Impact of artificial intelligence on the training of general surgeons of the future: a scoping review of the advances and challenges.

PURPOSE: To explore artificial intelligence's impact on surgical education, highlighting its advantages and challenges. METHODS: A comprehensive search across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted to compile relevant studies. RESULTS: Artificial intelligence offers several advantages in surgical training. It enables highly realistic simulation environments for the safe practice of complex procedures. Artificial intelligence provides personalized real-time feedback, improving trainees' skills. It efficiently processes clinical data, enhancing diagnostics and surgical planning. Artificial intelligence-assisted surgeries promise precision and minimally invasive procedures. Challenges include data security, resistance to artificial intelligence adoption, and ethical considerations. CONCLUSIONS: Stricter policies and regulatory compliance are needed for data privacy. Addressing surgeons' and educators' reluctance to embrace artificial intelligence is crucial. Integrating artificial intelligence into curricula and providing ongoing training are vital. Ethical, bioethical, and legal aspects surrounding artificial intelligence demand attention. Establishing clear ethical guidelines, ensuring transparency, and implementing supervision and accountability are essential. As artificial intelligence evolves in surgical training, research and development remain crucial. Future studies should explore artificial intelligence-driven personalized training and monitor ethical and legal regulations. In summary, artificial intelligence is shaping the future of general surgeons, offering advanced simulations, personalized feedback, and improved patient care. However, addressing data security, adoption resistance, and ethical concerns is vital. Adapting curricula and providing continuous training are essential to maximize artificial intelligence's potential, promoting ethical and safe surgery.

Surgical ethics: a framework for surgeons, patients, and society.

The practice of surgery is based on the technical capabilities of the surgeon (techne), their knowledge (episteme) and their capacity of judgment (phronesis). Surgeons face situations that call into question moral choices and face ethical difficulties in their daily practice. In fact, innovation is increasing, and as operations become more complex and the risks become greater, the tools necessary to approach an ethically challenging surgical case become more important. Surgical ethics can be distinguished from other medical ethics fields because of its unique characteristics and goals. Ethics lie at the core of professionalism: a proficient surgeon is considered to be not only competent to perform the art and science of surgery as traditionally understood, but also to be ethically and morally reliable. The principlism and the four-box model approaches to clinical ethics could serve as a guide to the surgical ethics discussion. There are five categories of experience and relationships that are especially important in surgery-rescue, proximity, ordeal, aftermath and presence. Ethical reasoning should help surgeons to gives answers to the questions: What should be done? Has the right decision in this situation been made? The following article is presented with the intent of encouraging thought and dialogue about ethical considerations relevant to the practice of surgery. For that reason, we will first define the scope of surgical ethics, then we will present the main ethical issues faced by surgeons and how surgeons deal with them. Finally, I will show the implications of the development of surgery ethics for patients, surgeons and society.

¿Tiene el médico enfermo imagen de su propia enfermedad?: un dilema bioético / Does the sick physician have an accurate picture of his own disease?: a bioethical dilemma

Se refiere aquí una experiencia vivida en la convalecencia de una enfermedad por un cirujano cardíaco en un hospital con clientela cerrada, en una época en que no existían otros servicios en la ciudad y habiendo sido él mismo el "fundador" del Servicio, debiendo practicar cirugía de revascularización coronaria. La enfermedad, definitivamente, constituye una nueva dimensión de la sensibilidad, a veces carente de razonamiento según Broeckman, o al decir de Lolas Strepke "falla la teorización del rol de estar enfermo", y eso es lo que introduce a los médicos en el laberinto. Nos preguntamos finalmente: ¿Quién se ocupa del "cuidado del médico", o sea, del "cuidado del cuidador"? Se concluye que, por lo general, el médico, estando enfermo, no tiene imagen real de su propia enfermedad. Falta analizar los aspectos narcisistas psicológicos de los cirujanos. (AU)

What is reported here is an experience lived in the convalescence of a disease by a cardiac surgeon within a hospital of closed clientele, at a time when there were no other services in the city and having been himself the "founder" of that same service, having to practice coronary revascularization. Illness definitely constitutes a new dimension of sensitivity, sometimes lacking in reasoning according to Broeckman, or as Lolas Strepke says "the theorization on the role of being sick fails", and that is what makes physicians end up in a labyrinth. So finally, we ask ourselves, who deals with the "care of the doctor" or the "care of the caregiver"? It is concluded that generally the doctor, being sick, has no realistic image of his own illness. We lack an analysis of the psychological narcissistic aspects of surgeons. (AU)

Surgical ethics: a framework for surgeons, patients, and society

Summary The practice of surgery is based on the technical capabilities of the surgeon (techne), their knowledge (episteme) and their capacity of judgment (phronesis). Surgeons face situations that call into question moral choices and face ethical difficulties in their daily practice. In fact, innovation is increasing, and as operations become more complex and the risks become greater, the tools necessary to approach an ethically challenging surgical case become more important. Surgical ethics can be distinguished from other medical ethics fields because of its unique characteristics and goals. Ethics lie at the core of professionalism: a proficient surgeon is considered to be not only competent to perform the art and science of surgery as traditionally understood, but also to be ethically and morally reliable. The principlism and the four-box model approaches to clinical ethics could serve as a guide to the surgical ethics discussion. There are five categories of experience and relationships that are especially important in surgery-rescue, proximity, ordeal, aftermath and presence. Ethical reasoning should help surgeons to gives answers to the questions: What should be done? Has the right decision in this situation been made? The following article is presented with the intent of encouraging thought and dialogue about ethical considerations relevant to the practice of surgery. For that reason, we will first define the scope of surgical ethics, then we will present the main ethical issues faced by surgeons and how surgeons deal with them. Finally, I will show the implications of the development of surgery ethics for patients, surgeons and society.

Cualidades necesarias y valores en el cirujano contemporáneo / Necessary qualities and values in the contemporary surgeon

RESUMEN Las cualidades necesarias en el cirujano han constituido históricamente un tema excepcional en la bibliografía médica. Algunos resaltan la destreza y el poder resolutivo, otros sus cualidades como artista, artesano, tecnócrata y científico. Mas, no basta con esto para ser un buen cirujano. A ello deben unirse la responsabilidad, el trato amable, el humanismo, la templanza del carácter y el saber trabajar en equipo, entre otras muchas características. El propósito de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre las cualidades y valores en el cirujano contemporáneo.

ABSTRACT Required qualities in surgeons have historically been an exceptional subject in the medical literature. Some highlight skills and resolving power, others their qualities as artists, craftsmen, technocrats and scientists. However, this is not enough to be a good surgeon. To that, it must be added responsibility, kind treatment, humanism, temperance of the character and the know how to work as a team, among many other characteristics. The purpose of this work is to reflect on the qualities and values of the contemporary surgeon.

Condutas em lipoaspiraçã o entre cirurgiões brasileiros / Liposuction Practices among Brazilian Surgeons

Introdução: Desde a década de 1980, com Illouz, a lipoaspiração ganhou popularidade e representa hoje um dos procedimentos mais realizados no mundo. Algumas de suas complicações são graves e potencialmente letais. Não existe, contudo, uma uniformidade em sua prática ou no seu ensino. A avaliação das técnicas empregadas por cirurgiões plásticos pode ser o início de uma padronização. Métodos: Foi aplicado um questionário sobre lipoaspiração no 52º Congresso Brasileiro de Cirurgia Plástica para cirurgiões plásticos de diferentes faixas etárias e regiões do Brasil, presentes no evento. Resultados: Foram contabilizados 243 questionários preenchidos (n = 243). O número médio de incisões foi de 9 (2 - 16). Duzentos e quarenta e um cirurgiões (99%) realizam incisões na linha mediana/ paramediana anteriormente e 236 (97%) incisam na linha mediana/paramediana na região posterior. Aproximadamente metade dos questionados utilizam a anestesia geral. Duzentos e nove cirurgiões (86%) posicionam o paciente em decúbito ventral durante o procedimento. A lipoaspiração superficial é realizada por 146 (60%) entrevistados, sendo que 22 (9%) fazem a aspiração apenas desta camada adiposa. Oitenta e cinco (35%) participantes relatam controlar a pressão do aparelho durante o procedimento. Conclusão: A lipoaspiração realizada no Brasil apresenta grande variação técnica. Essa constatação nos faz refletir sobre a necessidade de uma uniformização de sua prática e ensino a fim de aumentar o controle e a segurança do procedimento.

Introduction: Since the 1980s, with Illouz, liposuction has gained popularity and represents one of the most commonly performed procedures in the world today. Some of the complications are serious and potentially lethal. Nevertheless, uniformity in its practice or the manner in which it is taught does not exist. Evaluating techniques employed by plastic surgeons may be the start toward standardization. Methods: A questionnaire on liposuction was given to plastic surgeons of different age groups and from regions of Brazil who were present at the 52nd Brazilian Conference for Plastic Surgery. Results: Two hundred forty-three questionnaires were filled out (n = 243). The average number of incisions was 9 (2­16). Two hundred fortyone surgeons (99%) made incisions along the anterior median/ paramedian line, and 236 (97%) made incisions on the posterior median/paramedian line. Approximately half of those surveyed utilized general anesthesia. Two hundred nine surgeons (86%) placed the patient in the prone position during the procedure. One hundred forty-six (60%) interviewees performed superficial liposuction, with 22 (9%) performing liposuction only on this adipose layer. Eighty-five (35%) participants reported controlling the apparatus's pressure during the procedure. Conclusion: Liposuction procedures performed in Brazil have significant technical variations. This finding encourages us to reflect on the need to standardize liposuction practice and the manner in which it is taught so as to increase control over the procedure and its safety.

The extent of surgical patients' understanding.

The notion that consent to surgery must be informed implies not only that information should be provided by the surgeon but also that the information should be understood by the patient in order to give a foundation to his or her decision to accept or refuse treatment and thus, achieve autonomy for the patient. Nonetheless, this seems to be an idyllic situation, since most patients do not fully understand the facts offered and thus the process of surgical informed consent, as well as the patient's autonomy, may be jeopardized. Informed consent does not always mean rational consent.