Bullying and Cyberbullying in School: Rapid Review on the Roles of Gratitude, Forgiveness, and Self-Regulation.

This study aims to assist decision-making in anti-bullying interventions by highlighting the importance of positive factors such as gratitude, forgiveness, and self-regulation in mitigating the negative impacts of bullying/cyberbullying. The objective was to examine and synthesize available evidence on the impact of gratitude, forgiveness, and self-regulation practices in the school context regarding bullying/cyberbullying phenomena. Three databases were consulted (Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo), and the results include 14 articles. The three character strengths were associated with psychological well-being, life and school satisfaction, improved mental health, increased likelihood of engaging in pro-social behavior, and reduced involvement in bullying/cyberbullying situations. These strengths have the potential to enhance overall well-being and decrease risk behaviors, leading to more positive outcomes in experiences of violence. These results underscore the importance of considering students' individual strengths and the possible interventions to promote healthy school environments.

Stress and self-regulation behaviors in preterm neonates hospitalized at open-bay and single-family room Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) could be a risk factor for the development of preterm neonates due to the stressful procedures they undergo. Stress-related behaviors must be managed through environmental strategies that support regulating the neonates' biobehavioural system to minimize the negative impact on their development. The study aimed to compare the NICU environment's stressful procedures and developmental care strategies and the stress and self-regulation behaviors of preterm neonates in groups differentiated by the NICU environmental design. The sample comprised 20 preterm neonates hospitalized in a NICU with an open-bay model (OB NICU) and 20 preterm neonates hospitalized in a single-family room model (SFR NICU). The stressful procedures were assessed by the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale (NISS). The developmental care strategies and the preterm neonates' stress and self-regulation behaviors were assessed using a structured observational protocol. The between-group comparison was performed by the Mann-Whitney test, and the significance level was set at 5%. Both NICUs had similar stressful procedures and developmental care approaches. However, the preterm neonates hospitalized in the SFR NICU exhibited significantly fewer total stress behaviors, and specifically in the motor system, compared to those in the OB NICU. Additionally, the preterm neonates hospitalized in the SFR NICU exhibited significantly more total self-regulation behaviors, and specifically in the behavioral state system, compared to those in the OB NICU. The findings showed that the single-family room NICU model was consistent with the environmental protection of biobehavioural regulation in preterm neonates hospitalized in the NICU.

The relationship between physical activity and interpersonal distress in college students: the chain mediating role of self-control and mobile phone addiction

Objective of the study Interpersonal relationships, as an important variable afecting the physical and mental health and future development of individuals, were used to construct a structural equation model between physical activity and interpersonal relationships in order to help college students better adapt to society and achieve a high level of mental health. Methods SPSS 27.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data, and Amos 28.0 software was used to construct the model between variables. The results showed that physical activity directly predicted the interpersonal relationship status of college students (ß= −0.108, 95% CI [−0.210,−0.005]), and the chain mediating efect of physical activity→self-control→mobile phone addiction tendency→interpersonal relationship distress was signifcant (ß= −0.012, 95% CI [−0.033,−0.003]). The results of this study suggest that physical activity may be viewed as an efective intervention strategy to mitigate the interpersonal challenges that college students may face in the future.

Psychometric properties of the BALCI Turkish version

The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory (BALCI) in the non-clinical Turkish emerging adults sample. The study group consisted of 549 participants from three study phases and aged between 18 and 28 years and mainly women. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the BALCI Turkish Version (BALCI-TV) confirmed 21 items in three factors. The network analysis findings showed that the items including the factors were together. The results indicated that configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance across the gender. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω of the total BALCI-TV were .90. Test-retest correlation result was .89. All results indicated that the BALCI-TV had good psychometric properties. The BALCI-TV can be provided to measure control and beliefs related to control within obsessive-compulsive disorder for Turkish academics and mental health practitioners.

Inteligencia emocional en residentes de Cirugía General: análisis de una encuesta nacional / Emotional intelligence among residents in general surgery: analysis of a national survey

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la inteligencia emocional (IE) es la capacidad de reconocer nuestros propios sentimientos y los de los demás, de motivarnos y de manejar adecuadamente las relaciones interpersonales. La IE se ha relacionado con muchas competencias no técnicas necesarias entre los médicos en formación. Objetivo: describir las características psicométricas de la IE en médicos residentes de Cirugía General de la Argentina y analizar los efectos que ejercen sobre ella la edad, el sexo, el ámbito de desempeño y el año de residencia. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, analítico de corte transversal; se utilizó la encuesta anónima y autogestionada Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form (TEIQue-SF v1.5) respondida en línea durante el mes de marzo de 2020. Se aplicó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para variables cuantitativas, pruebas T y la prueba ANOVA (IC 95%, p estadística α 0,05). Resultados: fueron respondidas 156 encuestas, de las cuales 105 (67,3%) corresponden a mujeres y 51 (32,7%) a hombres. Edad promedio: 29,02 ± 3,69 años. El promedio global de la prueba fue de 4,58 ± 0,89. El análisis ANOVA demostró que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas de la dimensión bienestar entre los diferentes años de residencia (p = 0,002) así como en puntajes globales de IE (p = 0,0001). Conclusión: la IE es un modelo atractivo y eficaz para definir y capacitar a los futuros cirujanos generales en competencias no técnicas. Estos hallazgos son importantes para generar nuevas propuestas de formación.

ABSTRACT Background: Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize our own feelings and those of others, to motivate us and properly manage relationships. EI encompasses many non-technical skills that are important for physicians in training. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the psychometric characteristics of EI among residents in general surgery in Argentina and to analyze the effects of age, sex, scope of practice and postgraduate year level on it. Material and methods: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analytic study using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form (TEIQue-SF v1.5), a self-report and anonymous survey that was answered on-line during March 2020. The statistical analysis was performed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for quantitative variables, Student's t-test and ANOVA (95% CI, p statistic α 0.05). Results: The survey was responded by 156 physicians; 105 (67.3%) were women and 51 (32.7%) were men (mean age: 29.02 ± 3.69 years). Mean global score was 4.58 ± 0.89. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in the well-being dimension and global scores of EI across the different postgraduate year levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: EI is an attractive and effective model for defining and training future general surgeons in non-technical skills. These findings are important for generating new proposals for training.

Psychometric properties of the portuguese self-monitoring scale: a reduced item version / Propriedades psicométricas da escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: uma versão reduzida / Propiedades psicométricas de la escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: una versión reducida

This study aimed to contribute to the adaptation of the Self-Monitoring Scale for a Portuguese sample and the examination of the possibility of reducing the scale's length. Considering the psychometric inconsistency of the scale reported in the literature, several analysis criteria to identify the number of factors to be retained were considered. The study included 791 Portuguese men and women aged 17 to 61 years. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis to assess construct validity, Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency, and fit indices (based on IRT). The results indicate a two-dimensional structure with a reduction to 9 items, which shows good values for validity and fit. This study proposes a reduced version of the self-monitoring scale for a Portuguese sample, considering that the use of this method is valuable to identify how individuals differ in the way they present themselves in social situations. (AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para a adaptação da Self-Monitoring Scale numa amostra Portuguesa e análise da possibilidade de reduzir o tamanho da escala. Além disso, e considerando a inconsistência psicométrica da escala relatada na literatura, foram considerados vários critérios de análise para identificar o número de fatores a reter. O estudo abrangeu 791 homens e mulheres Portugueses com idades entre os 17 e os 61 anos. A análise dos dados incluiu estatística descritiva, validade de construto (Análise Fatorial Confirmatória), consistência interna e índice de ajustamento (TRI). Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura bidimensional com uma redução para 9 itens, mostrando bons valores de validade e ajustamento. Este estudo propõe uma versão reduzida da escala de self-monitoramento para uma amostra Portuguesa, considerando que a utilização deste método é uma mais-valia para identificar como os indivíduos diferem na forma como se apresentam em situações sociais. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir a la adaptación de la Self-Monitoring Scale en una muestra portuguesa y analizar la posibilidad de reducir el tamaño de la escala. Además, teniendo en cuenta la inconsistencia psicométrica de la escala reportada en la literatura, se consideraron varios criterios de análisis para identificar el número de factores a retener. El estudio incluyó a 791 hombres y mujeres portugueses de entre 17 y 61 años. El análisis de los datos incluyó estadística descriptiva, validez del constructo (Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio), consistencia interna e índice de ajuste (TRI). Los resultados apuntan a una estructura bidimensional con una reducción a 9 ítems, mostrando buenos índices de validez y ajuste. Este estudio propone una versión reducida de la escala de automonitoramento para una muestra portuguesa, mientras que el uso de este método es particularmente valioso para identificar cómo los individuos se diferencian en la forma en que se presentan en situaciones sociales. (AU)

Efeitos da terapia floral sobre o estado de ansiedade em mulheres no climatério / Effects of floral therapy on the state of anxiety in climacteric women

Introdução: O climatério corresponde ao período de vida da mulher onde ocorre a transição do ciclo reprodutivo para o não reprodutivo. Ocorre habitualmente entre os 40 e 65 anos, constituindo-se por um período de inúmeras mudanças. O uso da terapia floral nesta fase de vida pode ser visto como terapêutica única ou complementar ao tratamento convencional. Objetivos específicos: analisar as queixas clínicas de mulheres no climatério sob acompanhamento e sua relação com os indicadores do Diagnóstico de Enfermagem Ansiedade; avaliar os efeitos da terapia floral no autocontrole do estado de ansiedade em mulheres vivendo o climatério. Método: Intervenção clínica individualizada, quase- experimental, comparativo, do tipo antes-depois, com abordagem quantitativa, aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, tendo respeitado todos os preceitos éticos de pesquisas com seres humanos. O campo da pesquisa foi o Núcleo de Atenção em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares de Saúde (NAPICS), da Rede de Atenção Básica do município de Maricá/RJ. As participantes foram mulheres na faixa etária compreendida entre 40 e 65 anos, independentemente de estarem, ou não, em uso de terapia hormonal, selecionadas por conveniência. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de março a novembro de 2019, através de consulta de enfermagem individual, com acompanhamento por seis meses seguidos, sendo um encontro a cada mês. Adotou-se a entrevista individual, guiada por um roteiro semiestruturado, seguido da aplicação da escala tipo Likert para classificação dos resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao Autocontrole da Ansiedade, empregada em todas as consultas. Os frascos contendo os florais foram preparados pela pesquisadora e entregues às mulheres a partir da terceira consulta. Todas as consultas foram gravadas em meio magnético e transcritas na íntegra para posterior análise. O programa utilizado para análise foi o IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Descrição apresentada na forma de frequência observada, porcentagem, valores mínimo e máximo, medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade. O teste não paramétrico de Friedman comparou os escores do autocontrole da ansiedade entre as consultas. O nível alfa de significância utilizado foi de 5%. Adotou-se conceitos da Teoria de Martha Elizabeth Rogers como sustentação da terapia implementada. Resultados e Discussão: Todas as consultas de enfermagem seguiram os preceitos de acolhimento e integralidade no cuidado em saúde, preconizados pelo SUS. Os resultados confirmam o perfil das mulheres que substancialmente procuram a rede básica de saúde: baixa renda familiar, ocupações compatíveis a pouca escolaridade e, ainda, desemprego. Não realizam atividadfísica 79,37% das participantes. Além da ansiedade, as mulheres apresentam tristeza (100,00%); fadiga/cansaço (98,41%); dor nas articulações (96,83%); fogachos/ondas de calor (95,24%), insônia (93,65%), cefaleia (88,89%) e dormência (88,89%). No âmago das tecnologias de cuidado no climatério, a terapia floral vem angariando espaço, vez que atende aos princípios de integralidade da mulher, elevando sua autoestima e bem-estar. Conclusão: Os resultados da investigação após o desenvolvimento de três consultas 'pré intervenção' e três consultas 'pós intervenção', constataram que a terapia floral proporcionou às participantes responderem ao DE Ansiedade de forma satisfatória, quando se compara as consultas pré e pós intervenção. Portanto, houve redução dos níveis de ansiedade das participantes do estudo com o uso da terapia floral, deferindo o desfecho pretendido.

Introduction: O climacteric corresponds to the life period of the woman where the transition from the reproductive cycle to the non-reproductive cycle occurs. It usually occurs between 40 and 65 years, constituting for a period of numerous changes. The use of floral therapy in this phase of life can be seen as a single therapy or complementary to conventional treatment. Specific objectives: to analyze the clinical complaints of women in the climacteric under follow-up and their relationship with the indicators of the Anxiety Nursing Diagnosis; evaluate the effects of floral therapy on self-control of anxiety status in women living in climacteric. Method: Individualized, almost experimental, comparative clinical intervention, of the type before-after, with quantitative approach, approved by the Research Ethics Committee, having respected all ethical precepts of research with human beings. The field of research was the Center for Attention in Integrative and Complementary Health Practices (NAPICS), of the Primary Care Network of the municipality of Maricá/RJ. The participants were women between 40 and 65 years old, regardless of whether or not they were using hormone therapy, selected for convenience. Data collection was performed from March to November 2019, through individual nursing consultation, with follow-up for six months in a row, being a meeting each month. The individual interview was adopted, guided by a semi- structured script, followed by the application of the Likert scale to classify nursing outcomes related to Self-Control Anxiety, used in all consultations. The vials containing the florals were prepared by the researcher and delivered to the women from the third consultation. All consultations were recorded in magnetic medium and transcribed in full for further analysis. The program used for analysis was IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Description presented in the form of observed frequency, percentage, minimum and maximum values, measures of central tendency and variability. Friedman's nonparametric test compared anxiety self-control scores between appointments. The alpha level of significance used was 5%. Concepts of Martha Roger's Theory were adopted as support for the implemented therapy. Results and Discussion: All nursing consultations followed the precepts of reception and integrality in health care, recommended by the SUS. The results confirm the profile of women who substantially seek the basic health network: low family income, occupations compatible with low schooling and also unemployment. 79.37% of the participants did not perform physical activity. In addition to anxiety, women present sadness (100.00%); fatigue/tiredness (98.41%); joint pain (96.83%); hot flashes (95.24%), insomnia (93.65%), headache (88.89%) and numbness (88.89%). At the heart of climacteric care technologies, floral therapy has been gathering space, since it meets the principles of integrality of women, raising their self-esteem and well-being. Conclusion: The results of the research after the development of three 'pre- intervention' consultations and three 'post-intervention' consultations found that floral therapy allowed participants to respond to ED Anxiety satisfactorily when com commencing pre- and post-intervention consultations. Therefore, there was a reduction in the anxiety levels of the study participants with the use of floral therapy, deferring the intended outcome.

Violência doméstica e autocontrole com consequências aversivas atrasadas e prováveis / Domestic violence and self-control with delayed and probabilistic aversive consequences / Violencia doméstica y autocontrol con consecuencias aversivas retrasadas y probables

Visando avaliar a relação entre histórico de violência doméstica e autocontrole, 53 homens e 82 mulheres realizaram escolhas em contextos hipotéticos de violência doméstica e de perda de dinheiro, em um programa de computador. No contexto de violência, escolheram entre prisão, para os homens, imediata por um ou seis meses, e prisão após um ano ou com 50% de chance. Com dinheiro, escolheram entre perder R$100,00 imediatamente e perdas com 50% de chance ou após um ano. O tempo de prisão e a perda de dinheiro atrasados/prováveis eram aumentados para avaliar equivalência com as prisões e perdas imediatas. Mulheres e homens sem histórico indicaram menores tempos de prisão atrasados que os homens com histórico. Com dinheiro, os homens com histórico preferiram perdas atrasadas maiores que as mulheres, mas o contrário com probabilidade. Esses dados são compatíveis com maior evitação de consequências imediatas aversivas pelos homens com histórico, um indicativo de maior nível de impulsividade. AU

To assess the relationship between historic of domestic violence and self-control, 53 men and 82 women made choices in hypothetical contexts of domestic violence and money loss using a computer program. In the context of violence, they chose between immediate detention for men for one or six months and detention after one year or with a 50% chance. With money they chose between losing $100 immediately and losses with a 50% chance or after one year. Delayed/probable detention duration and loss of money were increased to assess equivalence with immediate detentions and losses. Women and men without historic violence indicated shorter delayed detention durations than men with historic violence. With money, men with historic violence preferred higher losses than the women, however, presented the opposite regarding probability. These data are compatible with greater avoidance of immediate aversive consequences by men with a history of violence, indicative of a higher level of impulsivity. AU

Con el intuito de evaluar la relación entre el historial de violencia doméstica y el autocontrol, 53 hombres y 82 mujeres tomaron decisiones en contextos hipotéticos de violencia doméstica y pérdida de dinero en un programa de ordenador. En el contexto de violencia para hombres, eligieron entre prisión inmediata por uno o seis meses y prisión pasado un año o 50% de probabilidad. Con dinero, eligieron entre perder R$100,00 de inmediato y pérdidas con una probabilidad del 50% o después de un año. El tiempo de prisión y la pérdida de dinero retrasado/probable se incrementaron para evaluar la equivalencia con las prisiones y las pérdidas inmediatas. Las mujeres y los hombres sin antecedentes indicaron tiempos de prisión más cortos que los hombres con antecedentes. Con el dinero, los hombres con antecedentes prefirieron mayores pérdidas que las mujeres, sin embargo, con la probabilidad justo lo contrario. Estos datos son compatibles con una mayor evitación de consecuencias aversivas inmediatas por parte de hombres con antecedentes de violencia, lo que indica un mayor nivel de impulsividad. AU

Persistence of repeated self-reported illusion of control as a product of action and outcome association in productive and preventive scenarios.

Individuals interpret themselves as causal agents when executing an action to achieve an outcome, even when action and outcome are independent. How can illusion of control be managed? Once established, does it decay? This study aimed to analyze the effects of valence, probability of the outcome [p(O)] and probability of the actions performed by the participant [p(A)], on the magnitude of judgments of control and corresponding associative measures (including Rescorla-Wagner's, Probabilistic Contrast, and Cheng's Power Probabilistic Contrast models). A traffic light was presented on a computer screen to 81 participants who tried to control the green or red lights by pressing the spacebar, after instructions describing a productive or a preventive scenario. There were 4 blocks of 50 trials under all of 4 different p(O)s in random order (0.10, 0.30, 0.70, and 0.90). Judgments were assessed in a bidimensional scale. The 2 × 4 × 4 mixed experimental design was analyzed through General Linear Models, including factor group (between-subject valence), and block and p(O) (within subjects). There was a small effect of group and a large and direct effect of p(O) on judgments. Illusion was reported by 66% of the sample and was positive in the productive group. The oscillation of p(O) produced stronger illusions; decreasing p(O)s produced nil or negative illusions. Only Rescorla-Wagner's could model causality properly. The reasons why p(A) and the other models could not generate significant results are discussed. The results help to comprehend the importance of keeping moderate illusions in productive and preventive scenarios.

Modern unexplored martial arts - what can mixed martial arts and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu do for youth development?

Contemporarily, two martial arts have emerged as highly popular among youth; Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). Despite their popularity, we know little of how they affect individuals sociopsychologically. The current study sought to explore how the currently underexplored martial art disciplines may contribute to sociopsychological development among young people. In addition, it was investigated whether individuals who are predisposed to different traits may favour one sport over the other. This study was conducted with a longitudinal design; over the course of 5 months, 113 participants completed training in either condition. The results show that both groups displayed increased self-control and pro-social behaviour; however, MMA practitioners also reported increased aggressiveness, whereas BJJ practitioners experienced a decline in aggression. Accordingly, individuals who trained in MMA displayed substantially higher pre-existing aggression levels than the BJJ practitioners. The current results further corroborate research suggesting that modern martial arts and MMA may not be suitable for at-risk youth to practice, whereas traditional martial arts and sports with a healthy philosophical foundation may be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour while enhancing socially desirable behaviour among young people.

Escala Breve de Autocontrole (BSCS): adaptação e validação no contexto brasileiro / Item Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS): psychometric properties of the Brazilian version / Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS): adaptación y validación en el contexto brasileño

A Escala Breve de Autocontrole (BSCS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar diferentes níveis de autocontrole, uma capacidade individual de ativamente alterar os próprios desejos, comportamentos, emoções e pensamentos. Apesar da estabilidade do modelo unidimensional no estudo original, sua replicabilidade estrutural não foi corroborada pela literatura posterior. O presente estudo teve por objetivo oferecer informações sobre validade de construto em amostra brasileira, incluindo avaliação de modelos bidimensionais alternativos. A amostra foi composta por 405 indivíduos (61,2% mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 46 anos (M = 22,32 DP = 4,782). Foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (AFE) e confirmatórias (AFC), e a adequação do modelo foi avaliada por meio de índices de ajuste. Apenas um modelo emergiu satisfatoriamente. Os resultados são discutidos com base na literatura vigente e na relação da escala com outros instrumentos que fazem uso de diversas medidas do construto de autocontrole (Adiamento de Gratificação e Impulsividade). (AU)

The Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) was developed to measure the individual self-control spectrum, as a cognitive skill to actively alter one's own desires, behavior, emotions and thoughts. In the original validation, the BSCS displayed adequate psychometric properties for its unidimensional structure. However, this structure was difficult to replicate in subsequent studies. This study aimed to adapt and to assess evidence of validity of the measure for a Brazilian sample. The sample was composed of 405 individuals (61.2% women) with ages ranging from 18 to 46 years (M = 22.32 SD = 4.782). Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis were conducted, and the adequacy of the model was assessed by means of model fit indexes. Only one model was found to be appropriate. The results are discussed based on recent scientific data and the relations between the scale and other instruments that evaluate diverse self-control measures (Delaying Gratification and Impulsivity). (AU)

La Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS) fue desarrollada para evaluar diferentes niveles de autocontrol, una capacidad individual alterar activamente la propia voluntad, comportamientos, emociones y pensamientos. En su estudio de validación, el instrumento presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas en su modelo unidimensional. No obstante, tal estructura no fue encontrada en investigaciones posteriores. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar información sobre la validez de constructo en una muestra brasileña, incluyendo la evaluación de modelos bidimensionales alternativos. Participaron de la muestra 405 individuos (61,2% mujeres) con edades entre 18 y 46 años (M = 22,32 DS = 4,782). Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC). Se evaluó la adecuación del modelo por medio de índices de ajuste. Solo un modelo obtuvo resultados satisfactorios. Los resultados se discuten con base en la literatura vigente y en la relación de la escala con otros instrumentos que hacen uso de diversas medidas del constructo de autocontrol (Aplazamiento de la Gratificación e Impulsividad). (AU)

Eating behaviour patterns are associated with excessive weight gain after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Weight gain and obesity are important issues in liver transplant (LTx) recipients. Although dietary habits are probably related to excessive weight gain after LTx, some studies have failed to demonstrate these associations. The present study aimed to assess eating behaviour and verify its association with weight gain and excessive weight among LTx recipients. METHODS: The investigation comprised a cross-sectional study. Post-LTx patients, aged >18 years were evaluated about their eating behaviour [Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 (TFEQ-R21)]. The scores of the TFEQ-R21 [uncontrolled eating (UE), cognitive restraint (CR) and emotional eating (EE)] were determined. Excessive weight was classified as body mass index ≥25 kg/m² and obesity ≥30 kg/m². RESULTS: In total, 270 patients (age 58.0 years; range 20.0-77.0 years; 64.1% men) were assessed. Average weight gain was 8.0 kg (range -16.0 to 41.0 kg). Of the patients, 64.1% (n = 173) had excessive weight and 23.3% (n = 63) were obese. Post-LTx weight gain was significantly correlated with UE (r = 0.311, P < 0.001) and EE (r = 0.287, P < 0.001). Patients with excessive weight had significantly higher scores than others: CR (61.0; range 0-122.0 versus 44.0; range 0-116.0) (P = 0.003) and EE (11.0; range 0-100.0 versus 0.0; range 0-100.0) (P = 0.030). Patients with obesity had higher scores than non-obese UE (22.0; range 0-77.0 versus 14.0; range 0-85.0; P = 0.028), CR (55.0; range 11.0-116.0 versus 50.0; range 0-122.0) (P = 0.017) and EE (16.0; range 0-100.0 versus 5.0; range 0-100.0) individuals (P < 0.001). The greatest quartiles of weight gain had higher scores on the eating behaviours of UE and EE, especially those with weight gain ≥14 kg. UE was associated with weight gain. CR was associated with being overweight. EE was associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Uncontrolled eating is associated with weight gain, CR was associated with excessive weight and EE was associated with obesity after LTx.

Autocontrol y desempeño escolar en lengua y matemática / Self-control and school achievement in language and mathematics

Se ha destacado que uno de los aspectos más relevantes para el desempeño académico (DA) de los niños es el AC (autocontrol), definido como la capacidad para modular la cognición, la emoción y el comportamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las relaciones entre el AC en el dominio escolar e interpersonal informado por el/la niño/a, sus familiares y docentes; las calificaciones escolares en matemática y prácticas del lenguaje y el desempeño en tareas estandarizadas de comprensión lectora y cálculo aritmético, en 69 niños/as de entre 8 y 12 años de edad. Sólo se encontraron asociaciones entre el AC escolar reportado por el/la docente y el desempeño en la prueba estandarizada de cálculo aritmético. El AC se asoció a las calificaciones académicas en prácticas del lenguaje sólo en 5° grado. Se discuten posibles explicaciones de los resultados y direcciones futuras

It has been highlighted that one of the most relevant aspects related to children's performance in school is self-control, defined as the ability to modulate cognition, emotion and behavior. In this article we analyzed the relationships between self-control in the interpersonal and schoolwork domain reported by the child, their parents and teachers and academic achievement in terms of report card grades in mathematics and language and performance in standardized tasks of reading comprehension and arithmetic calculation, in 69 children between 8 and 12 years of age. We found associations between the self-control in schoolwork domain reported by the teacher and performance in the standardized arithmetic calculation task. Self-control was associated with report card grades in language learning. Possible explanations for this pattern of results and future directions are discussed

Predictors of behavioral problems in adolescents: family, personal and demographic variables / Preditores de problemas comportamentais em adolescentes: variáveis familiares, pessoais e demográficas / Predictores de problemas conductuales en adolescentes: variables familiares, personales y demográficas

This study aimed to correlate, compare and identify the family, personal and demographic variables that may predict behavioral problems in adolescents. A total of 300 adolescents participated, 230 with behavioral problems (177 girls and 53 boys; M= 14.00 years; SD=1.24) and 70 without (47 girls and 23 boys; M=14.09 years; SD=1.33). Data was collected through questionnaires and inventories completed by adolescents and analyzed using Pearson's correlation, Student's t-tests and multiple binary logistic regression. Results showed low self-control as a risk factor and social skills and low frequency of physical abuse and maternal neglect as protection factors. The model evaluated had a reasonable predictive power (79.9%, specificity 93.9% and sensitivity 34.3%). The findings contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems in adolescents. (AU)

O estudo teve por objetivo correlacionar, comparar e identificar as variáveis familiares, pessoais e demográficas que podem ser preditivas para problemas de comportamento de adolescentes. Participaram 300 adolescentes, sendo 70 sem problemas de comportamentos (47 meninas e 23 meninos; M = 14,09 anos e DP = 1,33) e 230 com problemas de comportamento (177 meninas e 53 meninos; M = 14,00 anos; DP = 1,24). Os dados foram coletados via questionários e inventários aplicados com os adolescentes e foram analisados via correlação de Pearson, teste t de Student, regressão logística múltipla binária. Os resultados apontaram que baixo autocontrole foi fator de risco e desenvoltura social, baixa frequência de abuso físico e negligência materna foram fatores de proteção. O modelo avaliado apresentou razoável poder preditivo (79,9%, sendo a especificidade foi de 93,9% e a sensibilidade de 34,3%). Os achados contribuem para a prevenção de problemas de comportamento em adolescentes. (AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo correlacionar, comparar e identificar las variables familiares, personales y demográficas que pueden ser predictores de problemas de comportamiento en adolescentes. Participaron 300 adolescentes, 70 sin problemas de comportamiento (47 niñas y 23 niños; M=14,09 años; D.P= 1,33) y 230 con problemas de comportamiento (177 niñas y 53 niños; M= 14,00 años; D.P=1,24). Los datos fueron recogidos a través de cuestionarios e inventarios aplicados a los adolescentes, y se analizaron utilizando correlación de Pearson, Test t de Student, y regresión logística múltiple binaria. Los resultados indicaron que el bajo autocontrol fue un factor de riesgo, mientras que el desarrollo social, la baja frecuencia de abuso físico y negligencia materna fueron factores de protección. El modelo evaluado presentó un poder predictor razonable (79,9%, siendo la especificidad de 93,9% y la sensibilidad de 34,3). Los resultados contribuyen en la prevención de problemas de comportamiento en adolescentes. (AU)

Salud mental positiva en adolescentes mexicanos: diferencias por sexo / Positive Mental Health in Mexican Adolescents: Differences by Sex

Resumen La evidencia empírica acerca de las diferencias de la salud mental positiva respecto al sexo, son escasas, incluso controversiales. El objetivo es analizar la salud mental positiva entre hombres y mujeres. La muestra está compuesta por 533 participantes de la Ciudad de Toluca, Estado de México. Todos estudiantes de nivel medio superior, hombres (44.4%) y mujeres (55.6%), entre 14 y 20 años. Se aplicó la escala de salud mental positiva (Lluch, 1999). Los resultados mostraron que el 38.3% de la muestra se encuentra en un nivel alto y el 16.1% en muy alto nivel de salud mental positiva. Del análisis descriptivo, la dimensión satisfacción personal puntuó por arriba de la media teórica. Se confirma parcialmente la hipótesis, porque se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en cuatro de las seis dimensiones, en satisfacción personal, actitud prosocial y habilidad de relaciones interpersonales, con puntuaciones más altas para las mujeres y en autocontrol en el grupo de los hombres. Se sugiere continuar con el análisis de la salud mental positiva.

Abstract: Empirical evidence of differences in positive mental health with respect to sex, are sparse, even controversial. The objective here is to analyze positive mental health between men and women. The sample is made up of 533 participants from Toluca, State of Mexico. All were upper-level students, males (44.4%) and females (55.6%), between 14 and 20 years old. The Positive Mental Health Questionaire (PMHQ) was applied (Lluch, 1999). The results showed that 38.3% of the sample is at a high level and 16.1% at a very high level of positive mental health. From the descriptive analysis the personal satisfaction dimension scored above the theoretical average. The hypothesis is partially confirmed, since significant differences were obtained in four of the six dimensions, in personal satisfaction, prosocial attitude and ability for interpersonal relationships, with higher scores for females and self-control. in the male group. We suggest that the analysis of positive mental health be continued

Metacognition, Self-Regulation, and Autonomy Support in the Chilean Mathematics Classroom: An Observational Study.

This paper presents the results of an observational study developed on lessons taught by 128 teachers for a national teaching assessment program in Chile and whose practice was identified as outstanding. Specifically, we studied which strategies teachers used to promote students' self-regulation and autonomy during segments involving teacher-led public talk, student-led public talk, shared engagement, and private work. Additionally, we examined whether the instructional practices targeting self-regulation that occur throughout these segments can be accounted for based on two overall dimensions of teacher practices, namely one of promotion of metacognition and one of promotion of motivation. During public segments, teachers encouraged student participation; during private work segments, teachers offered clues for problem solving. Thus, there was a stronger focus on motivational regulation instructional strategies during public segments and on metacognitive instructional strategies during private ones. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesis of two distinctive but related factors behind the observed self-regulation promotion strategies, one motivational, and one cognitive.

The Role of Teacher Regulatory Talk in Students' Self-Regulation Development Across Cultures.

This study is the first to explore the contribution of different types of teacher regulatory talk-directive, guiding, and autonomy supportive talk-in children's development of self-regulation across cultures. Teacher-to-student talk was analyzed under naturalistic conditions in eight Year 4 classrooms, all situated in different primary schools in England (student N = 25) and Chile (N = 24). Self-regulation was studied by observing students' effective metacognitive monitoring (awareness of errors) and effective metacognitive control (effective control of problems) in a series of 11-13 cube assembly tasks. Mann-Whitney U tests showed that English participants demonstrated higher levels of effective metacognitive monitoring and control, and participating teachers a similar level of teacher regulatory talk across cultures. The function that regulatory talk had in predicting students' self-regulation, however, tended to vary according to culture. OLS multiple regressions revealed that while guiding talk had the same positive effect across cultures, directive talk had a negative effect in England but null effect in Chile, and autonomy supportive talk had a positive effect in Chile but negative in England. These results indicate that it would be valuable to explore further the culturally adaptive functionality of teacher talk for students' self-regulation development.

Tiny Moments Matter: Promoting Professionalism in Everyday Practice.

INTRODUCTION: Professionalism rests upon a number of individual, environmental, and societal level factors, leading to specific professional behavior in specific situations. Focusing on professional lapses to identify and remediate unprofessional physicians is incomplete. We explored professionalism in practicing internal medicine physicians in the context of everyday practice, to highlight how typical experiences contribute to positive, yet often unnoticed, professional behavior. METHODS: In-depth interviews were used to uncover 13 physicians' most meaningful experiences of professionalism. Data were collected and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Results revealed several themes around which physicians embody professionalism in their daily lives. Physicians feel most professional when they are able to connect and establish trust with patients and colleagues and when they serve as positive role models to others. Physicians conceptualize professionalism as a dynamic and evolving competency, one that requires a lifelong commitment and that provides opportunities for lifelong learning. DISCUSSION: Focusing on actual perceptions of experiences in practice offers important insights into how physicians think about professionalism beyond a traditional remediation and lapses perspective. Physicians often go out of their way to connect with patients and colleagues, serving and modeling for others, often at the expense of their own work-life balance. These moments help to infuse energy and positivity into physician practices during a time when physicians may feel overburdened, overscheduled, and overregulated. Understanding professionalism as developmental helps frame professionalism as a lifelong competency subject to growth and modification over time.

Parents' and early adolescents' self-efficacy about anger regulation and early adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems: A longitudinal study in three countries.

The present study examines whether early adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation mediate the relation between parents' self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation and early adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants were 534 early adolescents (T1: M age = 10.89, SD = .70; 50% female), their mothers (n = 534), and their fathers (n = 431). Families were drawn from Colombia, Italy, and the USA. Follow-up data were obtained two (T2) and three (T3) years later. At T1 and T3, parents' self-efficacy beliefs were self-reported and internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed via mothers', fathers', and early adolescents' reports. At T2, early adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs were self-reported Within the overall sample, mothers with higher self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation had children with similar beliefs. Early adolescents' low self-efficacy beliefs were associated with higher internalizing and externalizing problems.

External Control of Knowledge of Results: Learner Involvement Enhances Motor Skill Transfer.

Providing the learner control over aspects of practice has improved the process of motor skill acquisition, and self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) schedules have shown specific advantages over externally controlled ones. A possible explanation is that self-controlled KR schedules lead learners to more active task involvement, permitting deeper information processing. This study tested this explanatory hypothesis. Thirty undergraduate volunteers of both sexes, aged 18 to 35, all novices in the task, practiced transporting a tennis ball in a specified sequence within a time goal. We compared a high-involvement group (involvement yoked, IY), notified in advance about upcoming KR trials, to self-controlled KR (SC) and yoked KR (YK) groups. The experiment consisted of three phases: acquisition, retention, and transfer. We found both IY and SC groups to be superior to YK for transfer of learning. Postexperiment participant questionnaires confirmed a preference for receiving KR after learner-perceived good trials, even though performance on those trials did not differ from performance on trials without KR. Equivalent IY and SC performances provide support for the benefits of task involvement and deeper information processing when KR is self-controlled in motor skill acquisition.