Tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer en México de 1980 a 2011 / Cancer mortality trends in Mexico, 1980-2011

Objetivo. Evaluar las tendencias de mortalidad por cáncer en México entre 1980 y 2011. Material y métodos. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y sexo para todos los cánceres y para las 15 localizaciones más frecuentes mediante el método directo y tomando como población estándar la población mundial de 2010. Las tendencias en las tasas de mortalidad y el cambio porcentual anual para cada tipo de cáncer se estimaron a través de un modelo de regresión joinpoint. Resultados. A partir de 2004 y como consecuencia de la reducción de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón (-3.2% en hombres y -1.8% en mujeres), estómago (-2.1% en hombres y -2.4% en mujeres) y cérvix (-4.7%), se observó una disminución significativa (~1% anual) en la mortalidad por cáncer en general tanto en el grupo de todas las edades como en el de 35 a 64 años para ambos sexos. La mortalidad por otros cánceres como el de mama y el de ovario, en las mujeres o el de próstata, en los hombres, mostró un aumento sostenido. Conclusiones. Algunas de las reducciones en la mortalidad por cáncer pueden ser parcialmente atribuidas a la efectividad de los programas de prevención establecidos. Sin embargo, se requiere implementar registros adecuados de cáncer con base poblacional para evaluar el impacto real de estos programas, así como diseñar y evaluar intervenciones innovadoras que permitan desarrollar políticas de prevención más costo-efectivas.

Objective. To evaluate trends in cancer mortality in Mexico between 1980-2011. Material and methods. Through direct method and using World Population 2010 as standard population, mortality rates for all cancers and the 15 most frequent locations, adjusted for age and sex were calculated. Trends in mortality rates and annual percentage change for each type of cancer were estimated by joinpoint regression model. Results. As a result of the reduction in mortality from lung cancer (-3.2% -1.8% in men and in women), stomach (-2.1% -2.4% in men and in women) and cervix (-4.7%); since 2004 a significant (~1% per year) decline was observed in cancer mortality in general, in all ages, and in the group of 35-64 years of both sexes. Other cancers such as breast and ovarian cancer in women; as well as for prostate cancer in men, showed a steady increase. Conclusions. Some of the reductions in cancer mortality may be partially attributed to the effectiveness of prevention programs. However, adequate records of population-based cancer are needed to assess the real impact of these programs; as well as designing and evaluating innovative interventions to develop more cost-effective prevention policies.

Immuno-spin trapping from biochemistry to medicine: advances, challenges, and pitfalls. Focus on protein-centered radicals.

BACKGROUND: Immuno-spin trapping (IST) is based on the reaction of a spin trap with a free radical to form a stable nitrone adduct, followed by the use of antibodies, rather than traditional electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, to detect the nitrone adduct. IST has been successfully applied to mechanistic in vitro studies, and recently, macromolecule-centered radicals have been detected in models of drug-induced agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and ischemia/reperfusion, as well as in models of neurological, metabolic and immunological diseases. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW: To critically evaluate advances, challenges, and pitfalls as well as the scientific opportunities of IST as applied to the study of protein-centered free radicals generated in stressed organelles, cells, tissues and animal models of disease and exposure. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Because the spin trap has to be present at high enough concentrations in the microenvironment where the radical is formed, the possible effects of the spin trap on gene expression, metabolism and cell physiology have to be considered in the use of IST and in the interpretation of results. These factors have not yet been thoroughly dealt with in the literature. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of radicalized proteins during cell/tissue response to stressors will help define their role in the complex cellular response to stressors and pathogenesis; however, the fidelity of spin trapping/immuno-detection and the effects of the spin trap on the biological system should be considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.

Tyrosine nitration, dimerization, and hydroxylation by peroxynitrite in membranes as studied by the hydrophobic probe N-t-BOC-l-tyrosine tert-butyl ester.

Protein tyrosine oxidation mechanisms in hydrophobic biocompartments (i.e., biomembranes, lipoproteins) leading to nitrated, dimerized, and hydroxylated products are just starting to be appreciated. This chapter reports on the use of the hydrophobic tyrosine analog N-t-BOC-l-tyrosine tert-butyl ester (BTBE) incorporated to phosphatidyl choline liposomes to study peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine oxidation processes in model biomembranes. The probe proved to be valuable in defining the role of biologically relevant variables in the oxidation process, including the action of hydrophilic and hydrophobic peroxynitrite and peroxynitrite-derived free radical scavengers, transition metal catalysts, carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, pH, and fatty acid unsaturation degree. Moreover, detection of the BTBE phenoxyl radical and relative product distribution yields of 3-nitro-, 3,3'-di-, and 3-hydroxy-BTBE in the membrane fully accommodate with a free radical mechanism of tyrosine oxidation, with physical chemical and biochemical determinants that in several respects differ of those participating in aqueous environments. The methods presented herein can be extended to explore the reaction mechanisms of tyrosine oxidation by other biologically relevant oxidants and in other hydrophobic biocompartments.

EPR spin-trapping of protein radicals to investigate biological oxidative mechanisms.

Presently, free radicals and oxidants are considered to mediate from signaling circuits involved in physiology and pathology to cell and tissue injury. The elucidation of these many inter-related processes requires a better understanding of cellular oxidative mechanisms many of which are mediated by protein radicals. Here, we will discuss the potentialities of EPR spin-trapping of protein radicals to unravel oxidative mechanisms. An overview of the methodology and its application to identify protein residues that are the target of specific oxidants, characterize emerging oxidants, and discriminate radical from non radical mechanisms will be presented. The examples are based on work developed in our laboratories but will be discussed in a broad scenario to emphasize that simple experiments can provide relevant insights into the biological reactivity of known and emerging biological oxidants and into signaling mechanisms.