Women, male doctors, and female historians: a historiographic essay on the history of women, medicine, and gender. / A mulher, o médico e as historiadoras: um ensaio historiográfico sobre a história das mulheres, da medicina e do gênero.

The article presents a partial historiographical review of the history of women, science, and medicine, a prolific, heterogeneous field of studies that intersects politically with feminism and has been written mostly by women. This survey presents the main streams of thought in the field, which established itself in the second half of the twentieth century. It also describes the historical context in which this scholarship was produced, the topics that were defined, and the field's theoretical references, sources, and research problems. Given the vastness of this scholarship, the article focuses on writings in the English language, particularly the most expressive approaches and theoretical and methodological contributions.

O artigo realiza um balanço historiográfico parcial sobre um campo de estudos prolífico e heterogêneo, a história das mulheres, da ciência e da medicina, articulado politicamente com o feminismo e de autoria majoritariamente feminina. Pretende apresentar as principais correntes desse campo que se constitui e consolida na segunda metade do século XX, como o contexto histórico de sua produção, definição de temas, referências teóricas, fontes e problemas de pesquisa. Tendo em vista sua extensão, o artigo concentrou-se na produção bibliográfica em língua inglesa, destacando as diferenças de abordagens e as contribuições teóricas e metodológicas mais expressivas.

Jack Elinson (1917-2017) - The legacy of a pioneer. / Jack Elinson (1917-2017) ­ o legado de um pioneiro.

This study analyzes the education and professional career of Jack Elinson (1917-2017), pioneer in the field of sociomedical sciences in introducing its teaching and research in a school of public health at Columbia University, where he worked for thirty years (1956-1986). Elinson is acknowledged for his contributions to social psychology, statistics and medical sociology, especially on health care indicators and their relationship with quality of life. In 1985 he received the Leo G. Reeder Award from the American Sociological Association for his studies in the field of medical sociology. Jack Elinson, Renée Fox, Robert Straus, Eliot Freidson and many others were part of the group of the second generation of social scientists in the process of institutionalization of medical sociology/health care.

O artigo analisa a formação e a carreira profissional de Jack Elinson (1917-2017), pioneiro no campo das ciências sociomedicas na introdução de seu ensino e pesquisa em uma faculdade de saúde pública, na Universidade de Columbia, onde trabalhou durante trinta anos (1956-1986). Suas contribuições estendem-se para os campos da psicologia social, estatística e sociologia médica, especialmente sobre indicadores de saúde e suas relações com a qualidade de vida. Em 1985 recebeu o Leo G. Reeder Award da American Sociological Association pelo conjunto de seus estudos no campo da sociologia médica. Com Renée Fox, Robert Straus, Eliot Freidson e outros compõe o grupo da segunda geração de cientistas sociais no processo de institucionalização da sociologia médica/saúde.

Jack Elinson (1917-2017) - o legado de um pioneiro / Jack Elinson (1917-2017) - The legacy of a pioneer

Resumo O artigo analisa a formação e a carreira profissional de Jack Elinson (1917-2017), pioneiro no campo das ciências sociomedicas na introdução de seu ensino e pesquisa em uma faculdade de saúde pública, na Universidade de Columbia, onde trabalhou durante trinta anos (1956-1986). Suas contribuições estendem-se para os campos da psicologia social, estatística e sociologia médica, especialmente sobre indicadores de saúde e suas relações com a qualidade de vida. Em 1985 recebeu o Leo G. Reeder Award da American Sociological Association pelo conjunto de seus estudos no campo da sociologia médica. Com Renée Fox, Robert Straus, Eliot Freidson e outros compõe o grupo da segunda geração de cientistas sociais no processo de institucionalização da sociologia médica/saúde.

Abstract This study analyzes the education and professional career of Jack Elinson (1917-2017), pioneer in the field of sociomedical sciences in introducing its teaching and research in a school of public health at Columbia University, where he worked for thirty years (1956-1986). Elinson is acknowledged for his contributions to social psychology, statistics and medical sociology, especially on health care indicators and their relationship with quality of life. In 1985 he received the Leo G. Reeder Award from the American Sociological Association for his studies in the field of medical sociology. Jack Elinson, Renée Fox, Robert Straus, Eliot Freidson and many others were part of the group of the second generation of social scientists in the process of institutionalization of medical sociology/health care.

[Medical sociology: origin and field of action]. / Sociología médica: origen y campo de acción.

A review of the published literature on the origin of medical sociology and its field of action was made. For this, several publications were analyzed and the most relevant aspects were summarized. Although the concept of disease has always been linked to sociocultural aspects, only until the mid-twentieth century, Medicine recognized the importance of sociology to explain health-related issues, especially the social determinants of health. Currently, sociologists work in a multidisciplinary way with doctors to investigate and analyze issues concerning the health of people, to improve the welfare and quality of life of the population. In this sense, the contribution of Sociology has not only enriched the understanding of some diseases, but also different aspects of the work of Medicine.

Se hizo una revisión de la literatura publicada sobre el origen de la sociología médica y su campo de acción. Para ello, se analizaron diversas publicaciones y se resumieron los aspectos más relevantes. A pesar de que la enfermedad siempre ha estado ligada a aspectos socioculturales, recién a mediados del siglo XX, la medicina reconoce la importancia de la sociología en la explicación de temas relacionados a la salud, especialmente para explicar los determinantes sociales de la salud. En la actualidad, los sociólogos trabajan de manera multidisciplinaria con médicos para investigar y analizar cuestiones concernientes a la salud de las personas, para mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de la población. En este sentido, el aporte de la sociología no solo ha enriquecido la comprensión de algunas enfermedades, sino también diferentes aspectos en el quehacer de la medicina.

Sociología médica: origen y campo de acción / Medical sociology: origin and field of action

RESUMEN Se hizo una revisión de la literatura publicada sobre el origen de la sociología médica y su campo de acción. Para ello, se analizaron diversas publicaciones y se resumieron los aspectos más relevantes. A pesar de que la enfermedad siempre ha estado ligada a aspectos socioculturales, recién a mediados del siglo XX, la medicina reconoce la importancia de la sociología en la explicación de temas relacionados a la salud, especialmente para explicar los determinantes sociales de la salud. En la actualidad, los sociólogos trabajan de manera multidisciplinaria con médicos para investigar y analizar cuestiones concernientes a la salud de las personas, para mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de la población. En este sentido, el aporte de la sociología no solo ha enriquecido la comprensión de algunas enfermedades, sino también diferentes aspectos en el quehacer de la medicina.(AU)

ABSTRACT A review of the published literature on the origin of medical sociology and its field of action was made. For this, several publications were analyzed and the most relevant aspects were summarized. Although the concept of disease has always been linked to sociocultural aspects, only until the mid-twentieth century, Medicine recognized the importance of sociology to explain health-related issues, especially the social determinants of health. Currently, sociologists work in a multidisciplinary way with doctors to investigate and analyze issues concerning the health of people, to improve the welfare and quality of life of the population. In this sense, the contribution of Sociology has not only enriched the understanding of some diseases, but also different aspects of the work of Medicine.(AU)

Aristóteles y la medicina / Aristotle and the medicine

En su estado actual el Corpus Aristotelicum no contiene ningún tratado dedicado a la medicina, siendo esto causa suficiente como para que muchos estudiosos hayan dado por hecho que Aristóteles nunca la tomó como objeto de estudio. Otros, empero, pretenden justamente dar pruebas de que Aristóteles sí se interesó por el arte médico, que lo estudió y que es muy plausible que escribiera sobre medicina. Para ello traen a colación razones de diversa índole, aunque básicamente serán dos los argumentos en los que harán hincapié. El primero engloba las analogías médicas que Aristóteles utiliza en sus tratados, y el segundo recurre a las menciones a determinados libros de contenido médico a lo largo del Corpus Aristotelicum. A partir de un examen crítico de ambos argumentos este artículo pretende arrojar algo más de luz sobre el asunto a partir de los contenidos del papiro Anónimo de Londres (AU)

None of the treatises in the Corpus Aristotelicum is directly concerned to medicine, this leading the majority of scholars to contend that Aristotle did not paid attention to that discipline. But, in other way, there is who argues that Aristotle should have necessarily been acquainted with the principles of the medical art, so that it is very likely that Aristotle enquired on medicine. Almost two different reasons are adduced in this sense: the oft-repeated use of medical analogies in Aristotle’s opera, and the allusions to some medical writings by Aristotle himself. In giving a critical description and assessment of both arguments, this paper also aims at clarifying the issue by bringing up into discussion the contents in the Anonymus Londiniensis papyrus (AU)

Screening Out Controversy: Human Genetics, Emerging Techniques of Diagnosis, and the Origins of the Social Issues Committee of the American Society of Human Genetics, 1964-1973.

In the years following World War II, and increasingly during the 1960s and 1970s, professional scientific societies developed internal sub-committees to address the social implications of their scientific expertise (Moore, Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists, and the Politics of the Military, 1945-1975. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008). This article explores the early years of one such committee, the American Society of Human Genetics' "Social Issues Committee," founded in 1967. Although the committee's name might suggest it was founded to increase the ASHG's public and policy engagement, exploration of the committee's early years reveals a more complicated reality. Affronted by legislators' recent unwillingness to seek the expert advice of human geneticists before adopting widespread neonatal screening programs for phenylketonuria (PKU), and feeling pressed to establish their relevance in an increasingly resource-scarce funding environment, committee members sought to increase the discipline's expert authority. Painfully aware of controversy over abortion rights and haunted by the taint of the discipline's eugenic past, however, the committee proceeded with great caution. Seeking to harness interest in and assert professional control over emerging techniques of genetic diagnosis, the committee strove to protect the society's image by relegating ethical and policy questions about their use to the individual consciences of member scientists. It was not until 1973, after the committee's modest success in organizing support for a retrospective public health study of PKU screening and following the legalization of abortion on demand, that the committee decided to take a more publicly engaged stance.

"Dr. Google" and his predecessors.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary medicine has expressed concern about lay incursions into the diagnostic process buttressed by commonly available medical information on line. Even while the world wide web is a new structure, there is a long historical precedent for this concern. With the emergence of scientific medicine in the late 19th century came a strong belief in the role of diagnosis, not only to explain disease symptoms but also to differentiate the physician from a range of other unreliable practitioners. Along with this focus on diagnosis came also a concern expressed by doctors about patients' inclination to self-diagnose, or to propose candidate diagnoses for the problems that ailed them. METHODS: This paper uses Zerubavel's social patterning method. Using material written by doctors from the late 19th until the mid-20th century, I explore comments about, and attitudes towards, self-diagnosis. RESULTS: Three areas of concern about self-diagnosis are expressed by doctors. First, self-diagnosis produces anxiety in the patient. Second, it interferes with doctor-patient relationship. Finally self-diagnosis is commonly linked to commercial interests. CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary concerns about self-diagnosis are part of an ongoing social pattern, which simultaneously promotes diagnosis as means for explaining disease but also protests when the diagnostic explanations originate with the patient.

El estudio de los procesos de medicalización en América Latina / The study of processes of medicalization in Latin America

Resumen En las últimas décadas se ha intensificado la ocurrencia de un conjunto de fenómenos que llaman la atención de científicos sociales e historiadores enfocados en la medicina: los procesos de medicalización. Latinoamérica no ha sido ajena a estos fenómenos. Este artículo presenta una revisión de literatura reciente relacionada con los estudios sociológicos de dichos procesos en esta región con el objetivo de establecer un balance de la cuestión. Se exploran los cambios teóricos ligados al concepto de medicalización registrados en los contextos en los que tuvo su origen. Posteriormente se analizan las formas en que el concepto ha sido apropiado por las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas para dar cuenta de los diversos fenómenos asociados a la medicalización en el subcontinente.

Abstract In recent decades, an ever-increasing cluster of phenomena has attracted the attention of social scientists and historians of medicine: processes of medicalization. As in other regions, Latin America has been affected by these phenomena. This article surveys recent literature involving sociological studies of these processes in the region, in order to provide an overview of the issue. It explores the theoretical transformations linked to the concept of medicalization in the contexts where they originated. It then analyzes the ways in which the concept has been appropriated by the social sciences in Latin America in order to describe the various phenomena associated with medicalization in the subcontinent.

The study of processes of medicalization in Latin America. / El estudio de los procesos de medicalización en América Latina.

In recent decades, an ever-increasing cluster of phenomena has attracted the attention of social scientists and historians of medicine: processes of medicalization. As in other regions, Latin America has been affected by these phenomena. This article surveys recent literature involving sociological studies of these processes in the region, in order to provide an overview of the issue. It explores the theoretical transformations linked to the concept of medicalization in the contexts where they originated. It then analyzes the ways in which the concept has been appropriated by the social sciences in Latin America in order to describe the various phenomena associated with medicalization in the subcontinent.

Sociology of health textbooks and narratives: historical significance.

This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.

Importância histórica dos manuais de sociologia da saúde e de suas narrativas / Sociology of health textbooks and narratives: historical significance

Resumo Este artigo tem como ponto de partida duas ideias centrais: a dos manuais como forma de produção e divulgação do conhecimento e a narrativa como abordagem. Após uma breve revisão dos estudos realizados sobre manuais da sociologia médica/saúde, foram analisados alguns exemplares desses manuais no período de 1900-2012 produzidos nos Estados Unidos e Inglaterra. Foram selecionados onze manuais julgados como representativos. Além de uma análise de conteúdo, os manuais são situados no interior do processo de constituição da sociologia médica/saúde com breves referências à biografia dos autores. Os manuais analisados foram classificados segundo as principais características narrativas: médico-centrados; interdisciplinar; pedagógicos; analíticos; quase-autobiográfico; crítico; sintético-reflexivo. Nas considerações finais são apresentados alguns pontos sobre as perspectivas dos manuais, limites e possibilidades.

Abstract This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.

Health sociology from post-structuralism to the new materialisms.

The article reviews the impact of post-structuralism and postmodern social theory upon health sociology during the past 20 years. It then addresses the emergence of new materialist perspectives, which to an extent build upon insights of post-structuralist concerning power, but mark a turn away from a textual or linguistic focus to address the range of materialities that affect health, illness and health care. I conclude by assessing the impact of these movements for health sociology.

Setting the standard: Medical Education's first 50 years.

CONTEXT: By understanding its history, the medical education community gains insight into why it thinks and acts as it does. This piece provides a Foucauldian archaeological critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the journal Medical Education on the publication of its 50th Volume. This analysis draws upon critical social science perspectives to allow the examination of unstated assumptions that underpin and shape educational tools and practices. METHODS: A Foucauldian form of CDA was utilised to examine the journal over its first half-century. This approach emphasises the importance of language, and the ways in which words used affect and are affected by educational practices and priorities. An iterative methodology was used to organise the very large dataset (12,000 articles). A distilled dataset, within which particular focus was placed on the editorial pieces in the journal, was analysed. RESULTS: A major finding was the diversity of the journal as a site that has permitted multiple - and sometimes contradictory - discursive trends to emerge. One particularly dominant discursive tension across the time span of the journal is that between a persistent drive for standardisation and a continued questioning of the desirability of standardisation. This tension was traced across three prominent areas of focus in the journal: objectivity and the nature of medical education knowledge; universality and local contexts, and the place of medical education between academia and the community. CONCLUSIONS: The journal has provided the medical education community with a place in which to both discuss practical pedagogical concerns and ponder conceptual and social issues affecting the medical education community. This dual nature of the journal brings together educators and researchers; it also gives particular focus to a major and rarely cited tension in medical education between the quest for objective standards and the limitations of standard measures.

Roger Bastide: the social construction on the border of disciplines. Mental illness as a field of study.

The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.

Changing social and scientific discourses on type 2 diabetes between 1800 and 1950: a socio-historical analysis.

Since the emergence of type 2 diabetes as a public health threat around the middle of the 20(th) century, accounts of disease causation have focused predominately on lifestyle or genetics, or both, while the role of broader structural issues such as psychosocial distress has been downplayed. Yet in the years prior to this emergence, when diabetes remained the preserve of the upper classes, medical experts drew upon multiple narratives when considering the condition, the most popular of which being the role of social organisation and the interplay between mind, body and environment. This article is based on a discourse analysis of the writings of the most prominent diabetes experts between 1800 and 1950 about both the causes and management of the illness. It highlights how, although the connection between lifestyle and diabetes was well established among physicians, individual-level explanations only fully supplanted the emphasis on social organisation as diabetes began to make the transition from being a disease of the rich to one of the poor. It argues that this discursive shift was shaped by the dynamics of class relations rather than any new forms of scientific evidence developed at the time.

Dos clássicos na literatura aos clássicos na sociologia e na sociologia médica/saúde / From classic literature to the classics in sociology and medical sociology / health

Neste trabalho, revisitamos a noção de clássicos a partir da literatura, retomamos o tema no campo da sociologia e estendemos esta ideia para a sociologia médica/saúde. Analisamos algumas das noções desenvolvidas por diversos autores - Gellius, Sainte-Beuve, Twain, T. S Elliot, Borges, Calvino, Merton, Schwartzman, Baehr - e discutimos a possibilidade da aplicação dessa noção em campos mais recentes, como o da sociologia médica/saúde/doença. Apontamos a coexistência, na atualidade, de noções de "clássicos" na tradição do século XVII (os "escolhidos", "modelos de ensino", "modelos de linguagem") às noções de modelos eternos e universais (século XIX) e à de "autoridade" (século XX). Ressaltamos o caráter de reelaboração e de aplicação do "clássico" a uma nova situação. Nesse sentido, entendemos sua extensão ao campo da sociologia da saúde.

In this paper, we revisit the notion of classics from the literature, we return to the topic in the field of sociology and extend this idea to the medical / health sociology. We have analyzed some of the concepts developed by several authors - Gellius, Sainte-Beuve, Twain, T. S Elliot, Borges, Calvino, Merton, Schwartzman, Baehr - and discussed the possibility of applying this notion in more recent fields, such as medical sociology / health / disease. We've pointed out the coexistence, nowadays, of notions of "classic" in the tradition of the 17th century (the "chosen", "teaching models", "language models") to notions of eternal and universal models (19th century) and of "authority" (20th century). We emphasize the character of redesigning and implementing the "classic" to a new situation. In this sense, we understand its extension to the field of sociology of health.

Roger Bastide: a construção do social na fronteira das disciplinas. A doença mental como campo de estudo / Roger Bastide: the social construction on the border of disciplines. Mental illness as a field of study / Roger Bastide: the social construction on the border of disciplines. Mental illness as a field of study / Roger Bastide: la construcción de lo social en la frontera de las disciplinas. La enfermedad mental como campo de estudio

O artigo trata das contribuições de Roger Bastide (1898-1974) para o campo da loucura e da doença mental, recuperando seus trabalhos em psiquiatria social, psicanálise, psicologia e sociologia das doenças mentais. Destaca o caráter interdisciplinar desses trabalhos, marca dos estudos de Bastide também presente em outros temas como religião, arte, literatura. O trabalho apresenta dados biográficos e o legado de Bastide para o campo da sociologia da saúde/doença. Analisa a obra de Bastide à época da sua produção e aspectos atuais da sociologia das doenças mentais.

The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide’s works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide’s work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.

The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide’s works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide’s work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.

El trabajo explora las contribuciones de Roger Bastide (1898-1974) en el campo de la locura y la enfermedad mental. Versa sobre la recuperación de su trabajo en la psiquiatría social, el psicoanálisis, la psicología y la sociología de las enfermedades mentales. Resalta el carácter interdisciplinario de estas obras, también presente en otras temáticas como la religión, el arte, la literatura. El artículo muestra datos biográficos y el legado de Bastide en el campo de la sociología de la salud/enfermedad. Además, analiza la obra de Bastide en el momento de su producción y los aspectos actuales de la sociología de la enfermedad mental.