to piperacillin (PIP) (n = 123, 96.1%), ampicillin (AM) (n = 122, 95.3%), nitrofurantoin (FT) (n = 106, 96.1%), and tetracycline (TE) (n = 93, 72.7%) were observed in S. Enteritidis. A total of 96 (75.0%) S. Enteritidis isolates presented with multidrug resistance, the most frequent of which were the combination of AM, PIP, TE, and FT. Resistance to fluoroquinolone tended to increase during 2013 to 2018. Our findings provide important and updated information about the baseline antimicrobial-resistant data for food safety and a risk assessment of S. Enteritidis from broiler chickens in Shandong Province and will be helpful for future surveillance activities to ensure the safety of the chicken supply.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pollos/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ciego/microbiología , China/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Serogrupo
6.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis ; 40(3): 597-606, 2021 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33030625

RESUMEN

We sought to determine the relative value of conventional molecular methods and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for subtyping Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis recovered from 2000 to 2015 in Tunisia and to investigate the genetic diversity of this serotype. A total of 175 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were recovered from human, animal, and foodborne outbreak samples. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and whole-genome sequencing were performed. Eight pulsotypes were detected for all isolates with PFGE (DI = 0.518). Forty-five Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were selected for the MLVA and WGS techniques. Eighteen MLVA profiles were identified and classified into two major clusters (DI = 0.889). Core genome multilocus typing (cgMLST) analysis revealed 16 profiles (DI = 0.785). Whole-genome analysis indicated 660 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) divergences dividing these isolates into 43 haplotypes (DI = 0.997). The phylogenetic tree supported the classification of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates into two distinct lineages subdivided into five clades and seven subclades. Pairwise SNP differences between the isolates ranged between 302 and 350. We observed about 311 SNP differences between the two foodborne outbreaks, while only less or equal to 4 SNP differences within each outbreak. SNP-based WGS typing showed an excellent discriminatory power comparing with the conventional methods such as PFGE and MLVA. Besides, we demonstrate the added value of WGS as a complementary subtyping method to discriminate outbreak from non-outbreak isolates belonging to common subtypes. It is important to continue the survey of Salmonella Enteritidis lineages in Tunisia using WGS.


Asunto(s)
Tipificación Molecular , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Animales , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Variación Genética , Humanos , Repeticiones de Minisatélite/genética , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Serogrupo , Túnez/epidemiología
7.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 22080, 2020 12 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33328486

RESUMEN

Salmonella Enteritidis, an important foodborne zoonosis, has a dramatically increased number of cases around the world. To explore the phylogenetic structure of Peruvian Salmonella Enteritidis strains and their relationship with an outbreak occurred in 2018, we analyzed a comprehensive strains of S. Enteritidis received by the National Institute of Health during the period 2000-2018. A total of 180 strains were characterized by microbiological procedures, serotyping and whole genome sequencing. Based on genome sequences annotated, virulence factors and accessory genes were identified. Phylogenetic and population structure analysis were also analyzed based on SNPs. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the genomes into two well-supported clades that were consistent with population structure analysis. The clinical and food strains corresponding to the outbreak were included in the same cluster, which presented the sdhA gene, related to the increase of the virulence of this pathogen. The phylogenetic relationship of Peruvian S. Enteritidis suggests the presence of four S. enteritidis population with high epidemiological importance.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/genética , Filogenia , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Brotes de Enfermedades , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Perú/epidemiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Infecciones por Salmonella , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/patogenicidad , Serotipificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma
8.
BMC Vet Res ; 16(1): 393, 2020 Oct 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33069231

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is a very important foodborne pathogen causing illness in humans. The emergence of drug-resistant strains also constitutes a serious worry to global health and livestock productivity. This study investigated Salmonella isolates from chicken and chicken meat products using the phenotypic antimicrobial screening as well as the molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolates. Upon serotyping of the isolates, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using a panel of 9 commonly used antimicrobials was done. Subsequently, the molecular profiles of all the isolates were further determined using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and the Whole Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Type (wgMLST) analysis in order to obtain the sequence types. RESULTS: The PFGE data was input into FPQuest software, and the dendrogram generated was studied for possible genetic relatedness among the isolates. All the isolates were found to belong to the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype with notable resistance to tetracycline, gentamycin, streptomycin, and sulfadimidine. The S. Enteritidis isolates tested predominantly subtyped into the ST11 and ST1925, which was found to be a single cell variant of ST11. The STs were found to occur in chicken meats, foods, and live chicken cloacal swabs, which may indicate the persistence of the bacteria in multiple foci. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the presence of S. Enteritidis among chickens, indicating its preference and reservoir status for enteric Salmonella pathogens.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/microbiología , Productos de la Carne/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado/veterinaria , Microbiología de Alimentos , Genoma Bacteriano , Malasia , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Tipificación Molecular , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Serotipificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma
9.
Braz J Microbiol ; 51(4): 2049-2056, 2020 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32895889

RESUMEN

In this study, we described the comparison among pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), ribotyping, and PCR-ribotyping methods for subtyping Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from an industrial chicken production chain. One hundred and eight S. Enteritidis were isolated at all stages of poultry meat processing plant. These isolates were pheno- and genotypically characterized by using antimicrobial susceptibility test, phage typing, RAPD, PFGE, ribotyping, and PCR-ribotyping. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were observed for enrofloxacin (18.5%) followed by furazolidone (15.7%), cefoxitin (1.8%), ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin with 0.9% each one, while seven isolates (6.4%) were pan-susceptible. Most strains belonged to the globally disseminated phage type PT4 (n = 74; 69.2%). Additionally, we identified strains belonging to phage types PT1 (n = 19; 17.8%) and PT7a (n = 14; 13.1%). Moreover, our results showed that these four molecular methods indicate similar results showing high similarity (≥ 90%) among S. Enteritidis strains, suggesting that these isolates appear to be from a common ancestor being spread at all stages of the poultry production chain. In summary, the combined molecular approaches of these methods remain a suitable alternative to efficiently subtyping S. Enteritidis in the absence of high-resolution genotyping methods and these results may serve as a baseline study for development of mitigation strategies.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Tipificación de Bacteriófagos , Brasil , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Ribotipificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos
10.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 333: 108831, 2020 Nov 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32854018

RESUMEN

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars are considered major causes of food poisoning and we performed this study because Salmonella is a burden in Lebanon. The present study investigated the ability of genomic information to predict serovar using a collection of Salmonella isolates from infected humans (n = 24) and contaminated food (n = 63) in Lebanon. Further, the phylogenomic relationships of the serovar the predominated in Lebanon (i.e., S. Enteritidis; n = 25) were investigated in comparison with isolates from other countries (n = 130) based on coregenome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic elements, specifically Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), plasmid replicons, and antibiotic-resistance genes were screened in S. Enteritidis genomes (n = 155). Our results revealed that the Salmonella serovars identification by seroagglutination from the samples isolated in Lebanon (n = 87) was highly correlated with the genomic-based prediction of serovars (80.4-85.0% with SeqSero1 and 93.1-94.2% with SeqSero2). The Salmonella serovars isolated from human and food samples in Lebanon were mainly Enteritidis (28.7%) and Infantis (26%). To a rare extent, other serovars included Amager, Anatum, Bredeney, Chincol, Heidelberg, Hofit, Kentucky, Montevideo, Muenster, Newport, Schwarzengrund, Senftenberg and Typhimurium. In comparison with other countries, S. Enteritidis samples isolated in Lebanon (56 ± 27 intra-group pairwise SNP differences) presented a strong phylogenomic relativeness at the coregenome level with samples, as for example with samples isolated from Syria (65 ± 31 inter-group pairwise SNP differences). Most of the studied S. Enteritidis genomes encoded 10 SPIs involved in survival in immune cells (i.e. SPIs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17). The plasmid replicons IncFIB (S)_1 and IncFII (S)_1 encoding elements involved in virulence were identified in the majority of the S. Enteritidis genomes (94% and 96%, respectively), the majority exhibiting aminoglycosides (gene aac(6')-Iaa_1). The IncI_1_Alpha replicon responsible for ampicillin-resistance was only detected in 2 of 25 S. Enteritidis Lebanese strains. Genomic-based risk assessment of Salmonella serovars in Lebanon showed that food imported from Syria might be an origin of the S. Enteritidis human cases in Lebanon. The detection of several SPIs involved in the survival, plasmid replicons involved in virulence, and aminoglycoside-resistance genes, emphasizes that S. Enteritidis is of paramount importance for public health in Lebanon and other countries.


Asunto(s)
Islas Genómicas/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonella/genética , Aminoglicósidos/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Genómica , Humanos , Líbano , Filogenia , Plásmidos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Salud Pública , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Serogrupo , Virulencia , Factores de Virulencia/genética
11.
PLoS One ; 15(7): e0235641, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32614888

RESUMEN

We sequenced 25 isolates of phenotypically multidrug-resistant Salmonella Indiana (n = 11), Typhimurium (n = 8), and Enteritidis (n = 6) using both MinION long-read [SQK-LSK109 and flow cell (R9.4.1)] and MiSeq short-read (Nextera XT and MiSeq Reagent Kit v2) sequencing technologies to determine the advantages of each approach in terms of the characteristics of genome structure, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence potential, whole-genome phylogeny, and pan-genome. The MinION reads were base-called in real-time using MinKnow 3.4.8 integrated with Guppy 3.0.7. The long-read-only assembly, Illumina-only assembly, and hybrid assembly pipelines of Unicycler 0.4.8 were used to generate the MinION, MiSeq, and hybrid assemblies, respectively. The MinION assemblies were highly contiguous compared to the MiSeq assemblies but lacked accuracy, a deficiency that was mitigated by adding the MiSeq short reads through the Unicycler hybrid assembly which corrected erroneous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The MinION assemblies provided similar predictions of AMR and virulence potential compared to the MiSeq and hybrid assemblies, although they produced more total false negatives of AMR genotypes, primarily due to failure in identifying tetracycline resistance genes in 11 of the 19 MinION assemblies of tetracycline-resistant isolates. The MinION assemblies displayed a large genetic distance from their corresponding MiSeq and hybrid assemblies on the whole-genome phylogenetic tree, indicating that the lower read accuracy of MinION sequencing caused incorrect clustering. The pan-genome of the MinION assemblies contained significantly more accessory genes and less core genes compared to the MiSeq and hybrid assemblies, suggesting that although these assemblies were more contiguous, their sequencing errors reduced accurate genome annotations. Our research demonstrates that MinION sequencing by itself provides an efficient assessment of the genome structure, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence potential of Salmonella; however, it is not sufficient for whole-genome phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses. MinION in combination with MiSeq facilitated the most accurate genomic analyses.


Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Salmonella enterica/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Genotipo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fenotipo , Filogenia , Plásmidos/genética , Plásmidos/metabolismo , Mutación Puntual , Salmonella enterica/clasificación , Salmonella enterica/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidad , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/patogenicidad , Salmonella typhimurium/clasificación , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidad , Virulencia
12.
Genomics ; 112(1): 528-544, 2020 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30974149

RESUMEN

A total of 91 draft genome sequences were used to analyze isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis obtained from feral mice caught on poultry farms in Pennsylvania. One objective was to find mutations disrupting open reading frames (ORFs) and another was to determine if ORF-disruptive mutations were present in isolates obtained from other sources. A total of 83 mice were obtained between 1995-1998. Isolates separated into two genomic clades and 12 subgroups due to 742 mutations. Nineteen ORF-disruptive mutations were found, and in addition, bigA had exceptional heterogeneity requiring additional evaluation. The TRAMS algorithm detected only 6 ORF disruptions. The sefD mutation was the most frequently encountered mutation and it was prevalent in human, poultry, environmental and mouse isolates. These results confirm previous assessments of the mouse as a rich source of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that varies in genotype and phenotype.


Asunto(s)
Mutación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Algoritmos , Animales , Granjas , Genoma Bacteriano , Mutación INDEL , Ratones , Repeticiones de Minisatélite , Fenotipo , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Aves de Corral , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma
13.
J Glob Antimicrob Resist ; 19: 164-166, 2019 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31557566

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The underlying resistance mechanism and phylogenetic relationship of a colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain EC20120916 that resulted in fatal meningitis in an immunocompromised patient was investigated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. METHODS: WGS of strain EC20120916 was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform and annotation of the sequence was performed using the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP). Antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicons and pathogenicity islands were identified. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Parsnp and was edited with FigTree. RESULTS: The genome size of strain EC20120916 is 4 699 318 bp with a GC content of 55.2% and 4471 protein-coding genes. The aac(6')-laa gene, encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, was identified although this was not expressed phenotypically in the isolate. No colistin resistance-conferring mutations or plasmid-mediated mechanisms were identified to explain the colistin resistance. The strain was phylogenetically related to three international strains, although it was not close enough to suggest importation from outside of South Africa. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a colistin-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolate causing meningitis in an immunocompromised patient in South Africa. The absence of colistin resistance-conferring mutations or plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms suggest that a novel mechanism is responsible for the colistin resistance in this isolate. The isolate was acquired locally.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Colistina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Meningitis Bacterianas/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma/métodos , Adulto , Composición de Base , Tamaño del Genoma , Genoma Bacteriano , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Filogenia , Plásmidos/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Sudáfrica , Factores de Virulencia/genética
14.
Biomedica ; 39(s1): 50-62, 2019 05 01.
Artículo en Inglés, Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31529848

RESUMEN

Salmonella Enteritidis es una de las mayores causas de salmonelosis en el mundo, siendo los huevos contaminados y la carne de pollo cruda sus principales fuentes de infección. En Ibagué, Colombia, se identificaron los principales serovares circulando en granjas, superficies de huevos y canales de pollo, sin embargo, se desconoce si esos serovares son responsables de gastroenteritis. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación genética entre aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis de aves de corral y humanos con gastroenteritis mediante multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Materiales y métodos. Se aisló Salmonella spp., de casos clínicos de gastroenteritis (n=110). Se realizó test de sensibilidad antibiótica, seguido de serotipificación y tipificación por medio de MLST y se comparó S. Enteritidis de humanos frente a S. Enteritidis de granjas ponedoras y de huevo comercializado (n=6). Resultados. Se aislaron 10 cepas de Salmonella spp., a partir de heces de humanos con gastroenteritis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de Salmonella spp. de 9.09%, siendo S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1) y S. Braenderup (n=1) los serotipos presentes en pacientes con gastroenteritis. El MLST indico que un tipo de secuencia común (ST11) de S. Enteritidis estuvo presente en todas las tres fuentes y mostraron el mismo patrón de resistencia antibiótica. Conclusión. S. Enteritidis ST11 constituye un vínculo entre el consumo/manipulación de huevos contaminados y gastroenteritis humana en Ibagué. Son necesarios estudios complementarios para conocer si otros serovares de Salmonella aislados de carne de pollo cruda también se asocian con la gastroenteritis humana.


Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es una de las mayores causas de salmonelosis en el mundo, siendo los huevos contaminados y la carne de pollo cruda sus principales fuentes de infección. En Ibagué, Colombia, se identificaron los principales serovares circulando en granjas, superficies de huevos y canales de pollo, sin embargo, se desconoce si esos serovares son responsables de gastroenteritis. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación genética entre aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis de aves de corral y humanos con gastroenteritis mediante multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Materiales y métodos. Se aisló Salmonella spp., de casos clínicos de gastroenteritis (n=110). Se realizó test de sensibilidad antibiótica, seguido de serotipificación y tipificación por medio de MLST y se comparó S. Enteritidis de humanos frente a S. Enteritidis de granjas ponedoras y de huevo comercializado (n=6). Resultados. Se aislaron 10 cepas de Salmonella spp., a partir de heces de humanos con gastroenteritis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de Salmonella spp. de 9.09%, siendo S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1) y S. Braenderup (n=1) los serotipos presentes en pacientes con gastroenteritis. El MLST indico que un tipo de secuencia común (ST11) de S. Enteritidis estuvo presente en todas las tres fuentes y mostraron el mismo patrón de resistencia antibiótica. Conclusión. S. Enteritidis ST11 constituye un vínculo entre el consumo/manipulación de huevos contaminados y gastroenteritis humana en Ibagué. Son necesarios estudios complementarios para conocer si otros serovares de Salmonella aislados de carne de pollo cruda también se asocian con la gastroenteritis humana.


Asunto(s)
ADN Bacteriano/genética , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Cáscara de Huevo/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/veterinaria , Humanos , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Filogenia , Aves de Corral , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Serogrupo
15.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 13(6): e0007485, 2019 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31220112

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a cause of both poultry- and egg-associated enterocolitis globally and bloodstream-invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Distinct, multi-drug resistant genotypes associated with iNTS disease in sSA have recently been described, often requiring treatment with fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In industrialised countries, antimicrobial use in poultry production has led to frequent fluoroquinolone resistance amongst globally prevalent enterocolitis-associated lineages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Twenty seven S. Enteritidis isolates from patients with iNTS disease and two poultry isolates, collected between 2007 and 2015 in the Ashanti region of Ghana, were whole-genome sequenced. These isolates, notable for a high rate of diminished ciprofloxacin susceptibility (DCS), were placed in the phyletic context of 1,067 sequences from the Public Health England (PHE) S. Enteritidis genome database to understand whether DCS was associated with African or globally-circulating clades of S. Enteritidis. Analysis showed four of the major S. Enteritidis clades were represented, two global and two African. All thirteen DCS isolates, containing a single gyrA mutation at codon 87, belonged to a global PT4-like clade responsible for epidemics of poultry-associated enterocolitis. Apart from two DCS isolates, which clustered with PHE isolates associated with travel to Spain and Brazil, the remaining DCS isolates, including one poultry isolate, belonged to two monophyletic clusters in which gyrA 87 mutations appear to have developed within the region. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Extensive phylogenetic diversity is evident amongst iNTS disease-associated S. Enteritidis in Ghana. Antimicrobial resistance profiles differed by clade, highlighting the challenges of devising empirical sepsis guidelines. The detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in phyletically-related poultry and human isolates is of major concern and surveillance and control measures within the region's burgeoning poultry industry are required to protect a human population at high risk of iNTS disease.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/veterinaria , Enterocolitis/epidemiología , Enterocolitis/microbiología , Enterocolitis/veterinaria , Femenino , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Ghana/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Aves de Corral , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma
16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31214517

RESUMEN

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains are Gram negative bacterial pathogens that are associated with foodborne illness worldwide. During the process of infection, Salmonella uses two molecular injectisomes known as Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS) to secrete virulence factors that are encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 into host cells. These secretion systems play a major role in virulence, as shown in various animal models, but little is known about their role in human infections. In Saudi Arabia, NTS strains frequently cause human infections but data regarding these pathogenic strains is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to characterize Salmonella human clinical isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by determining their serotype, testing for the presence of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains. Using the rapid Check and Trace Salmonella™ (CTS) system our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the predominant serovars, followed by S. Livingstone, S. Kentucky and S. Poona among a list of 36 serovars reported for the first time in the country. In addition, SPI-1 genes were detected in 99% of the isolates, while the sifA gene (SPI-2) was not detected in 13.5% of the isolates. These results suggest that both the SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence determinants are important for human infection. Moreover, we report the presence of a Multi-Drug (MDR) carbapenem resistant S. Kentucky isolate harboring the blaOXA-48 gene not reported previously in Saudi Arabia.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de la Membrana/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Serogrupo , Fiebre Tifoidea/microbiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Genoma Bacteriano , Genotipo , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/clasificación , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Arabia Saudita/epidemiología , Serotipificación , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III/genética , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III/aislamiento & purificación , Virulencia , beta-Lactamasas/genética
17.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 39(supl.1): 50-62, mayo 2019. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011454

RESUMEN

Abstract Introduction: Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of human salmonellosis in the world, with contaminated eggs and raw chicken meat as the main routes of infection. The main Salmonella spp. serovars circulating in laying hen farms, the surface of eggs, and in raw chicken carcasses have been identified in Ibagué, Colombia. However, it is unknown whether those serovars are responsible for human gastroenteritis. Objective: To evaluate the genetic relationship between gastroenteritis and Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from poultry and humans using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Materials and methods: Salmonella spp. was isolated from clinical cases of gastroenteritis (n=110). Antibiotic susceptibility tests, followed by serotyping and MLST were conducted and S. Enteritidis was compared to those from laying hen farms and marketed eggs. Results: Ten isolates of Salmonella spp. were obtained from the stools of people with gastroenteritis. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in human stools was 9.09%, and S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), and S. Braenderup (n=1) were the main serotypes. MLST indicated that a common S. Enteritidis sequence type (ST11) was present in all three sources and showed the same antibiotic resistance pattern. Conclusion: Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 constitutes a link between consumption and manipulation of contaminated eggs and human gastroenteritis in Ibagué. Additional studies would be required to establish if other Salmonella serovars isolated from raw chicken meat are also associated with human gastroenteritis.


Resumen Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es una de las mayores causas de salmonelosis en el mundo; los huevos contaminados y la carne de pollo cruda son sus principales fuentes de infección. En Ibagué, Colombia, se han identificado los principales serovares que circulan en granjas, superficies de huevos y canales de pollo, pero se desconoce si esos serovares son responsables de la gastroenteritis. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación genética entre los aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis de aves de corral y de humanos con la gastroenteritis mediante tipificación de multiloci de secuencias (Multilocus Sequence Typing, MLST). Materiales y métodos. Se aisló Salmonella spp. de casos clínicos de gastroenteritis (n=110). Se hizo la prueba de sensibilidad antibiótica, así como la serotipificación y la tipificación mediante MLST, y se comparó S. Enteritidis de humanos con la hallada en granjas de gallinas ponedoras y en huevo comercializado (n=6). Resultados. Se aislaron 10 cepas de Salmonella spp. a partir de heces de humanos con gastroenteritis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de Salmonella spp. de 9,09%, y se identificaron los serotipos S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1) y S. Braenderup presentes en pacientes con gastroenteritis. Mediante la MLST, se comprobó que un tipo de secuencia común (ST11) de S. Enteritidis estuvo presente en todas las tres fuentes y presentó el mismo patrón de resistencia antibiótica. Conclusión. Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 constituye un vínculo entre el consumo y la manipulación de huevos contaminados, y la gastroenteritis en humanos en Ibagué. Se requieren estudios complementarios para conocer si otros serovares de Salmonella aislados de carne de pollo cruda también se asocian con la gastroenteritis en humanos.


Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Filogenia , Aves de Corral , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Secuencia de Bases , Estudios Transversales , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Colombia/epidemiología , Cáscara de Huevo/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Serogrupo , Gastroenteritis/veterinaria , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología
18.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 285: 34-41, 2018 Nov 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30015261

RESUMEN

Simpler, quick and low-cost methods for routine Salmonella enterica typing are required for epidemiologic surveillance of this important zoonotic pathogen. In this study, using a comprehensive isolate collection, we investigated the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) to discriminate the most clinically-relevant serogroups and serotypes of non-typhoid Salmonella. Moreover, the role of O-units composition on the FTIRS Salmonella discrimination was also explored. S. enterica isolates (n = 325; 2002-2015; different sources and countries), of 57 serotypes and 15 serogroups [including the most frequent ones, B-n = 122; C-n = 108; D-n = 43 and E-n = 33)] were analysed by FTIRS. Infrared spectra were analysed by Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) and/or Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The polysaccharides region provided the spectral sharpest differences being used in the subsequent Salmonella typing. Serogroups (B, C, D and E) discrimination was achieved with high accuracy (99.6% of correct assignments; PLSDA model). Differences in the O-unit structures composition of those serogroups are likely justifying the discrimination achieved. Other serogroups (G, H, K, L, M, N, O, T, U, Y, Z) were correctly predicted as not belonging to serogroups B, C, D nor E, except for 3 isolates of serogroups H (S. Sundsvall, n = 1) and K (S. Cerro, n = 2). In fact, O-unit structure of serogroup H and K shows some similarity with sub-serogroup C1 with the remaining serogroups presenting marked differences in this cellular component. The sub-serogroups discrimination was successfully achieved for C1, C2 and C3 (using PCA), and for E1-E2-E3 and E4 (by PLSDA). Appropriate serotype discrimination was obtained for most of S. Rissen from the remaining C1 serotypes (91.5%-PLSDA), and S. Enteritidis (D1) from the remaining D1/D2 serotypes (93.4%-PLSDA). The lack of available O-unit composition for particular serotypes prevents the elucidation of the role of this cellular component on the discrimination at serotype level obtained. FTIRS was able to discriminate relevant serogroups (B, C, D and E), sub-serogroups (C1, C2 and C3; E1-E2-E3 and E4) and particular important serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Rissen and S. Senftenberg). Further studies on O-antigen composition would clarify the fundaments of discrimination obtained by FTIRS.


Asunto(s)
Salmonella enterica/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Serotipificación/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Antígenos O/química , Serogrupo
19.
Infect Genet Evol ; 61: 229-233, 2018 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29625239

RESUMEN

The number of salmonellosis cases in Singapore has increased over the years. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has always been the most predominant serovar in the last five years. The National Public Health Laboratory assisted outbreak investigations by performing multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) on isolates that were collected at the time of the investigations. Isolates were defined as belonging to a particular cluster if they had identical MLVA patterns. Whilst MLVA has been instrumental in outbreak investigations, it may not be useful when outbreaks are caused by an endemic MLVA type. In this study, we analysed 67 isolates from 12 suspected outbreaks with known epidemiological links to explore the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for defining outbreaks. We found that NGS can confidently group isolates into their respective outbreaks. The isolates from each suspected outbreak were closely related and differed by a maximum of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). They were also clearly separated from isolates that belonged to different suspected outbreaks. This study provides an important insight and further evidence on the value of NGS for routine surveillance and outbreak detection of S. Enteritidis.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Singapur/epidemiología
20.
Arch Microbiol ; 200(7): 1009-1016, 2018 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29627903

RESUMEN

Salmonella is widely distributed throughout the world and can be found in poultry industry, animal breeding centers, food and feedstuffs of all geographical regions. This study was conducted to determine and identify Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry, calves and foodstuffs (poultry and animals products such as egg and meat). A total of one hundred isolates of Salmonella serovars including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum consecutively were subjected to the conventional culture, biochemical and serological assays. The utility of molecular multiplex PCR was investigated to identify and differentiate among five Salmonella serovars which were identified according to the presence of rfbJ, fljB, invA, and fliC genes in S. Typhimurium, sefA, invA and spv genes in Salmonella Enteritidis, fljB, fliC and invA genes in Salmonella Infantis, hut and slgC genes in both Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum and speC gene specifically in Salmonella Gallinarum. Biochemical assays and serotyping are complicated to directly differentiate between Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum because of their antigenic similarity. According to the results, Multiplex PCR can be considered as simple, rapid, accurate and useful test to identify and differentiate among Salmonella serovars.


Asunto(s)
Huevos/microbiología , Carne/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales Domésticos/microbiología , Bovinos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/clasificación , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella typhimurium/clasificación , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Serogrupo , Serotipificación
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